Pipe Ceremony (part-1) - Leonard Crow Dog & Wallace Black Elk - Trail of Broken Treaties, 1972 

The Trail of Broken Treaties was a central protest event of the Red Power activist period of the 1970s, and was organized by members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) to bring national attention to Native grievances. The "trail" began on the West Coast in the late summer of 1972 as an automobile caravan composed of Indians from across the country who intended to demonstrate their concerns in Washington, D.C. As it proceeded east, the caravan stopped by reservations and urban Indian communities to drum up support, recruit participants, conduct workshops, and draft an agenda for Indian policy reform.
On November 3, 1972, the culmination of their cross-country journey in the Trail of Broken Treaties ended with a group of around 500 AIM members taking over the Interior building in Washington, D.C. to bring attention to American Indian issues such as living standards and treaty rights.
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Leonard Crow Dog was a medicine man and spiritual leader who became well known during the Lakota takeover of the town of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota in 1973, known as the Wounded Knee Incident. Through his writings and teachings, he has sought to unify Indian people of all nations
Regarded by many as the spiritual leader of the American Indian Movement (AIM), Leonard Crow Dog played an influential role, beginning in the 1960s, in the effort to secure greater rights for Native peoples. A member of the Sicangu Lakota, Crow Dog participated in numerous rallies and demonstrations across the country and was often jailed in the process. He was also responsible for expanding AIM’s scope, speaking out not only for justice and tribal sovereignty, but also for the revitalization of traditional rituals and ceremonies that had waned in the recent past.
Crow Dog’s priorities shaped the Native American Self-Determination and Education Act, a landmark bill signed in 1975 that swung the pendulum away from assimilation and toward greater respect for cultural traditions.
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Grandfather Wallace Black Elk was a traditional Lakota Elder and Spiritual Teacher. Wallace was a second cousin of the war chief, Crazy Horse. Grandfather Wallace was born and raised on the Rosebud Reservation in South Dakota and has been trained since childhood in the sacred ways of his people. He was a carrier of the Channupa (sacred prayer pipe) for all people.
Grandfather Wallace was present at the occupation of Wounded Knee, and has been politically active in fighting for the rights of Native American people. He was a spiritual leader and had served as an international lecturer and as a Native American representative to the United Nations.
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Video by Dean & Dudley Evenson