One of the more important features of MOSFETs that you didn't mention is that at full saturation, internal resistance is very low, unlike bipolar transistors. This means MOSFETs are capable of switching very high current loads without generating much heat. This allows for the use of MOSFETs to replace electromechanical relays, as well as for high-speed, high-current switching. This is why our "power bricks" of today (including cell phone chargers!) have evolved from heavy devices containing iron-core step-down transformers, into tiny, switching power supplies capable of producing huge amounts of current from a tiny power supply with very little heat and very high efficiency.
One more thing that amazes me besides the count of transistors in modern devices is how incredibly reliable they are. Hundreds of thousands to billions of them, sometimes working 24/7 for years, even decades, without failure. It's insane.
But when they screw up, it can be a nightmare of weird problems without first blaming the MOSFET (without a circuit schematic). Intermittent problems are the worst. Been there, survived that.
@@SpaceCadet4Jesus that's why one of the best computer tools is still a small couple OZ hammer. Start taping board edges or chips, and those thermal intermittent problems show you exactly who is responsible for the errors. Just don't let the customer see you doing. :D
@@cslloyd1 I haven't seen a cold solder joint or cracked joint in probably 25+ years, at least not in computers. I've seen cracked traces on circuit boards. Most motherboard based problems I see are power related. Either excessive power blows a component or two or wipes the BIOS clear, both render the MB trash.
it's entirely a misconception to believe our devices work without failure, in fact our computations fail so constantly you cant run modern software without error correction, and with transistors so small tiny little particles flying through space have enough power to switch a 1 to a 0. which doesn't sound like a big deal until you realize how much a single bit of information can alter a computation. there is a bunch of basic tech support tactics drilled into the brain of everyone who works with computers, which basically boil down to "have you tried turning it off and on again?" because computers so regularly back themselves into a corner that shouldn't be there
You have pretty much described my life. I am a retired electrical engineer, born in 1949. In my education, I was trained to design with vacuum tubes but I never used one. When I was a teenager getting a transistor for your birthday meant you got an AM/FM radio. My grandchildren accept cell phones as commonplace. I will probably leave this life before I have great-great-grandchildren, but I would love to know what they are going to experience.
Hopefully the future is not just technologically superior but socially and individually superior as well. Too much focus has been put into thinking machines that real thinking and social relationships have gone backwards. When people are more excited about the gen phone than the evasive loss of privacy it entails, we are not moving forward but backwards to a totalitarian form of control.
@@waynegarfield6607 no, it will not. Tech will just make life easier, and sometimes will put focus in specific habits, but it will not change the way humans think. We are having the same issues since we start thinking.
I've been around chips since the mid 70s and I even spent over a decade in the semiconductor industry. This was simply the most well informed, balanced and accurate snapshot of the industry to date that I have ever seen. Well done! Bonus points for the references to Colossus, the Regency radio, and the use of RTL in the Apollo guidance computer.
I worked in component engineering as a technician for about 17 years. I cannot stress how good this video was. It mostly hits the high points obviously, but even with all my experience I still learned a thing or two here! Well done guys, bravo! Very impressed!
I'm teaching a class on microcontrollers, it blows my mind that a $5 esp32 micro computer has millions of transistors for such a low price. Much more powerful than my $3,000 desktop from 1996
It blows mind that the esp32 chip set has malware etched into them from the factory. After you flash your program on them, they wait and later when you aren't looking they go out onto the internet and transmit something to a Chinese IP. It's a safe guess that it's saying I'm here, I have this program, and I'm ready to shut off on command from home base.
@@InvestmentJoy run them in a white box after flashing..... But then just let them sit. Forget about it. Then check the logs, you'll see them making a call out that isn't in your program. That call out goes right back to china. I have to imagine is that the chip set's blue print is published "clean" and then it has this extra program cut into it in the production run. Now these chips are everywhere... Forget just development boards, these chips go into everything today. How are customs officials supposed to rip apart appliances, then rip apart the chip set's... Then what? Use a scanning electron microscope to picture it? Then use a simulator to figure out what the extra part cut into the board actually does,?? When people are against back bone like 5g? They really should look at the chips...and nobody does. Think "voting machines" or even just any else..... That how a digital "pearl harbor" gets launched years before December 7th.
ESP32s are rather simple, they range between 25,000 - 150,000 transistors. For a billion of transistors you're looking at an Intel/AMD consumer CPU from around 2010-2012.
I’ve watched/read literally hundreds of educational articles since my childhood that attempt to unfold and relate the great enigma of electronic evolution and I cannot overstate the excellence for how gracefully you communicated these concepts. I feel that your refinement in presentation could justify an entirely new channel demonstrating your process. This is so good, I am sending it to my own students.
@@myrtistaylor5759 He does not go into great detail. That is the idea, it is an overview. He does explain that a transistor can be: *1)* An *amplifier* of a signal - making the signal stronger as it passes through. An example is that a weak radio signal can be made stronger to power a speaker. *2)* A *gate.* A gate is just that, it stops the signal, as a light switch does, or allows the signal to go through, as a light switch does. Using it as a gate it is a _relay._ One circuit switches _on_ and _off_ another. As the _gate_ is either _on_ or _off,_ it is ideal for the binary numbering system which is 0 and 1 _(base 2)._ We use in our everyday use _base 10_ because we have 10 fingers. This is a cumbersome way of using an electronic component as a device is switching _on_ and _off_ a signal, not having it continuous and moving all the way fast as in an analogue form - electricity moves at approx' 1,860 miles per second. It is inefficiently stopping and starting. But here is what makes it feasible. Having *60 billion transistors* in a device that can carry out *two billion* _on_ and _off_ switches per second, _binary_ calculations can be performed amazingly quickly. How does that make a modern digital electronic device work? A computer, _computes,_ constantly calculating. That is what it is doing underneath. The so-called computer devices we use, the function is not computing for the end user - using a web browser on a smart phone is not adding up numbers. To achieve what the end user wants, an amazing level of calculations are performed underneath using the binary, base 2 system. All performed by the Central Processor Unit (CPU) and other components that contain transistors used as *_gates._*
@@johnburns4017 well i think i understood that better than the guy in the video. But if the how and why were explained, like why does a transistor do that when electricity goes through it? I may understand this better.
People don't appreciate this kind of stuff nearly enough. I'm in my 40s now and I've been lucky enough to witness the progression of tech over the past few decades, and it is absolutely mindblowing how far computing has come. I've got a literal pocket supercomputer, millions of times faster than the computer that put a human on the moon. It does literally _everything_ and connects me to the whole world. I can access the entire sum of human knowledge and history in a few taps. That's a real "holy crap!" moment when you really stop and think about it.
@@Ebut191 No, probably not. The indigenous folks didn't leave a recorded history apart from their songlines, which would change over time. This technology is beyond re-imagined dreamtime stuff.
The MOSFET is certainly significant and we make use of it everyday but the First big step in solid state was the junction transistor. Going from a vacuum tube to the first solid state device was a really, really giant step.
Thank you for a great video on the history of electronics. At 80+ years old, I lived much of the early years that you discussed. I worked at RCA, Texas Instruments, Mostek, and other electronic companies from the late 60's thru the 90's. Knowing where we started, the vacuum tube, to where we are now, is mind boggling.
I grew up in the 50s. You either were a tube guy back then or didn't do electronics. I remember looking forward to the increasing f sub t for hobby transistors. I started with the CK722.
I have not seen a video that recognizes the MOSFET for the world changing apex invention that it was. I use them to make analogue preamps as a hobby. As always, thanks for making this video, we appreciate the effort.
heared (and agree) on transistors in general never heared it in speceficity as MOSFET even if one has to throw in .. Penecelin and chemical fertilizer had such a massive impact .. taking those out of the pictre .. the world we know would be VERY different .. espcialy with a lot less people
When I went to school we started with tube theory, and by the time I graduated I ended learning the instruction set for the Intel 4000. The 4000 had a glich so they canceled it and mass produced the 4004. Technology was changes so fast, I worked with the Intel's 8000, 8008, 8080, 286, 386, 486 etc...
386 and 486 were my first 2! It's been a long time and I was a young boy but I remember being excited about going from 100 MHz to 133Mhz. I think that was the jump between the 386 and the 486?
i recall our 386 had a turbo button on front, going from 20MHz to 40! was an amazing fact, found it very usefull to some games, as slowing pc would scale speed game processed - not like today where they just lag with bad FPS, but some got slowmotion, so hard parts you sub-optimize your gaming halfing the clock speed.. Later our 386 got a CD drive also!, still running only VGA (16 colours) not the SVGA.. brings so many memories. Around win95 age, we upgraded to 486, only the 80MHz version as not more was needed, but was a LEAP in technology, going from DOS/Notron and win 3.1 to actual graphical interfaces :-)
Isn't it kind of insane that we've developed one specific piece of tech so hardcore that literally they only thing that will stop us is the physical size of the building blocks of material we use to build it. Like that's just insane to me
@@Buffalo_Soldier is it possible in our lifetime? Maybe. It's just that I've noticed physics tends to get, funnkkaaayy, when you get extremely small. To go smaller than an atom for transistors would require a few leaps in innovation rather then steady improvement. Perhaps we'll get lucky and someone will discover such an innovation tho.
@SOUL SEEKER We haven't really advanced mainstream operating systems since the 1970s. They're all still fundamentally based on timeshare OSes designed to protect the computer from the user. And programming languages haven't really advanced since the 1980s invented OOP. It *looks* more cool, but there's a reason Windows 11 still runs Windows 3 software without change.
I do equipment engineering and maintenance for a Semiconductor fab in Santa Barbara, that $120M litho tool you showed is insane. I have only heard about it from those who have worked on them. We have 3 stepping exposure tools (like that) that are from the 90's. 2 Nikons and a massive Cannon running OS9. Still running modern processes. But to keep them running smoothly is a constant challenge..
As someone who loves learning but sometimes has great difficulty forcing himself through it, I have a lot of respect for how much learning one must do on the front end before making a video like this. Another good one! Keep it up!
I remember when I was a child getting an electronic experiment kit for Christmas in the early ‘70s. It had all these electronic components on a board and terminals for each component and a big box of wires that allowed you to build all kinds of cool electronic devices. It had a chip that had something like 10 transistors on it🤯.
Was that Radio Shack's 100 in 1 Electronic Projects Kit? I got the next version, the 150 in 1 for Christmas in the mid to late 70's. It had a segmented LED. That and the integrated circuit made it "high speed, low drag" in my book!.
Wow! I do optical coatings for 193nm ArF excimer lasers! These optical coatings have to be incredibly precise to withstand the incredible power needed to make such tiny lithography features. So cool to have my work relevant to a Curious Droid video!
In the "naughts" I "owned" a 248 nm KrF excimer lithography laser. It was retired shortly after I was in 2009. Viewers may not know that an excimer is an "impossible" molecule formed from an inert element (argon, krypton) and a highly reactive element (e.g. fluorine) under very energetic conditions (electrical discharge). It quickly falls apart, emitting a photon of a characteristic wavelength in the ultraviolet. Even so, the natural spread of wavelengths is enough to cause chromatic aberration, so a grating is used to filter out some photons. The ones that remain must be confined to an environment devoid of oxygen or hydrocarbon vapors to avoid damage to optics. The imaging lens is about the size of a garbage can and designed to operate at a specific altitude. I could go on.
A couple of key discoveries and inventions in the early days of the MOSFET were 1) the process recipe for growing gate oxide (SiO2) on silicon with low Si/SiO2 interface defect densities. 2) The self-aligned gate where the gate electrode was deposited before source/drain diffusion (or ion implant) and was used as a mask. The gate had to be able to withstand a very high temperature dopant activation anneal so had to be refractive like TiSi, not aluminum. Without those innovations, MOSFETs would just be laboratory curiosities.
They had to figure out materials that not only had the desired electrical properties, but also could be cheaply added as layers and subjected to the harsh conditions during chip construction.
A little history I learned while doing a school report: Schockly's original design worked fine - right up until the moment when AT&T attorneys did a standard patent search. Imagine their surprise when they found that his idea had been patented ten years earlier, by a college professor. They had no choice but to hand-build the early point-contact transistors to fulfil contracts.
@@pentachronic Can't remember the name, but it was Polish and he got the patent in '38. It was 20 years ago that I went BACK to school :) but I'm pretty sure the book I got that from was called "Crystal Fire".
You cannot patent an idea. Only inventions can receive patents. A thoughtful person would realize the silliness of the idea patenting of ideas. The patent office would be totally overwhelmed with ideas people wanted patented. The silly story of some unknown professor and his "patented idea" is simply another leftist attempt to discredit Shockley. Hey! I need to get that idea patented.
@@billythomas8749 A worked-out, proven idea can be patented and this is a verified story, you goof. I worked for AT&T. The point-contact transistor was used for early production because they couldn't get the patent worked out for the superior Shockley design.
Yes, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments invented the Integrated Circuit and Robert Noyce of Intel made it practical using the Planer Transistor he previously invented. They share the patent for the integrated circuit.
@@skeletoncrew539 I made them by HAND working for a company called "Hybridine" in Irvine......in 1972!. Microscopes that did soldering jump wires, and algebraic formula's for testing . Remembered that equation I used for years afterward!
@@Dwightstjohn-fo8ki If we taught this in school today we might have more understanding (and appreciation) for the gadgets that we simply cannot "Live without". After training in electronics at a young age I was stunned to realize that the vast majority of people didn't know how a television worked, yet spent most of their spare time sitting in front of one.
13:55 I spent 20 years in semiconductor equipment (Applied Materials, Lam Research and smaller independents), but after about 5 years in systems design and integration I came up with a phrase that I still use in my email signatures: "The more I learn about how chips are made, the more I'm convinced it can't be done."
A while ago I got an introduction to the complexities and performance tricks (branch prediction, pipelining, etc) in CPUs, probably only up to the state of the art of the 80s. I cannot fathom how complex they are now. Absolute black magic.
I read in a book a while ago: How more intelligent are you, that less did you understand from the entire picture. That makes me extrem scarred and a bit annoying. That the sentence what I can't forget since 3 to 4 months. I hope that quote did made sense. German native speaker.
@@xXDrocenXx I'm not 100% sure but I suspect you're referring to the Dunning-Kruger effect. I'm not aware of any specific one-liner quip (though maybe I just haven't seen one) but I suspect it would be something like "the more you know, the more you know you don't yet know". Also, its not specifically related to intelligence - even the smartest among us fall prey to its whims. We've seen that a lot over the past year and a half with respect to covid-19. Lots of "doctors" (of physics or chemistry or psychology or whatever) who think they understand more about epidemiology than actual experts like Dr. Fauci in the US and any number of other actual epidemiologists in other countries and the WHO. Physicists generally aren't stupid people, but that doesn't mean they know anything about fields outside of physics. That said, intelligent people do tend to be more interested in learning in general, and therefore are more likely get over that "I know it all!" bump in more fields than people who don't do care about looking into things in detail. That doesn't mean intelligent people do that for _every_ field (and some very smart people just completely keep themselves constrained to their specific field of occupation) but they're more likely to have a broader spectrum of knowledge and therefore more fields where they know how much they don't know.
@@Norsilca - Yep, that's the way I always described it. Or maybe science fiction: Plasma, lasers, transparent aluminum (really!) and materials being laid down in "monolayers" (one atomic thickness). When I left the field, the "CD" (Critical Dimension, or roughly the width of a circuit trace) was 15 nanometers. According to this video, it's now pushing 5 nm. Amazing.
wow that was great. when i left the military in the late '80s i got a job at a semiconductor plant. it was hard to explain to people how a chip was actually made. you had to see it to appreciate it. the multiple layers stacked on top of it each other in a scale we couldn't even see with our naked eyes. anyway thanks for this.
electronics is such that it cannot be seen with eyes, cannot be heard with ears and cannot be sensed with touch, smell, etc, etc unlike mechanical, etc, hence it is impossible to know, consider the failure of electronics before, prior they fail unlike the easy mechanical, etc, etc stuff
Thanks for sharing. Progress in the electronics industry is mind blowing. I studied electronics at diploma level in the 80s and 90s. What I learned then is still relevant in how digital logic is applied in the design of electronic circuits, but the process of miniaturization to the tiny scale devices we have now is truly incredible.
I hardly understood anything you talked about but, I really enjoyed learning just how limited I am. I'm 73 and remember getting my first GE transistor radio and strapping it to my bicycle to listen to KILT radio in Houston, TX. Rock and Roll on the bicycle was my salvation in my little town of La Marque, TX. south of Houston.
I’m 55 and have no idea what he’s talking about but I do find it interesting. I’m an old school mechanical guy, so I’ll build the physical hardware and let the young people bring it to life with their computers and electronics. Greetings from Michigan!
I think you have produced the simplest and clearest explanation of the progression of electronic devices I have seen and would be recommended to view by anyone learning electronics, well done.
I've been an electronic technician for almost 40 years and witnessed most of this development. As a footnote to the comment about needing chips to create more chips: what was omitted is the time and amount of water necessary to produce a wafer like those shown. It takes at least a month to produce one wafer, and hundreds of gallons of pure water. This point is omitted when we talk about making cars, trucks, ect, all electric.
I can look in literally any direction sitting in my home and I would have trouble to NOT find something that has some sort of transistor in it now. "But what about straight up to the ceiling?" Yep, LED lightbulb, has a microchip in it. MOSFETs truly have changed EVERYTHING.
Nice presentation , I'm in my mid 60's now so growing up in the 60's and having a father that was an electronic engineer I got to watch the evolution of electronics fairly closely and it has been pretty amazing how far things have come in my lifetime . One thing I remember hearing on a few occasions is "we have hit the limit of physics" on things like layer thickness and others but layer thickness is the one that I find the most funny because the claimed limit keeps changing . They really should just say it's the limit of current technology rather than claim it's a limit of physics , luckily not everyone believes in limits and they seek to break those supposed limits . From what I hear bacteria is being used to etch the smallest of layers which seems interesting , I would love to see that demonstrated . The next step I think will be 3D printing circuits and insulators to reduce distance traveled internally for operations and get layer thickness down even more , an entire computer could theoretically be printed into a single chip in almost any shape you wanted and would only require limited external connections .
Bacteria are orders of magnitude larger than the smallest layers so... In regards to the limits, yeah physics does throw curveballs when you get into the single digit nanometer scale. As in quantam tunnelling of electrons and such, high energy photons from general background radiation flipping mosfets, which is why clever error correcting code is needed. And now clever architectures to further increase the performance of modern chip designs. These days the whole 5...4...3 nm nomenclature is just marketing jargon, to indicate progress in computing power, not the actual size of the circuits that are being made. As it stands, the chips are already printed in 3D, just go take a look at how RAM and SSD's work.
Although the TV replaced the radio for most people, I stuck with our radio. It had six, maybe seven, tubes and was a floor model, with a 10 " electrodynamic speaker. Radio was still strong in 1950 with lots of great programs.
We seem to progress in oddly staggered ways. In some ways, we’re still closer to cavemen, but in others, we might as well be super advanced aliens on Star Trek!
Our civilization produces increasingly smarter individuals at its margins thanks to the work of each previous generation but the vast majority doesn't learn nor progresses.
that was.. mindblowing. the fact that modern Tech is able to put billions of Transistors into such a device is just insane. great video. keep going! greetings from Germany✌🏼
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor = MOSFET That's just beautiful. I had a general idea what MOSFETs are before watching the video, but if anyone had asked me what a "metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor" is, I could only have shrugged. I actually never heard the full term before, that's why I felt the need to put this into the comments.
@es pretty sureDNA molecules are bigger than transistors? They consost of at least hundreds of atoms while a transistor is like less than 30 in diameter or so?
@@johnuferbach9166 i didn't mean 'physically' smaller. DNA macromolecules consist of millions of atoms, and are very large compared to many others, or to those transistors. The principal difference is, that _every_ atom or aminoacidic group there performs a certain function. And our semiconductor technology is still quite far from this fine level.
I learned to program on a Sinclair programmable calculator (36 steps) when I was around 8 years old. Then, in 1978, aged 10, I tried to build a computer. I had 500 transistors and lots of diodes and a wooden cabinet the size of a wardrobe. My plan was to fill the cabinet with transistors, then put it in my bedroom so I could have a computer of my own in my house. I was electrified with excitement. In our workshop, at the end of our garden, I started soldering. No PCB: just components neatly connected in 3D. Six transistors per bit of information. 48 transistors per byte. I realized I only had enough transistors for 10 bytes of data. I wanted at least 1KB. I knew I was defeated. Heavy hearted, I began saving my pocket money (£0.25/wk max) for RAM chips. Soon after, Clive Sinclair brought out the ZX80 then the ZX81 and my wardrobe sized computer concept was beaten by something you could hide under your shirt.
If anyone is interested in video games, this is the point of historical departure in the game series Fallout. They never invented the transistor, and despite reaching 2077 before nuclear annihilation (after which the games take place) everything remains valve-based. So massive TVs and radios, dot-matrix computer terminals etc. The 1950s aesthetic and Red Scare is also a big trope in the game so it's certainly an aesthetic choice too, but I've always found it an interesting thing to ponder. It certainly is the most impactful invention of the 20th century!
Thank you for making this video. I became an electronics technician years ago and this stuff blew my mind. It’s truly remarkable how far we have come so fast. We’re not done yet.
Just a FYI: the flow chart at 14:00 is describing the manufacture of non-electric microfluidic devices, as used in fuel cells, microbiology etc. It still illustrates the idea of photolithography, but it's not describing the process of making ICs like MOSFETs.
The best documentary channel on the YT. Watching these alone makes up for paying your internet bill. This is also the closest I get in terms of overall presentation and vibes to the old pre-reality bs Discovery Channel. Many thanks for the educational videos, love them!
You know, that 7nm TSMC process...nothing in the transistor is actually 7nm in size. At this point, it's basically all marketing speak, and has no actual connection to anything in silicon. AFAIK, the last time the node size was the actual "feature" size was at 22nm.
I briefly worked with a guy who had MOSFET as the custom license plate number on his van, one day he "borrowed" a CD case packed full of mp3 CDs I'd made and then never showed back up for work again.
One of the things worth mentioing is the use of MOSFETs in audiophile power amplifiers. They just sound far better than bipolar transistors and the equal of any valve amplifier - but with bass. They are also far cheaper, smaller, and less problematic than valves.
@@stargazer7644 First of all, MOSFETs aren't "cutting edge", they've been around for decades, and secondly, (all other things being equal) power amplifiers using those transistors sound much better than the equivalent bipolar transistor amplifier. Don't take my word for it, have a listen to the difference for yourself.
@@chrisantoniou4366 Unsurprisingly, you've completely misunderstood my point. There should be NO difference in the sound of any two properly designed audio amplifiers, whether using fets or bjts. The output should be identical to the input, just larger in amplitude. Any other difference is a FAILURE in the design, and is to be avoided. Why would anyone be happy that an amplifier is distorting and changing the source material? Designing a solid state amplifier that faithfully amplifies an audio signal is fairly simple. I don't need to take your word for anything, I'm an Electrical Engineer.
@@stargazer7644 I've never aksed anyone to take my word for anything Hi Fi related, do the listening test for yourself. Maing definitive statements when you haven't actually listened to the components involved is a fail, no matter what your occupation is.
Dennard's scaling hadn't ended back then, so you'd see chips double in clockspeed in just a couple years. going from 8mhz to 15mhz to 33mhz to 66mhz. Nowdays chips have hit that tdp limit and IBM, AMD, and Intel haven't been able to break past ~5ghz (IBM still makes chips though they are for the mainframe market)
@@eldencw Yes, but it’s not actually an equivalent circuit. You can’t easily just substitute an IGBT with a bipolar and FET. The operation is unique. Equivalent circuits used in documentation are for conceptual understanding of the operation, not true operation.
The MOSFET was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. It was a breakthrough in power electronics. Generations of MOSFETs enabled power designers to achieve performance and density levels not possible with bipolar transistors.
The mosfet really had a positive effect on car audio amplifiers, really coming to fruition in the mid 80s to the Golden age of car audio the wonderful 90s.
Takes me back to my 1970s to early Air Force days in PMEL calibrating and repairing test equipment. Back in the days of vacuum tubes, hybrid circuits using both transistors and tubes or as our British friends call valves.
Ken Schaefer : I had a chance to go into PMEL in 1982,but chose instead to go into F-15 avionics. I think I would've gotten more out of being in PMEL than F-15 Avionics. But then again,who really does component level repairs these days? Did they teach you how to do circuit board repairs without schematics?
@@ebayerr Some of the equipment didn't even have Technical Orders so we had to use manufacturers manuals about 25% of the time. And those often had block diagrams and often no schematics. Yeah we had to identify circuitry at times by taking measurements. I taught PMEL for 5 years. When I started school in PMEL we didn't have calculators and worked with numbers with up to 6 or 7 decimal places. Used a lot of logarithms for calculations as slide rules were not near accurate enough.
@@kenschaefer7625: Very cool Ken. As it turned out,I had gotten stationed at Kadena AB,Okinawa and that little island was an audiophile's dream come true. And having your kind of skills would've been nice to know. Check out the video I posted from Kadena in 1986.The base commander gave permission for some airmen I knew to put on a little concert on base.
There's also indoor plumbing. Also not a 20th century invention but it may have had a larger impact on standards of living than any other single thing!
What a wonderful channel you produce. I remember as a teenager in the late 1980s getting my first real, legit hifi stereo amp it’s was a MOSFET amp and I had no idea what that meant but the technician was incredulous a teenager like me was getting a mosfet amp and I think he was actually jealous. I still use that amp today over 3o years later it’s never failed and sounds incredible I’ve even used and sold Macintosh amps that didn’t sound nearly as good. MOSFET was and is real! Thanks for the elucidation finally
I really liked this explanation and history of the FET. Very well done and informative. I even liked the fact that it was included that it was a "mistake" discovery, as a lot of documentaries/articles fail to mention this tidbit of information. Just goes to show that there really isn't a "failure", but just another way it can't be done and to keep on trucking, as it may happen that you find the answer(s) to questions you didn't know.
Yeah especially the last image with some hoses attached to the completed device is quite an obvious sign that we're not dealing with semiconductor manufacturing.
@@dzejrid And is that not where we are today and have been for a while? I think only a small fraction of a percent of humans - and that is probably putting it generously - really understand to the basic core how for instance a modern smartphone really works. We all use them, but practically noone, my self included, really know how they work. We just put the tip of a finger on a glass plate on one side of the smartphone, and actual magic happens. It does what we think it should do, like waving a magic stick. Even without having to say any magic words.
@@RobinTheBot I disagree. Unless you're born with a brain wired for engineering, you're not going to 'get it' (unless you happen to live many lifetimes - and by then the pace of technology would outrun your non-engineering brain).
This by far is the most fascinating video I’ve watched on this channel since (as the author states) mosfet affects every aspects of our modern lives. Thanks for this video. Enjoyed it immensely.
Congrats on your 1.01 million viewers. You've done an admirable job getting there and looking forward to watching you get to your 10 millionth viewer! Edit, 10 millionth subscriber! Thanks for the heads up TTG!
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 was awarded jointly to William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."
The MOSFET was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. It was a breakthrough in power electronics. Generations of MOSFETs enabled power designers to achieve performance and density levels not possible with bipolar transistors.
Excellent video! I have been a fan of home computing since I saw my first one in 1982 and it boggles my mind how memory and processing power has gotten smaller, cheaper, faster and cooler.
This is a fantastic overview on the subject. All my favorite things in one video. Watching this was a nice break from cutting open old mental can ICs, and de-capsulating old epoxy ones which I normally do to gather a similar understanding. This technology is mind-blindingly awesome.
That was more GEEK than I could wrap my mind around (to say the least) I is never gonna understand that. I know what a Mosfet is and have forgotten it immediately.
Wow, what an exceptionally interesting video. I knew quite a lot about transistors but didn't know too much about their history and how they are made. This was very informative 👍
My father was employee #47, at a small memory manufacturer, in Mt View Ca. It was there, that one Saturday I went with him to work. Ran into the boss, Gordon Moore. 1970. I was 12. My mother liked Moore and Noyce, but really disliked Andy Grove. I don't remember meeting him or Bob Noyce. steve
A very informative video! One note/nit -- the slide you use at 13:52 isn't about microprocessor or MOSFET photolithography, but instead about how microfluidic devices are made. And don't get me wrong, microfluidics are super-cool -- but they handle liquid instead of electrons (;
Yeah, very nice slide but not really about MOSFET but rather lab-on-a -chip thingies. Out of curiosity I paused the video and looked at it closer. I came to the same conclusion and then I started ploughing through the comments to see if I was the only one that noticed. Still a great video of course.
My father had (and maybe still has) a transistor radio much like the ones you showed, maybe even that same brand. He had a leather case to go with it. When I was a very young kid in the 70s, he used to brag about it to me all the time, though at the time I couldn't quite see what was so great about it.
Christmas Day, 1963, I got a gift of a pocket radio. It had SIX transistors. That was SO COOL. I now possess somewhere around 17 TRILLION transistors, mostly as SSD and flash memory. And about 17 trillion magnetic memory bits, mostly as USB hard drives. And I'm well on the low end of the cyber-socioeconomic scale.
Lovely video! You should consider doing a lot more of these. Digging down in the 'small' yet amazing inventions of the 20th Century, that truly changed our life.
Very good overview and review. But I think the Colossus was actually built outside of BP although it was delivered to BP because it was to be deployed there. And I think there were two distinct Colossus machines: one was pretty fixed-purpose, but the second was truly an advance and deserves its place as a first in computer history. Well done, UK! ☺️
The first MOSFET was invented by M.M. Atalla, Dawon Kahng, and Ernest Labate at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey on December 19.1959. You can go see it in the Bell Labs (Nokia) showcase that is at the entrance of the building.
Mohamed Atalla, the unsung hero. Discovered him last year and was surprised to see he's from my own country (Egypt). It was during my research trying to figure out why CCD sensors are much better than CMOS.
That is because, like valves, MOSFETS are tranducers that control current by gate voltage. Unlike BJT''s where current is controlled by current. Also, BJT's have limited power amplification, but MOSFETS do not as the power they consume at the input is essentially zero.
@@TheEvertw yes my 500 watt amplifier sounded like a valve amp many a time i had to open the case for doubters to see it was electronic and not valves. best mellow sound heard. bought that in 1975 still pushes out 280 watt
Man this video was so cool. I had to pause it and dive through wikipedia and articles for almost everything you talked about, so much it was fascinating. Tnaks!
Micro chip was invented later by a gent called Jack Kilby in the Lone Star state in Dallas at the Texas Instruments facility. With out Texas Instruments inventions, we wouldnt have personal computers and anything else electronic needing a small brain. Score a big one for Dallas Texas, the Lone Star State. Go Cowboys!🤠
I’d argue that without Jack Kilby, someone else would have made the invention. I believe all of this advancement is human evolution and as long as humans exist, advancements are inevitable. Good on TI for being the first across the finish line though!
@@j.gilbert429 Us Sutheren folks believe all talent is God given. If you are visiting Dallas Texas, be sure to stop on by the TI facilities, take a tour, that way you can enjoy some good ol boy talent in microchips. I had a buddy that worked there, and it takes some brains to do that kinda work. Stop on bye cowboy!🤠
@@j.gilbert429 Nah. Hog wash!!!! He was destined to create the microchip, and nobody else! He takes credit for it; we were all vacuum tube and transistor back then. Just like the Wright bros invented a useful aircraft, Franklin discovered lectricity,! Give credit where credit is due! Good on folks getting the truth and not modern muddied up baloney. 2022 vote for freedom and truth.😐
