Imagine an ideal gas contained in a cubical container. Let one corner of the cube be the origin O, and let the x, y, z-axes along the edges. Let A1and A2 be the parallel faces perpendicular to the x-axis. Consider a molecule moving with velocity v in the container. The components of velocity along the axes are vx, vy, and vz. Now, when the molecule is colliding with face A1, the x component of velocity is reversed while the y and z component of velocity remains unchanged (as per our assumption that the collisions are elastic).
Based on the kinetic theory, pressure on the container walls can be quantitatively attributed to random collisions of molecules the average energy of which depends upon the gas temperature. The gas pressure can therefore be related directly to temperature and density. Many other gross properties of the gas can be derived, such as viscosity, thermal and electrical conductivity, diffusion, heat capacity, and mobility. In order to explain observed deviations from perfect gas behaviour, such as condensation, the assumptions must be appropriately modified. In doing so, considerable insight has been gained as to the nature of molecular dynamics and interactions.
Such a model describes a perfect gas and is a reasonable approximation to a real gas, particularly in the limit of extreme dilution and high temperature. Such a simplified description, however, is not sufficiently precise to account for the behaviour of gases at high densities.
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24 сен 2024
