Studies on poverty in India began with the pioneering work of Dadabhai Naoroji in the later part of the 19th century. Naoroji had traced out the mass poverty to the British colonial rule which drained out systematically economic amounts of wealth. The first specific and scientific attempt to identify the poor and to measure the extent of poverty was made by an expert committee constituted by the Government of India in July 1962. It has put the nationally desirable minimum level of consumer expenditure at Rs. 20 per capita per month. In 1971, Dandekar and Rath introduced the concept of the calorie explicitly they considered the energy requirement of 2250 calories as the basic need per day per person According to them this minimum level of consumption would require an expenditure of Rs.20/- per head per month for rural areas and Rs. 22.50/- for urban areas according to 1960-61 prices. Dantwala, 1973 stated that there cannot be a single universal norm of poverty. The concept of absolute poverty is based on absolute norms for a living (measured in terms of consumption expenditure) laid down according: to specified minimum standard and all such individuals or groups whose consumption expenditure is found to be below this standard are classified as poor. This two concept is directly related to the minimum level of consumption. Under the relative concept of poverty, a family (or an individual) is deemed to be poor if its level of income or consumption expenditure falls below a predetermined level. Eradication of poverty is thus an important objective. Human beings need a certain minimum consumption of food and nonfood items to survive. The Planning Commission estimates the incidence of poverty in India on the basis of household consumer expenditure surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation. Six large sample consumer surveys have been conducted by the NSS on a quinquennial basis since 1973-74. Rural poverty can be associated with isolation, lack of roads, poor infrastructure and limited institutional presence while urban poverty is generally associated with poor quality housing, overcrowded, unsanitary slum settlements, ill-health related to spreading of infectious diseases, the threat of exposure to environmental hazards and fear of eviction from illegal squatter settlements in precarious locations.
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23 сен 2024
