Sack of Rome 1527 - Italian Wars DOCUMENTARY

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Thanks to Kamikoto for sponsoring this video! Get an additional $50 off on any purchase with code Kings during their Black Friday Sale. Go to kamikoto.com/Kings and help support the channel.
Kings and Generals animated historical documentary series on the Italian Wars continues with the aftermath of the famous battle of Pavia. France was on the back foot, but the events in the Holy Roman empire, where the Emperor Charles V had to contend both with the Protestant movement and the incursions of the Ottoman empire, allowed the house of Valois to continue the fight in Italy. In this video we will cover the 5th, 6th and 7th Italian wars, including the Sack of Rome in 1527 and the battle of Ceresole of 1544
Hundred Years' War: • Battle of Crecy 1346 -...
Thirty Years' War: • Thirty Years' War - Wh...
Medieval Battles: • Early Muslim Expansion...
Wars of the Roses: • Wars of Roses 1455-148...
Third Crusade: • Third Crusade 1189-119...
Italian Wars #1 Fornovo: • Battle of Fornovo 1495...
Italian Wars #2 Cerignola and Garigliano: • Battles of Cerignola a...
Italian Wars #3 Ravenna: • Battle of Ravenna 1512...
Italian Wars #4 Novara and Marignano: • Battles of Novara and ...
Italian Wars #5 Pavia: • Battle of Pavia 1525 -...
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The video was made by MalayArcher ( / mathemedicupdates ) while the script was researched and written by Johan Melhus. This video was narrated by Officially Devin ( / @offydgg & ru-vid.com/show-UC79s.... The art was created by Nargiz Isaeva. Machinimas made using Total War: Rome 2 and Attila, using Medieval Kingdom 1212AD mod
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Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound: www.epidemicsound.com
#Documentary #ItalianWars #Rome

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9 ноя 2022

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Комментарии : 359

@KingsandGenerals Год назад

Thanks to Kamikoto for sponsoring this video! Get an additional $50 off on any purchase with code Kings during their Black Friday Sale. Go to kamikoto.com/Kings and help support the channel.

@pandawok301 Год назад

Your thumbnail’s going to cause confusion.

@NobleKorhedron Год назад

Yeah, I agree @@pandawok301; it says something like the Battle of Creosole, doesn't it...?

@sociopath4121 Год назад

Kamikoto knives are not good at all look up shadiversity youtuber testing them they are really not even average...

@NobleKorhedron Год назад

Shadiversity the weapon dude, @@sociopath4121?

@sociopath4121 Год назад

@@NobleKorhedron Yeah weapon castles all things medieval.

@eggtarts286 Год назад

'Duke of Bourbon' 'Holy League of Cognac' Whoever created titles in those days must've been having a great time

@redcapetimetraveler7688 Год назад

cheers from the Baron of Brandy...🍾

@dominicguye8058 Год назад

Was he actually governing the Duchy of Bourbon at that point, or is it just a titular duchy?

@redcapetimetraveler7688 Год назад

@@dominicguye8058 , as he had betrayed the king in 1523 , he lost his duchy to become a mercenary general for the emperor Charles the 5th. He was Charles the 3rd of Bourbon , constable of the french kingdom ( general) , but the greed of the king who needed money for his war in italy lead to a trial for the ownership of the duchy... that pushed the duke to switch allegiance and to avenge himself at the battle of Pavia 1525.

@hectorsanchez1377 Год назад

Wait till you hear about the earl of sandwich

@porothashawarma2339 Год назад

@@redcapetimetraveler7688 🥃

@napoleonibonaparte7198 Год назад

It has become a Germanic tradition to sack Rome, like a pilgrimage.

@tulipalll Год назад

Also conquering France. Both the final defeats of napoleon, the franco Prussian war, ww1, and ww2!

@CptFoupoudav Год назад

@@tulipalllThe germans weren't alone to defeat Napoleon, it took quite a few nations united under the perfidious british. And World War 1 ? The germans found a wall in the west they conquered their own death.

@tulipalll Год назад

@@CptFoupoudavbut the Prussians were arguably the most important element in napoleons defeat. Without them, waterloo would not have been a complete defeat for the French. And it was their manpower presence in the March on Paris that forced napoleon to abdicate. And in ww1. The Germans took over a large portion of France and France was completely unable to take it back. The French army began to mutiny. It was only after other nations stepped in in force that the tide began to turn.

@CptFoupoudav Год назад

@@tulipalll The french weren't able to take it back but the germans weren't able to advance either and their situation got worse days after days with the british blockade and the entry of the usa in the war. There was mutiny in the french army because the soldiers didn't want to do suicide attack anymore, it doesn't mean the army would collapse all of a sudden.

@GandalfderDauerblaue Год назад

@@CptFoupoudav Only the British intervention prevented us from reaching Paris in 1914.

@angusyang5917 Год назад

I'd like to imagine Bayezid II, Selim I, and Suleyman I just sitting back and eating popcorn in the Ottoman Empire watching all of this go down to the west.

@HalalHistory Год назад

Selim I doubling the size of the biggest threat to Europe within 4 years

@egesisli5694 Год назад

they ate the entire kingdom of hungary instead of popcorn

@deanticocombar7529 Год назад

@@egesisli5694 yes 👍 you are right they face resistance also

@egesisli5694 Год назад

@@deanticocombar7529 i mean through history every action is met by a resistance with varying degrees of magnitude, definitely there were habsburg loyalist that resisted the ottoman takeover but most of the protestant hungarian nobility that had enough of the catholic opression welcomed the ottomans

@deanticocombar7529 Год назад

@@egesisli5694 ofcourse ottomans were also busy against safavids and in putting down rebellions just like holy Roman empire was doing

@abcdef27669 Год назад

Charles I of Spain and V of HRE: "The French were defeated, now I'm the greatest Champion of Catholicism!" Imperial troops rebel and sack the most important city in Catholic Faith. Charles I of Spain and V HRE: "Oh, c'mon!"

@deron2203 Год назад

Just early gun age Christian things

@davidlopez6703 Год назад

Most of lanskenets were protestant, spanish and italian troops didn't sack Rome in general... there are always exceptions but yeah... plus as seen in the video Francis constantly allied with heretics and muslisms...

@masterplokoon8803 Год назад

Charles V:" Oh no! Those rogue mercenaries are killing my enemies! How awefull..."

@gustavoritter7321 Год назад

Charles II,

@OptimusMaximusNero Год назад

Rome: *Gets sacked* Italians: "Oh, sh*t. Here we go again..."

@PhonciblePBonehimself Год назад

the heroic epic "Last Stand" from Sabaton stands in such a great difference to the squalor of the people, the brutality of this war and blatant power politics of all involved. Great song tho (:

@wrightroenigk Год назад

In the heart of holy see

@somestormcloakwithanarrowo4671 Год назад

@@wrightroenigk in the home of Christianity

@anto-sk4ce Год назад

@@somestormcloakwithanarrowo4671 the Seat of power is in danger

@albertvonhabsburg Год назад

The song is very good, they fight a battle after it.

@vitorpereira9515 Год назад

@@wrightroenigk And in mine as well. They were great men.

@youvebeengreeked Год назад

I thought this battle rung a bell... *FOR THE GRACE, FOR THE MIGHT OF OVR LORD,* *FOR THE HOME OF THE HOLY,* *FOR THE FAITH, FOR THE WAY OF THE SWORD,* *GAVE THEIR LIVES SO BOLDLY!*

@historytank5673 Год назад

Ah good it’s that sacking of Rome (lol)

@Fyrebrand18 Год назад

In the heart of the Holy See In the home of Christianity The seat of power is in danger There's a foe of a thousand swords They've been abandoned by their lords Their fall from grace will pave their path, to damnation

@Raven-yk7lg Год назад

@@Fyrebrand18 Then the 189 In the service of heaven They're protecting the Holy line It was 1527 Gave their lives on the steps to heaven Thy will be done

@TaRAAASHBAGS 11 месяцев назад

Songs written like Wikipedia articles. Way better historical bands than cornball Sabaton. Even their name is stupid.

@MichaelHain. 11 месяцев назад

For the grace, for might of our lord *For the home of the holy* *For the faith, for the way of the sword* *Gave their lifes so boldly* *For the grace, for the might of our lord* *In the name of his glory* *For the faith, for the way of the sword*

@spectreagent00 Год назад

Charles V: "Bitch, I still have your kids!" Francis: "Keep them, I'm gonna go make some more, ciao!"

@roeland1102 Год назад

I really hope you make a series about the 80 years War/Dutch war for independence. Would be so cool

@5thMilitia Год назад

Defragged History has a good series on it

@dominicguye8058 Год назад

@@5thMilitia yeah Defragged History is doing an absolutely wonderful job covering it. She's not done with it yet though

@OptimusMaximusNero Год назад

Romans: "Could you please not sack our city...FOR FIVE MINUTES!?" Gauls, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Normans and Charles V's mercenaries: "What beautiful monuments you have, guys!" 😎

@michaelmoorrees3585 Год назад

I always loved this sack. The Holy Roman Emperor sacking Rome ! Well, at least his unpaid troops.

@genghiskhan5701 Год назад

@@michaelmoorrees3585 Basically normal Roman emperor things

@michaellopresti6795 Год назад

@@genghiskhan5701 actually no, while the romans where famous for their civil wars no emperor deared to sack rome, the only men under roman employ who had was Ricimer but he was a german traitor trying to kill emperor Anthemious

@OptimusMaximusNero Год назад

@@jkelsey555 In 1084.

@johnnycash7020 Год назад

The Holy Roman Emperors could not accept the universal authority that the pope claimed for himself as the leader of Christendom. Resulting in the sack of Rome so many times!

@muazzamshaikh2049 Год назад

I'd also love to see a video on the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibellines. Not many people today know of this conflict. Perhaps a video on it could enlighten people on it.

@chasechristophermurraydola9314 Год назад

I completely agree with you on that.

@marcpeterson1092 Год назад

I also support your suggestion.

@andersschmich8600 Год назад

More medieval Italy would be great! I agree.

@konsyjes Год назад

I learned to pronounce Pavia correctly thanks to your dilligence in research. Kings and Generals top tier as usual.

@tomurg Год назад

This day 3 years ago I was in Rome with my school. I was a tour guide for that trip and when were were at the Castel Sant Angelo I told our group about the sack of Rome and of the 189 Swiss guard made brave last stand.

@johanm_16 Год назад

Hello! I am the researcher and writer of the script, if you have questions drop them here. :) Here you have the videos sources: Sources: Le guerre d’Italia, Marco Pellegrini The Italian Wars, 1494-1559, Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw Storia d’Italia, Guicciardini Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani Enciclopedia machiavelliana, Treccani A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century, Charles Oman The popular history of England, Knight Renaissance warrior and patron: the reign of Francis I by Knech

@jozzieokes3422 Год назад

How many men did the Swiss guard kill in their last stand?

@IllyrianTiger99 Год назад

Could you tell me more about the Schmalkaldic league and the connection with Venice? I feel like in the context of Italy, Venice is mostly ignored but was a constant thorn in the eyes of the Habsburgs (Friuli, Istria) which would eventually lead to the Uskok war or War of Gradisca from 1615-1618? Thank you if you respond

@dominicguye8058 Год назад

Thx for citing your sources

@dominicguye8058 Год назад

Why was Francis so obsessed with Milan?

@thegreekguy1124 10 месяцев назад

For the grace,for the might of the Lord For the hone of the Holy For the Faith,for the way of the sword Give their lives so boldly

@rocfella 8 месяцев назад

come and tell their story again!

@paolovirtuani7826 Год назад

5:50 to 6:17 watch the film: "Il Mestiere delle Armi" (the profession of arms) by Ermanno Olmi, if you can find it. Masterpiece.

@radec5437 Год назад

Uomo di cultura

@yannickbaroue Год назад

Grande Paolo. Grazie.

@andersschmich8600 Год назад

Where is it available?

@paolovirtuani7826 Год назад

@@andersschmich8600 You could find it on streaming services, here and there. I've watched it on DVD, when DVDs still existed 🙂.

@SinningsValor Год назад

Hello K&G I love all your videos and have been watching you for 2 years straight almost every day I've got some Pacific war videos to watch after this!

@alexleung842 Год назад

I can understand why Machiavelli would write The Prince in a setting like this

@masonlau5744 Год назад

At this point all I can think about is the war exhaustion France and Spain/Austria would have after having fought so many wars back to back.

@markcoroneos7811 Год назад

Haha aye, im sitting here thinking why the hell did anyone bother living in italy the time

@SmashingCapital Год назад

How do you post so many high quality videos so often

@KingsandGenerals Год назад

Good team

@SmashingCapital Год назад

@@KingsandGenerals hope you get enough rest bros ❤️

@Jsdo1980 Год назад

There is a small error in the north of the map. The city of Karlskrona in modern day's Sweden was not founded until 1680.

@mattiaceratto3326 Год назад

Hey I actually am from Ceresole! I am very glad that a youtuber this big talked about my little village! Thank you

@radec5437 Год назад

Yes italian Wars! One of the most intriguing time in my opinion in histoy

@rodrigogimenez-ricolaguna4913 Год назад

Dred!

@radec5437 Год назад

@@rodrigogimenez-ricolaguna4913 I AM THE LAW

@rodrigogimenez-ricolaguna4913 Год назад

@@radec5437 2000AD con dibujante español, por cierto 👍 devoraba esos comics allá por 1990...

@GIBunz Год назад

the art mafias were cray cray

@radec5437 Год назад

@@GIBunz ?

@manuelapollo7988 Год назад

Such a great work as always

@nikolahavaic759 Год назад

Not concerning this topic but rather the Ottoman Wars videos. Looking at the map, I always thought that small parts of Croatia proper and Hungary managed to fend of the Ottoman Invasion and aligned themselves with the Habsburgs. Could you please make a video about this subject? You have mentioned Katzianer and Šubić Zrinski already, but what about the battle of Sisak and the foundation of Karlovac or the Vlach infighting and the Statuta Valachorum? You did mention the friction between Hungarian and Transylvanian protestants and catholics but the same thing happened in Northern Croatia and modern day Slovenia, as did the peasant revolts. Hope you expand your Ottoman Wars content, we Slavs would surely appreciate it. Thank you for this video and for everything you've covered!

@collintrytsman3353 Год назад

excellent as always

@johnnyhamilton4548 Год назад

Thanks!

@seanpoore2428 Год назад

yes! been waiting to get here!

@albertvonhabsburg Год назад

What a great battle, they should make a song about it.

@at-90ree13 Год назад

FOR THE GRACE FOR THE MIGHT OF THE LORD

@Uzair_Of_Babylon465 Год назад

Fantastic video keep it up your doing amazing job

@mazenaljayousi49 Год назад

Great Episode

@robbabcock_ Год назад

What a great video about a truly turbulent era.

@spencerdouglas9 Год назад

Awe, yes !? I missed this music. Never change !!!

@paulvandop9309 Год назад

What programs do you use to create your maps? I am curious as a history teacher.

@KingsandGenerals Год назад

Photoshop

@DrKarmo Год назад

Will you guys make a video on the Battle of Flodden? It's a pretty underrated theatre of the Italian Wars

@zachhibbard5147 Год назад

Best way to start a morning, with a fantastically well made and researched documentary

@brokenbridge6316 Год назад

Nicely done video

@APersonified Год назад

Rome: **exists** Germans: *It's **_sacking_** time.*

@HellenicWolf Год назад

great video!

@rouymalic4463 Год назад

Then the 189!

@aaronbatitis2650 Год назад

In the SERVICE OF HEAVEN

@Crom_Apsotle Год назад

They're protecting the Holy Line!

@angelhuamanaraujo9969 Год назад

It was 1527

@stranger__4956 Год назад

It was 1527

@eugene251 Год назад

Gave their lives on the steps to heaven Thy will be done!

@nicolapacella5966 Год назад

As an Italian is really sad to see how the inability of compromise among ourself basically led to the desctruction of the peninsula.

@porothashawarma2339 Год назад

As an Indian I can completely feel your emotions my friend .

@-RONNIE Год назад

Thanks 👍🏻

@Mrkabrat Год назад

And this is why you always, *always* pay your mercenaries on time

@thhseeking Год назад

At around 10:15 you say that Odet marched along the ADRIATIC coast to reach Naples, but on the map, he's nowhere near the Adriatic. He's shown marching along the TYRRHENIAN coast, on the opposite side of Italy.

@UraidTariq Год назад

*I hope this channel never ends and keeps on spreading all the love and happiness forever* 💓💓💓

@FresarCesar Год назад

Spanish armies, of a (now) Belgium king, commanded by Italian commanders... And they are "the germans"

@markusskram4181 Год назад

I love Your videos

@denniscleary7580 Год назад

Now I want pizza, thanks Kings 😁👍

@bigcat5348 Год назад

FOR THE GRACE AND THE MIGHT OF THE LORD

@user-cm4yb9ls9o Год назад

make video about iran revolotion plese

@Igorilianu Год назад

I see this vid and all I am imaging/thinking is *one of the sabaton hits starts*

@LanceKNIGHT1112 Год назад

Casual Historians, after seeing the title of the video: Epic stand of Swiss guard during Saco di Roma. Me, as a man of culture, fully appreciating the video's thumbnail: The gallant stand of the French reserve under the army's commander Francois de Bourbon, Count of Enghien was so disastrous that the general even intended to stab himself and die. Fortunately, the gendarmes and their leader persevered, not only halted advance of tercios and landsknechts, but rather remarkably, many of the knights captured 15 or even 20 of the imperials each, who slaughtered their noble comrades just few minutes ago, nevertheless begging for mercy and protection from certain onslaught by victorious Gascon and Swiss foot! This deserves to be immortalised. 🥲

@user-os3pe1zu2r Год назад

Underrated battle and comment. Who cares about sack of rome and swiss stand?

@farhaanahmad1356 Год назад

Can you pls cover the unification of manchus and the qing ming wars?

@andrewmurphy1774 Год назад

Finally!!!

@marcello7781 Год назад

I remember this Sack of Rome from an Argentinian historieta called Dago, a comic book about a Venetian noble betrayed and then sold to the Ottomans, pretty much set in most of the XVI century.

@1996koke Год назад

Now I finally know the backstory of the song The last stand

@18Krieger Год назад

When a alliance of a few european countries could fend off the Ottomans, an Alliance forms and starts fighting other Europeans. Classic.

@javiersaugar376 Год назад

I'm a simple man. I see K&G post, I hit the like at the end of the video

@williamromine5715 Год назад

I'm an even more simple man. I hit the like button before I watch the video, otherwise I might forget to do so at the end.( I'm in my eighties, and can be forgetful, as well as simple)

@Aginor88 Год назад

Interesting.

@Valkbg Год назад

Whenever I hear RTW music Im happy.

@constantinexifanboy4516 Год назад

It would also be great if you would cover the Guelph and Ghibelline wars, particularly the war between the pope and the Hohenstaufen dynasty, as well as the Northern Crusades, thanks!

@theawesomeman9821 Год назад

they did a video on the Teutanic Knights, who were associated with the Northern Crusade

@RubyDoobieScoo Год назад

The Holy League of Cognac sounds like a good name for a hiphop group.

@SB-qm5wg Год назад

That's a lot of war going on.

@warlordg9544 Год назад

Really? No one with a Sabaton reference? Ok, I will do it myself: FOR THE GRACE FOR THE MIGHT OF THE LORD! FOR THE HOME OF THE HOLY!

@erikreid603 Год назад

Kamikoto knifes are owned by the same company that owns established titles which is now known to be a scam

@xiezhao9075 Год назад

Nadir shah next please

@Old_Guard2 Год назад

FOR THE HOME OF THE HOLY!

@ScarletRebel96 Год назад

Those mercenary were just pissed they didn't get the tickets to that weekends Sabaton concert

@sitrakaforler8696 Год назад

What a time x)

@BigMeechEJ25 Год назад

@7:00 Que the "Last Stand" by Sabaton

@loetzcollector466 Год назад

13:02 "I Veel ask him if he vishes to continue hostilities, but I don't think he veel be very keen.."

@ElBandito Год назад

Any smackdown on RC Popes is a good video to watch.

@Basil_Porphyrogenitos Год назад

IN THE HEART OF THE HOLY SEE

@aaronbatitis2650 Год назад

In the home of Christianity

@wrightroenigk Год назад

IN THE HOME OF CHRISTIANITY

@stranger__4956 Год назад

THE SEAT OF POWER IS DAAANGEEEEER

@stranger__4956 Год назад

THEY HAVE BEEN ABANDONED BY THEIR LORDS

@at-90ree13 Год назад

THEIR FALL FROM GRACE WOULD PAVE THEIR PATH TO DAMNNATION

@loukasamanatidis9561 Год назад

Soundtrack at 19:00

@jonbaxter2254 Год назад

Rome: How many times do we have to sack you again, old man!

@tristangruetter3005 Год назад

This is one of the few moments where im proud of switzerlands military history 🇨🇭

@jaythompson5102 Год назад

Yeah you guys weren't afraid to get your noses dirty back in those days. Still you can see how the unique geography and politics of Switzerland manifested itself through history and it's cool to see how unique it was/is.

@therightarmofthefreeworld4703 Год назад

Nazi Germany didn’t dare invade Switzerland. I’d say that’s quite an achievement.

@r.t.m.7611 Год назад

Switzerland has quite a lot of military achievments to be proud of, there's a whole rabbithole to go into

@dominicguye8058 Год назад

Are you serious? "One of the few moments"? Did you forget about Morgarten? Sempach? Nancy? And many other moments. You have a lot to be proud of in terms of Swiss military history.

@WorldArchivist Год назад

7:50 FOR THE GRACE FOR THE MIGHT OF THE LORD FOR THE HOME OF THE HOLY

@tolgatosun5675 Год назад

Hungary part of the map is wrong. Before 1526 (Battle of Mohac), Hungary was not under rule of Habsburgs. It was an independent kingdom. Also after 1526, the most of Hungary was under Ottoman rule excluding Croatia, west of the Balaton Lake and north Hungary. So, Ottoman rule had never reached the center of Croatia and near city of Graz.

@therightarmofthefreeworld4703 Год назад

They only care for views, not historical accuracy or authenticity.

@alperenbayraktar Год назад

Francis just should've crashed the game to get the Burgundian inheritance. smh

@treystewart731 Год назад

GAVE THEIR LIVES ON THE STEPS TO HEAVEN!!!!!

@siittosiika54 Год назад

Sabaton fans are pissing their pants right now

@michaelsinger4638 Год назад

Charles V had so much crap to deal with. It must have been exhausting. Francis I was a persistent one.

@mk-apache6161 Месяц назад

This gives a much better perspective on the European invasion of america.

@olivercromwell432 Год назад

21:20 😂😂😂😂

@jorgebersabe293 2 месяца назад

Even though Charles V didn't want the Sack of Rome to happen, the message was still clear; Don't anger the Emperor. Clement VII refused to help Henry VIII because Catherine of Aragon was Charles V's aunt and didn't want to get his capital sacked again. The first time was negligence, but the second time might have done....only this time with the Emperor's approval and consent.

@F15_C 5 месяцев назад

IN.THE.NAME.OF.GOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOD! FOR THE GRACE, FOR THE MIGHT OF THE LOORD

@evanibarra7060 Год назад

We need the battle of Karensebes.

@HalalHistory Год назад

👏

@adarheim1013 Год назад

I always see British and French being memed as forever rivals, but I always see many more wars between Germans and French

@matthew3016 Год назад

Sabaton the last stand plays during the sacking.

@thebactrian7 Год назад

I will use my Kamikoto knife to single handedly take all of Italy

@caledoniusgamer1229 Год назад

What total war mod is in the cinematic scenes

@Pedro-tv6wz Год назад

Charles V: "Why do I hear Sabaton playing in the background?"

@projectunknown5159 Год назад

Sack of Rome Pope player:NONONONONONO MY POINTS!!!!!

@cnw6306 Год назад

Rome : "Here we go again"

@zakariaalami1491 Год назад

One of the most confusing wars in history 🤯🤨

@matthewboyle2641 Год назад

I read a book about Catherine De Medici, it actually got turned into a show recently, which I haven't watched. But I'm forgetting if the Italian wars continue into her time as regent. They definitely continued with her husband Henry II. I think she was too preoccupied with the French Wars of Religion and managing her sickly, young, incompetent children to focus on Italy, even if she was Italian herself. I also think Charles V's heir Philip II was too busy with England and the Netherlands to bother much with Italy

@KingsandGenerals Год назад

Henry II and then Francis II deaths destabilized France and for the next 4 decades they had to fight the Wars of Religion. It wouldn't be until Henry IV's reign that France would bother the Habsburgs again - in the Netherlands and then in Italy, Germany and Spain.