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Loadlin is a bootloader that can replace a running DOS or Windows 9x kernel with the Linux kernel at run time. This can be useful in the case of hardware that needs to be switched on via software and for which such configuration programs are proprietary and only available for DOS. This booting method is less necessary nowadays, as Linux has drivers for a multitude of hardware devices, but it has seen some use in mobile devices. Another use case is when the Linux is located on a storage device which is not available to the BIOS for booting: DOS or Windows can load the appropriate drivers to make up for the BIOS limitation and boot Linux from there.

GRUB 1 includes logic to read common file systems at run-time in order to access its configuration file.[14] This gives GRUB 1 ability to read its configuration file from the filesystem rather than have it embedded into the MBR, which allows it to change the configuration at run-time and specify disks and partitions in a human-readable format rather than relying on offsets. It also contains a command-line interface, which makes it easier to fix or modify GRUB if it is misconfigured or corrupt.[15]

The kernel stage =. The Linux kernel handles all operating system processes, such as memory management, task scheduling, I/O, interprocess communication, and overall system control. T

The kernel stage occurs after the bootloader stage. The Linux kernel handles all operating system processes, such as memory management, task scheduling, I/O, interprocess communication, and overall system control. This is loaded in two stages - in the first stage, the kernel (as) is loaded into memory and decompressed, and a few fundamental functions are set up such as basic memory management, minimal amount of hardware setup.[13] It's worth noting that kernel image is self-decompressed, which is a part of the kernel image's routine.[13] For some platforms (like ARM 64-bit), kernel decompression has to be performed by the bootloader instead, like U-Boot.[16]

start_kernel()executes a wide range of initialization functions. It sets up interrupt handling (IRQs), further configures memory, mounts the initial RAM disk ("initrd") that was loaded previously as the temporary root file system during the bootloader stage.[13] The initrd, which acts as a temporary root filesystem in RAM, allows the kernel to be fully booted and driver modules to be loaded directly from memory, without reliance upon other devices (e.g. a hard disk).[13] initrd contains the necessary modules needed to interface with peripherals,[13] e.g SATA driver, and support a large number of possible hardware configurations.[13] This