Nima Arkani-Hamed: The End of Space-Time 

this is why I gave up on TV and watch RU-vid instead. Thank you for posting this!

He gave this entire lecture in a single breath... amazing

Amazing talk and amazing attitude. This is the ethic and spirit true physicists bring in. Top of the line.

This should go viral and taught in schools. Thank you so much for this video.

I love watching Nima. I don't have a ******* clue what he's talking about but his energy has filled me with enthusiasm for The End of Spacetime.

David Bohm and Jiddu Krishnamurti already talked about time being simply a perceived phenomenon while time in actuality eludes out of reality, stretches and dissipates. They also concluded that we don't even have the linguistic means to grasp this concept through the vocabulary available. Their series of discussion is called The Ending of Time.

Amazing stuff. Physicists must never abandon the scientific method: experimental verification of all theories.

The AI suggested this, the comments made me watch, and I loved it, simply revolutionary and brilliant.

Wow! What a badass, and his language to explain this all is so understandable... there's a lot to be said about those who can explain complex things simply. Definitely found my next rabbit hole!

A very "magical" lecture, thank you all very much.

"Speak as you might to a young child... or a golden retriever. It wasnt brains that got me here. I can assure you of that." - John Tulde, Margin Call Thanks for exploring the bounds of the known world, and props to you for explaining it in a way plebs like me can follow. Good luck! I'll be cheering you on from the side of the field.

Great talk, and a line of thinking way more promising than much speculative stuff that's going around.

Thank you so much for posting this lecture with the graphics. Now I understand it better. 👍👍👍

"I don't have time to talk about this in detail".

Amazing talk by an amazing person. Thank you for this

Love it thank you so much!

👍 Thousandth Like! Highly lucid description of the cutting edge, thanks so much!

"In any system of energy, Control is what consumes energy the most. No energy store holds enough energy to extract an amount of energy equal to the total energy it stores. No system of energy can deliver sum useful energy in excess of the total energy put into constructing it. This universal truth applies to all systems. Energy, like time, flows from past to future".

Fabulous lecture, thanks.

Thanks Nima for your great understanding and performance

Thank you for the video.

Now we know what happens when a physicist drinks three Red Bulls.

Wonderful talk with a heads up on the possible shape of the next revolution in physics.

Thank you professor.

this is up my alley. lovely video!!!

The simple gluon diagrams reminds me of Steven Wolfram’s graph project, right down to space time being emergent properties of more fundamental building blocks. Fantastic!

Space and time are concepts and no concept can capture reality. Concepts may be helpful at describing certain phenomena but ultimately they always limit and fall short.

The Amplituhedron sounds *a lot* like Wolfram's Physics project (branchial space, the ruliad)... simple combinatoric graphs leading to emergent QM and spacetime physics.

The leap that needs to happen is letting go of particles and growup enough to stop smashing things together hoping to find meaning in the pieces.

Ive seen and enjoyed several of Nima's lectures. I would be interested to hear his speculation on implications.

Thank you Nima . From Iran.

Great speaker gets ideas across layers of math, Nima is one!

He's a fantastic public speaker! I could not speak like that without forgetting my train of thought or which word I specifically wanted to use at least a dozen times lol

Honestly I see this as the most fundamental important question in all of physics... "what is spacetime"

הרצאה מעניינת. תודה רבה.

As clear and simple as can be explained !

14:46, I like the way you reach out and grab the infinite universe and roll it all up in your hands

Enjoyed this

Thanks a lot Nima for your real scientific attitude..I love it❤❤❤❤🎉

Echoing the views of many others, Nima is invariably an engaging speaker. One aspect of his presentations that I admire, are his handwritten slides - no sign of LaTeX here!

A very interesting talk that answered many questions about the process of learning and looking for new ways to new physics.

Thank you Nima for these awesome explanations in layman s words that enabled me to make a mental image of particle scattering for the first time. you will most probably largely contribute to reveal what the world that we experience is made of. what i understand is that 4D space time emerges from basically one global 2D matrix of elements onto which permutations are performed. what would drive these permutations? the entropy variation rate of that information change would define the passage of time, right? you re getting closer to the argument that not only "reality" has all the features of a simulation but eventually, to the possibility that this simulation does not even need to be run to exist completely. i would really like to know what are the rules that govern the permutations of this large number of degrees of freedom arranged on a 2D grid.

I am interested to obtain response on two separate questions related to topic presented here ; 1- Our World which we are able to observe is located in 3 dimensional space with 3 perpendicular dimensions. Such symmetry is sufficient to describe location all the points in the space. Symmetry of time is one dimensional- defining one time parameter is sufficient to locate the event in time. What is the physical purpose and sense to combine boths entities, with different symmetry? 2- Just on the begining during Big Bang all the energy and mass was collected together and it had not collapsed into one big black hole - only expanded violently and turbulently . Can we assume , that in this time the mass and gravitation was not present yet there and that the massive particles were condensed later on? 3- Has the physical Space any cohesion, which would bring the Space together to Big Collapse after all particulate matter will be swallowed by the black holes? 4-If so, it is possible, that our Space is oscillating in time interval 33 billions of years per cycle - in the space of diameter 0-120 billions of light years. Stary

Interesting, thank you.

thanks for your persistence

Great lecture!!

What can I look up to learn more about that graphical representation of permutations?

Great Talk !

AWWESOME!

Ah, this brings me motivation when I am too absorbed studying things in a tiny tiny little corner of this vast and rich field for my doctoral work.

As i understand it, the graphs are built on the principle of conservation of spin. Size of lump here just correspond to the section of the lightcone 14:00 The boundary qft can be replaced by the deterministic de Broglie double solution theory (DST). I speculate, that DST=GR (ADM formulation) I'm very much convinced, that boundary correlations can propagate as fast as you wish(several light cones in parallel). See papers by Gonzalez-Mestres. There's some fractal structure down there, beyond the uncertainty principle, in deterministic theory. Probably, self-similarity, even. As much as I like the bootstrap program, i understand it still gives the approximate description of nature. It is unable to explain the speed of light. However, we know it is perfectly possible to calculate the speed of sound in a medium.

Whenever I listen to Nima talking about space and time, I get a feeling that sone day Nima will incorporate mass, heat, gravity, energy, charge, spin etc., with space and time. Perhaps that day QM will be complete.

Wow- what a genius - love his dynamic quantum explosive humble truth- he tries top down load the perfect for us that we just take for granted. My favourite lecture “ THE MORALITY OFTHE PHYSICAL LAW! ANOTHER WOW _ AMPLITUDHERON - NIMA’S MIND! I know he cant sleep at night.

BRAVO!

my new favorite human !!! really CARES!

Wow love niima, sooo much

Could the quantum field be the structure that QM and Spacetime emerge from or would the QF also be an emergent property? This is blowing my tiny mind.

Nice to see Persians doing awesome work

Wolfgang Pauli , a LMU graduate like myself, said at the end of a conference he listened to : Alles falsch.

great talk, amazing

What is the interpretation adopted by Hamid Arkani to explain the problem of measurement?

Fantastic

Bravo , proud of you as a n Iranian first class theoretical physicist.

Will you comment on "Impulse Gravity", experiment of Dr. Eugene Podkletnov, that propagates through vacuum at speed 64c (64 times speed of light) ?

Apophatic negation refers to a mode of inquiry that emphasizes what cannot be said or known about a given subject. In this approach, the focus is on negating or denying all positive assertions or concepts that might be applied to the subject, in order to point towards a deeper reality that transcends language and conceptualization. This is sometimes called the "via negativa" or the negative way. In the context of quantum physics, apophatic negation might involve questioning or denying common assumptions or theories about the nature of reality or the behavior of particles, in order to open up new avenues of exploration and discovery. Cataphatic assertion, on the other hand, is a mode of inquiry that emphasizes positive assertions or concepts about a given subject. In this approach, the focus is on affirming or asserting what can be known or experienced about the subject, in order to develop a more complete and nuanced understanding. This is sometimes called the "via positiva" or the positive way. In the context of quantum physics, cataphatic assertion might involve formulating hypotheses or theories based on empirical observations or mathematical models, in order to test and refine our understanding of the underlying phenomena. Theoria apophasis is a combination of both apophatic and cataphatic modes of inquiry, in which the emphasis is on a dialectical process of negation and affirmation. In this approach, the focus is on using the limits of language and conceptualization to approach a deeper, transcendent reality that cannot be fully captured or comprehended by any positive assertion or negation. In the context of quantum physics, theoria apophasis might involve using the constraints of experimental data and mathematical models to refine our understanding of the behavior of particles, while also acknowledging the limits of our knowledge and the potential for unexpected discoveries. Overall, these modes of inquiry can be seen as complementary rather than mutually exclusive, and can be used in various combinations depending on the goals and context of scientific inquiry in quantum physics and other areas of study.

Anyone else get lost at the analogy of a soda can with particles at the edges?

So Cool.

As a fairly bright layman I understood this fellow, credit him with bocu kudos.

J'adore ce mec!

Today we are asking about quantum entanglement, non locality, and information exchange... Questioning Cosmological structure, quantum field theory, Gravitational waves, Hilbert Space physics, De Sitter... Everybody knows that these are times of paradigm shifting, into what, that is still nubilous at least...

4:29 Just an observation: the size of the observable universe is not "10, 15 billion light years across", but over 90.

I wonder what Einstein would think about the idea that both Quantum Mechanics and Space Time emerged out of something else.I bet both him and Bohr never thought of that.

Time is only defined as when points in space are moving and changes position. Every single point has it own time. The time we see may be called "statistical" time. Many points together makes your reality.

Fascinating to see these savants speaking their mind. It sounds like a random word generator. But luckily they are there to discover what nobody else is able to.

Physicists have made Nature and life complex. It is time physicist look deep into Nature and Life - Look Within

knowledge: information is not knowing: Understanding : explain in simple way to 6 year kid...Hit the nail on the head..!! KISS

16.50 ::: "IF THERE IS A DEEPER STRUCTURE" ::: YES THERE IS :::

Nima Arkani-Hamed is brilliant

Virtual particles are from the coaxial circuit of transverse waves of Dielectric energy and Dielectric voidence field/Magnetism.

Performing, story telling. Yes I said it.

My questions are these: why does anyone think that abstraction precedes complexity in a very physical sense? Why is abstraction not simply the generalisation of directly observable phenomena? Why must we sum up complex interactions to a simple solution, and can we? And why must this abstraction supercede geometry in some more fundamental way? Especially if we need to observe the geometry to deduce it? And knowing human beings are known for their tendency to categorise? Could it not be that what we see is what we get, and geometry is simply complex? That physics is a good summary of many situations, but searching for a *deeper* answer is meaningless without observing deeper interactions? What purpose does the search for depth serve if it doesn't directly allow us to solve observable mysteries, namely dark matter and dark energy? What purpose does trying to reinvent geometry in abstract space hold if it does not relate to observable spatial, time dependant phenomena? Where did that abstract space come from? All this does is displace the need to explain an origin, (which by the way cannot exist, the idea of a first thing is impossible) to an abstract space. Why not keep it in a physical space? It sounds like, in your search for simplicity you have made the required explanation more complex. Like QM. Pushing the explanation into an abstract space - the wave function - that has no causal explanation and just exists. Why is this a more convincing explanation, physically? What problems does it help to solve? Physics is not what the world is, it is what the world does. In my view we should focus on explaining the mysteries first, and once all of them have been elucidated, that will be the proper physical framework, and I guarantee this will link QM and GR. The unity will emerge from the problem solving. You don't first create an abstract unity then try to apply it to everything. That sounds very inefficient. To me.

Continue thought: because there is no gravitational pull in space unless each energy has some sort of gravitational field where they attract each other…while flying through space as space expand. Perhaps energy is moving faster than the rate of universe expanding

Agree with other commenters, great science communication in action

From the perspective of a human riding the arrow of time, I accept that what happens within my life will always be there, *but will I perceive being there/here after my arrow of time runs it's course?* I can imagine that I may not remember each time I ride that same arrow, but the perception of it, is "that" dead or alive after death? Could/can it only be perceived once?

Why must abstraction be conceived to precede classical physical existence? Does abstraction not arise from the physical classical **observation** of physical existence?

Discovering the cause-effect of superimposed wave-packaging distances with frequencies is, of course, what Galileo taught us about Measurement = Physics, and Dirac suggested the inverse or reciprocal connection, based in a trust that mathematically, the significance of "Large Numbers" would reveal "Everything" speaking Quantum Mechanically, which is why the inversion of a wave-packaging Partitioning of the Fine Constant 137.., by say a Reciproction-recirculation Quantum Operator-Oscillator harmonically resonant in superimposed Gravitational frequencies.., then there's a harmonic frequency density-intensity in line-of-sight probabilistic superposition identification of Actuality, the Quantum-fields Mechanism Holographic standing wave modulation in Principle expected by Observation of WYSIWYG, learning by doing, particularly using projection-drawing techniques Actual Intelligence of Universal Existence phenomena. (Suggestion) Grant's 3BLUE 1BROWN graphics are predominantly in the picture-plane containment states that have been developed over millennia in abstract 0-1-2-ness nodal-vibrational emitter-receiver log-antilog interference positioning-location condensation modulation cause-effect. You can "draw a line of development from ancient string inspired Geometries, to Galileo's timing harmonics to Newtonian Fluxion-Integral Temporal superposition tuning-probability in division and recombination of photonic standing wave-packaging resonance that a Fourier Analysis would reveal the superposition of A Singularity i-reflection containment state of "unit circle" Neutronic Electron-photon-phonon-Proton vibrational modes, as shown in Guitar String and Drumhead inclusion-exclusion timing-phase Bonding, ..Chemical Bonding Clarified through Quantum Mechanics Pimentel and Spratley. It only takes a teensy bit more imagination for a GD&P Student to put the sequences of 0-1-2-ness into a Stroboscopic Flashed stacking of modes at e-Pi-i instantaneous cross-sectional trancendental Orthographic Projection Drawing Conception of "Atomic" holography dimensionality coordination. (Spacetime merged into Ideal Gas Thermodynamics and Logarithmic Time Duration Timing, AM-FM Communication Actual-Artificial Intelligence In-form-ation) According to preferences, Spacetime is doomed as an abstract parallel coexistence concept, a discrete picture not included in instantaneous Flash Fluxion-Integral Relativity, or the standard Intuition orientation of Being Here Now holography is merged at ONE-INFINITY Singularity Eternity-now Interval. The innate value of an excellent Teaching Lecture is the natural probabilistic correlations of WYSIWYG QM-TIME Reciproction-recirculation and the nodal-vibrational memory associations that Students can learn, if they have had a proper experience of Actuality and Orientation to the reasonable doubt of true Sciencing.., so in Nima's lectures the topic is focused and therefore in Thought Experimentalist's Intuitions, the perceptions of content are aligned (AM-FM Communication In-form-ation harmonics) with WYSIWYG QM-TIME resonance floating in the "Mind's Eye", the same concept made symbolically in GD&P line-of-sight projection of corresponding aggregations of resonance bonding proportioning probabilities called Knowledge. Singularity positioning Actuality.

8:15 If this is the case, how are we able to see these 'blackholes' ?

Nice talk.

Question, what if expansion is actually happening in a donut? would that explain inflation of speed, as an optical illusion? Cheers

The end of space portion of space-time, as the basic phenomena it is thought of, is not an emergent property which is still with us, yes quite plausible, but not the time portion! Time is the register of events, nothing is more basic than this!

I have come to think it may be time to say thank you to all of our past methodologies including Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics and take completely new approach to our apparent Physical Environment. They should be looked at as guides that have taken us as far as they can given what they “know”. Now as we stand looking out into the unknown we must find new guides to take us further.This is what every previous traveler has had to do in order to increase their knowledge base further. Maybe one of the best places to start would be with our notion of the definition of Gravity being a reaction of Spacetime to the presence of “Mass” which at its foundation assumes the existence of Spacetime itself as being real and foundational. It works up to the point .or points, where it doesn’t. Our present notion of Gravity seems to be telling us that Gravity exists at some level between The Quantum level and the large scale Cosmic Level. It becomes nonsensical at both boundaries because it has no clear answer for our questions. So rather than keep asking the same questions we should rethink our approach. This is where it becomes really difficult because we are leaving our comfort zone and must travel alone. We may have to stop trying to reconcile Gravity and leave it rest where it works. That means we have to become Original Thinkers both Philosophically as well as Mathematically. Yeah, that is going to be really hard to accept and implement.Maybe even nearly impossible at this point in time. It is much easier to keep trying to “fit the square peg in the round hole” than to drop the peg and look for another board. If I were to offer any suggestions as too where to start I would say; Consider the possibility that “Spacetime” is not “foundational” and start from there.

Foundation of modern physics (e.g., Foundations of modern physics [1]) was constructed from Einstein’s 4-d spacetime continuum, which is a zero-summed energy spacetime paradigm where time is treated as an independent variable. From which we see that the foundation of modern physics is not a physical realizable paradigm that should not be used for any physical analysis. For example Einstein’s spacetime violates the second law of thermodynamics, the law of time, the law of energy conservation, and the law of entropy. This is precisely the reason why modern physics is virtual and fictitious as mathematics, yet we had buried within this non-physically realizable paradigm for so long and did not even know about it [1] S. Weinberg, Foundation of Modern Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2021. •

Yes Arkani-Hamad

The vertical line of his lower case "f"s look like perfect integral symbols.

Being in time space density and gravities is a greater chance to say.

Holy shit. Wow.

Although the patterns of things and behavior in the universe appears random and sometimes chaotic and rather unpredictable, they all follow specific mathematical principles CONSISTENTLY. Mathematics is the underlying abstract principles governing where the universe came from and where it is going. Can we then say mathematics rules the universe?

Right

merci dadash!

Regarding quantum entanglement and nonlocality Employing hyper-rational reasoning, I contend that all entities are equidistant from the void; consequently, all entities are equidistant from counterspace or nonlocality, culminating in all entities being equidistant from one another in this fashion. Within this framework, the concept of 'space' as the magnitude of separation between entities is inconsequential and irrelevant. Hyper-rational reasoning, also known as hyper-logical reasoning, is a type of reasoning that goes beyond traditional logic and can lead to unconventional or even counterintuitive conclusions. Here is an attempt to use hyper-rational reasoning to argue that all entities are equidistant from the void, counterspace, and from each other: First, let us define what we mean by "void." The void is often used to refer to the absence of everything, including space and time. In this sense, it can be seen as a sort of "non-entity" or "non-existence." However, the void can also be seen as the ultimate potentiality, the ground from which all things arise. Now, let us consider the idea that all entities are equidistant from the void. This may seem counterintuitive at first, as some entities may seem more closely related to the void than others (such as concepts of emptiness or non-being). However, if we think of the void as the ultimate potentiality, then all entities can be seen as arising from this same ground. In this sense, they are all equidistant from the void in that they all come from the same place. Similarly, the concept of "counterspace" or "nonlocality" can be seen as another way of referring to this same ground of potentiality. All entities can be seen as equidistant from counterspace/nonlocality in that they all arise from this same source. Finally, if we accept that all entities are equidistant from the void and counterspace/nonlocality, then it follows that they are also equidistant from each other. This is because their distance from each other is inconsequential and irrelevant within this framework. All entities arise from the same ground of potentiality, and their differences are merely superficial manifestations of this same underlying source. Of course, this line of reasoning may not be immediately convincing to everyone. It relies on a particular conception of the void and counterspace/nonlocality that not everyone may agree with, and it may require a willingness to go beyond traditional logic and reasoning. However, it does provide an interesting and unconventional way of thinking about the relationship between entities and their underlying source.