Russell L Ackoff From Mechanistic to Systemic thinking 

Russell Ackoff's talk presented at the Systems Thinking in Action conference - November 1993.
In this fascinating lecture, Ackoff states that we're in the early stages of a change of age - a period in which our worldview is transforming from one theory of reality to another.
What happens to any age is the appearance of dilemmas - problems that challenge the validity of the current worldview and cannot be solved within it. Such was the case during the Middle Ages - hence, the Renaissance. In our case, we are experiencing a shift from the Machine Age to the Systems Age.
The Machine Age was characterized by the belief in complete understandability of the universe, analysis as a method of inquiry, and cause and effect as a sufficient relationship to explain all.
The dilemma that disrupted such beliefs was systems thinking. The Machine Age began to die, Ackoff states, when we gave up the principle of understandability. Gradually, it's become accepted that there can be no complete understanding of the universe because nothing can be understood independently of its environment - all is environmentally relative. It began to be acknowledged that while analysis produces knowledge, it is synthesis that produces understanding. Furthermore, the Systems Age recognizes that cause and effect is just one way of looking at reality - there are an infinite number of ways.
Chapters:
0:00 Intro
1:04 Concept of reality (world view) and definition of an Age
2:46 World view 1 - Renaissance
6:57 Elements leading to machine-age thinking
17:06 Summary - 3 doctrines of the machine age, Isaac Newton
19:35 Origin of the industrial revolution and some characteristics
25:34 Dilemmas that started to challenge the machine age worldview

Наука