I have watched so many UK history documentaries, including ones about castles, but this is far away and the most entertaining, informative, and lively one. This gentleman's enthusiasm and knowledge is wonderful!
Ever had the sensation that you are listening to someone who has that kind of genuine, everlasting and deep love of what he's talking about? This is that
Apparently the doors are the oldest castle doors in Europe. They were originally thought to date from 1245, but using tree ring analysis, they have been dated to pre 1190, probably commissioned by William Marshal. They are among the earliest examples of Oak being sawn, rather than cleaved. The doors, clad in iron were never breached. The Parliamentary army found it easier to breach the castle walls during the civil war.
Very informative and interesting! I have learnt in build ing, an arch is a very strong stucture. We had arches in a house that my late husband designed. The bulder made a wooden. Arch and rhe bricks were laid diagonally over the wooden arch-stucture.. After the mortas was dry, rhe arch was extremely strong. I think all these arches were done in that way, and not filled up with soil. When you have an arch, one does not need a lintle above the door/window, because of the strengh
As a woodworker, those original castle doors, with the bracings and the iron studs, absolutely floored me. Such a stunning piece of woorworking and iron smithing, and such a wonderful piece of History.
Have u seen wooden doors of forts and mansions of indian subcontinent that of mughal and after era?? U will be stunned to by looking at those huge doors 500-600 years old woth fresco art carved on them
@@cricketheaven1444 East Indian architecture and it's history is absolutely mind boggling. But then much of Antediluvian science, math and architecture comes from more advanced civilizations than our own. Our most advanced tech will look like this video millennia in the future.
@@hugodesrosiers-plaisance3156 in the late 80s I was in the House of one schoolmate. His father was a Carpenter and had the originals Doors of the christofer Columbus House in the canary islands....a few hundreds years old doors that the local politicians remove from the House and trow them to the garbage. As a little kid those Doors looks like a medieval dream..
I'd just like to say that I love your videos. I'm disabled and mainly bed bound. Through your videos you enable me to see incredible historical places and learn about our history. Without people making history accessible through videos, photos etc, I would be unable to see places like this castle. Thank you so much for making history accessible to everyone and creating a record of these historic sites for generations to come.
GeneralKayoss - with all due respect that is quite a personal question and would most often be considered rude. I'm guessing that was not your intention.
@4:20 A lesser-known defensive feature of the medieval castle was the ticket booth charging exorbitant prices for entry, this kept all but the wealthiest of enemies from entering the first bailey.
We were at the 3 tunns pub, just below the castle last week and came back the next day. When we found out it cost £16.60 for both of us to get in, we left.
Imagine walking through this castle with VR headsets on, and seeing it as it existed in its heyday through augmented reality. Painted walls with shields and ornaments, fires dancing in the fireplace, weapons stacked up in the guard room. I hope I live to see that day.
@nicolesheen. I have been thinking the same thing. To heck with the stately homes! This site and his Harrington Hall videos- These are the types of things I want to see! Maybe if enough of us ask him, he will consider it!
I'm just a simple American living in the middle of the US. But I have always been fascinated by castles in general from all over the world. I used to imagine the battles and everyday life in these buildings when I was a kid.
The castle of my home town is literally cut in half. The medieval pub next to it is still there though, British priorities innit lol. It was ripped apart for stone which was used in the medieval church extension and in the Victorian church as well as the city hall and some buildings I believe. The second closest castle to where I live has literally got a laser tag built into it on one side and a Five guys adjacent in the other. That one was bombed by the Germans during WW2, so it wasn’t totally our fault.
@@mickleblade that’s pretty fair, 100 miles is my daily commute from home to work then back to home here in Texas 😂. I really do envy your countries historical sites, also the views look beautiful.
Same here, southeast Texas. Husband drives 80 mi to work and back. Definitely have such admiration for all of these countries that have extremely ancient histories! I have been fascinated by anything ancient or old since childhood and still gives me the same excitement at 58.
You know how many kids we could get into class if teachers were like him? I would have studied more instead of running home to jump on my bike and head down to the secret lagoon my friends' parents created for us. 😊
Mr. Hicks, your knowledge and enthusiasm for the subject matter shines through this entire video. Thank you, and your team, very much for this wonderful history lesson. In relation to your pop quiz, I imagine the iron plating on the doors had as much to do with fire resistance as it did with protection from battering ram, and later powder blasting.
The old stone mason you talk about who worked at the castle saying that the roof would leak if they done it like that, Would that be Cyril Knapton by any chance ?
@@thehistorysquad Cyril Knapton was my grandfather & he was a stone mason & chief builder at Chepstow castle in the 70s-80s, When I was a child my grandparents had a cannonball as a door stop that my grandfather had retrieved from the walls of the castle.
I reckon the iron on the outside of the door was to prevent it from being burned as easily. Backed by the mass of wood behind them, the iron would have been very resistant to battering and piercing. And, presuming it is fairly thin, the iron would also likely bend a bit but not splinter like wood, whose splintering would provide additional surface area for tools to more effectively gouge and chip away at the door in a siege.
@@PieterBreda well, the gate by being behind the wall where they had to turn around to enter (explained at the very beginning) would not have been easily accessible by a battering ram anyway. Also, if they would have tried to set fire to the big iron-clad-gate, the defenders atop the “murder holes” (more like murder slots but really akin to machicolations) could have just poured either hot oil down and let the bodies burn as well, rocks, or just shot them with arrows (hot oil would be more than likely my guess) Also, not sure if the portcullis were behind or in front of the gate, yet they also could have added to a trap for the invaders… (I’ll have to go back in the vid and check ;)
I cannot convey how much I enjoyed this. I no longer have the physical ability or means to get to places like this and this was incredible, wonderful and you're a great guide!
Yes! That is exactly how I feel. I am old and handicapped now and I miss taking tours of castles and great houses. His videos are so enjoyable and informative.
Agreed, and I love how the camera person gets all into the nitty gritty details, as well. It's like being there. Thank you for the effort you put into videos like this!
Total agreement! My husband's and my mold induced severe asthma cringe at seeing the green mold and we joke we even can smell it from the years before we got worse enjoying historic touring. What a gift Kevin gives us online. Thank you so much.
I am so impressed 👏 🙌 by the architecture, history and knowledge of this great man. I'm American but live in Sweden 🇸🇪. I wish I could be able to visit places like this 😢 Managed to go to Ireland 🇮🇪 before my body gave up. I love learning history.
You mentioned that the original doors were inside the castle, and showed us the replicated ones were clad with iron. I would imagine there were two reasons... a) so a beseiger couldn't use a battering ram to get in, and b) to avoid the doors being set on fire to gain access.
You can just tell our host, the one and only Kevin Hicks, is having a blast while showing us around his favorite castle while he gives us insight on many things we wouldn't even imagine. There's a point on the video that you say the knowledge and the stories you gathered about that place along the decades are treasures, and I couldn't agree more. Incredible video, blew my mind.
@@thehistorysquad Your love, knowledge, experience, and enthusiasm for the castle is incandescent in within this video. Given the sorry state of the internet--just a few short decades after it was supposed to bring better understanding and a time of peace to the world--this video prompted me to think what a shame (a rare thought, indeed) that there wasn't an internet to record similar videos like these for your countless predecessors. So much of what was taken for granted by them is now lost to us. Thank you for taking the time to do this.
This is the first video I've seen from this channel. I love watching anyone who has this much passion for anything. Especially so when it's historic, interesting, and new to me. I appreciate the knowledge this man is sharing and the joy he still has for sharing it.
Yes memories are treasures as is knowledge in old people especially?, as they have amased the most. Like the old man (that Kevin mentioned) that knew the ceiling put in, in that one room, would leak because of the way that they had done it. What a shame his know-how couldn't be captured before he passed. That was where apprentices really made a contribution that was never really appreciated eh. Good old days were good indeed.
I couldn’t imagine what this castle looked like in its day. When the gentleman said the walls were finished and painted I was amazed because you couldn’t tell this by looking at it. I’d live in it with the rough condition. Cheers to the gentleman who led our tour and narrated the show. Great job.
@@MissGroves Yes, there was indeed 👍🏻 His accommodation was fully habitable within the castle, which when he left became a museum but has since been changed so much there's no longer any evidence of it.
This is one reason I really hope they get on with that castle people have been building in France for decades. I get that it's an educational project, but I would really like to see some finished rooms, it's hard to imagine what things looked like. Hell I know what a finished house looks like and I still find it hard to imagine what a halfway finished house will look like.
The construction method you mentioned for arches in the cellar with earthen mounds reminds one of the legend of the construction of the Pantheon's Dome. Hadrian had a earthen mound formed to raise the dome and mixed in the earth were gold coins. When the peasants were asked to remove the dirt after construction they were allowed to keep all the coins they found as the legend goes. Greetings from Tennessee.
He is so passionate about this and it makes it so easy and engaging to listen to him. I can almost imagine the castle as it was when he talks about it. It’s like he was there!
I'm an American Anglophile. Love British history and really enjoyed this tour. I'll find more Kevin. But I always wish they'd show what these places looked like in their own time. It's hard to just imagine.
Yeah, sorry copyright and all that, but there's a link in the video description to a blog that has some great illustrations of what it may have looked like.
Believe me, when you're physically in the castle, it's not difficult to imagine (I visited this weekend). The place has a palpable aura of power, and the way that the defences and buildings are organised gives you a real sense of what went on.
@@thehistorysquad I was going to text about this same thing!! Thankyou for your great tour, you are an amazing teacher! I love history, but I’m ashamed to say I don’t know much about medieval times. Wouldn’t it be something, if we could have a glimpse back in time!! Not go back in time( times were to hard then!!), but just to be an on-watcher, to see the castle as it was, and watch the people going about their daily lives. I read and study a lot about Roman times, and all that was going on at the same time as what we read in the Bible. But to learn what was going on at the same time in England, Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland, would be something. God bless🙏🙏❣️
Really appreciate this tour. As an American stone Mason now living in Bavaria I'm really amazed at the structural integrity and energy this beautiful castle represents. Thank you.
We tend to think these people were a bit backwards, but they were very clever, much more hands on than today. Great commentary, well spoken with interesting cadence. Thank you.
What's not to enjoy about this man explaining it all so detailed and lovingly. He has a gift of making it interesting for everyone. Usually you see a castle and think that's what it was built in the first place but then you learn you are looking at centuries of developments and repurposing of parts of the building. I really enjoyed your tour, sir! Keep it up for us peasants, will you. God bless you!
@@thehistorysquad You are of a man from the past and the knowledge is just pouring out to the people who are enjoying every moment of the history lesson with a smile.U R amazing Sir. I thank you
Kevin was an excellent guide! Clearly an expert and I love how excited he is to share the things he’s learned over the years and I enjoyed learning it!
Filling the room with soil to hold up the stones during construction seems like such an obvious solution now that you mention it. Exactly the kind of problem I would have really over complicated! I seem to remember someone mentioning concrete hangars being made in a similar way at some point. With a long mound of gravel that was then dug out after the concrete had been poured on top. Really interesting video, with lots of neat little things pointed out that would otherwise be overlooked. Imagine all the people that has walked through those doors. With everyone of them having just as full of a life as ourselves, with friends and family, with good times and bad, with loss and with love. So much history in one place the mind boggles. Subscribed!
In ancient Egypt this method was already used to put roofs on temples. It's the easiest solution for an otherwise huge problem. Simple, but most clever. It's easy to over complicate!
Amazing to think that Cheptow castle is the oldest stone built castle in Britain being erected in the year 1067, literally one year after the Norman invasion in 1066.
All we got was the most incredibly boring and irrelevant list of kings and wars; And that was at the Grammar School! The junk they must have got at the Secondary Modern doesn't bear thinking about. But not to appear snobbish, at the Secondary Modern they taught the girls to cook, at the High School they taught them Greek. I mean, what better preparation for becoming a housewife and mother could anyone ask for?
This was really special to me. i am 48 and have lived in Canada for the last 12 years, but i am originally from Bristol in England. My Mum took us to many interesting places, and Chepstow Castle was one we visited on numerous occasions. then in my adult life I carried on my visits. this is a place i will never get tired of and it is also one of my favourite castles. this video brought back many happy memories, thank you😊
Yes, that would have been my answer, as well. Then I thought it might be too obvious? What's the answer, Kevin? PS, I thoroughly enjoy these videos, spending hours and several days, "yeah?"
I’m sitting here saying “Oh! Wow!” Out loud to myself. This is my new favorite channel. All teachers should teach with the enthusiasm that this man has.
Agreed. My Professor was a farm boy who grew up on a peach orchard. He would've asked the old boys "how's it built? Where's your toilets? How'd that work?" Practical issues that would be missed by scholarship unaccustomed to laboring and soldier's work.
I took my Breton students (from Bourbriac) to visit Cardiff Castle in 2014. What a disinterested bunch of blighters. This has to be my favourite castle too, Kevin. My earlier knowledge of castles went with Castle Tonkedeg or Coatfriec near Lannuon (Lannion) in Brittany knocked down a bit by Richelieu in the 17th century. Yes, castle building back then owed a lot to Roman ruins. Even if I don't get back to the part of Britain again, I feel like I've now been there. Now I know how to say "meutrière " in English: Murder hole. You are great and wonderful flowing fountain of knowledge. Merci Kevin.
I just discovered your channel and it's delightful. I'm unwell, and heartsick, today but this swept me away and I was able to have a brief vacation from life. Your passion for the castle is so obvious and makes your storytelling come alive. You're a born guide and storyteller.
I’ve lived in Chepstow most of my life and visited this castle many many times, all those years and I learnt more in this 30 min video. I’ll visit there again with a whole new outlook…..thank you.
When I saw Kevin shooting his longbow at Warwick, it was the only time I've ever seen a reenactor and thought that the level of skill I was witnessing matched how good they possibly were back yonder, his level of archery took you back in time by itself, a truly awesome sight
I live in New England and our history is not as old as yours. The beautiful stone work that’s evident in the castle’s of Europe just blows me away. Thanks you for the time you spent showing us the secrets that are built into the building of this beautiful castle. It’s shows you that these stones were not just haphazardly stacked in place but each one had meaning and purpose. The knowledge that these people possessed is just mind boggling. As far as civilization has come they can’t hold a candle to these ancient craftsman. I’m glad I found your channel. I love all the content you film on u tube. Wish you could just go back for a day and see what life was like a thousand years ago. All the best.
@reserrvoirman beautiful out there. Been to a couple skateparks out there. Savin rock(no longer there) Rockwell or Rockford plaza, something like that. It was near Bristol and the new one called Naugatuck. Awesome place
Excellent work and entertaining to watch. As a Yank, I don't get to tour such amazing historical sites such as this castle. Your insights and colorful explanations are much appreciated!
Thank you sir. Being a bloody Yank I don’t get anything more than a guided tour, IF I’m lucky enough to be there early enough to ignore up and pay for said tour. Then it’s limited on what’s known about the castle, depending on the love of history by the guide. When we went though the Edinburg castle we had a young (lates 20’s) guide, but thankfully he loved history, especially his own family history, and the tour was 20 times better than what the headphone tour was like. We did rent the headphones but left them off when we got to the main gate as this young man’s family was an instrument part of the masonry. Albeit a few generations back, but the knowledge he had was amazing. Not since then have I heard or seen that kind of passion of detail since getting to watch Kevin’s video. Thank you for taking so much time to explain how things really were back then. I’m a huge history buff, and seeing where the majority of about ancestors came from was quite intriguing as one can see where lots of ideas originated from in the colonial East coast of America. You did a brilliant job, I now have several other videos to enjoy as I’ve found a new favorite channel. P.S. I married a Scouser, now I understand how Great Britain ruled so much of the world for so long. LOL
Such a joy to see the glint in his eyes as he weaves us through such a stunning piece of history. Thank You, Mr.Hicks, Outstanding presentation. Peace.
God that door is an absolute work of art an absolute treasure when you showed the otherside of that door my jaw dropped the detail and beauty was just absolutely stunning. Im so jealous i cant be there. Im originally from Ukraine in Kiev but live in NYC and sometimes it sucks being such a history buff and living in such a young country with not much as old history like europe and Great Britain. I wish my grandma was alive to see that you can pretty much stay home and travel the world from your living room couch. If someone told her in the 1930's that there would be technology like this she would say your crazy. My grandma loved to travel and was the reason i have become such a huge history nut.
I absolutely love this man and the way he story tells. You can almost imagine being at that castle and what it originally looked like back in its day. Just wonderful 😊
In the early 90's I was stationed in Germany and fell in love with the castles. It was fascinating to look at the work that went into those huge structures. I love how this video explains where parts were changed or are missing. Thank you for such a great video.
I absolutely love history but moreso medieval history! Kevin made this little episode so entertaining and engaging and i genuinely feel i have learnt so much from him. Great video! Love the passion!
Ah those UK castles have fascinated me for 50 years. I've seen more documentaries about them than I care to count but this gent gives a wonderful tour. He clearly loves the subject & that only adds to the experience. Well done Sir!
It's been almost 40 years since I was in Chepstow Castle on our first trip to England from Canada. I saw many different castles in the time we had but Chepstow has always remained my favorite. There is a certain ancient majesty and mystique to it which others just don't share. Thanks for the guided tour. Great fun and brought back lots of wonderful memories!
Hey Tank Girl, did you get to see it from the other side of the river ? I hope so as there just isn't a better place to see it. Been in love with the castle for decades, 61 now and not that far from it! x
@@Martyn2473 Pam mae'n rhaid i chi fod yn jerk am y peth? I didn't say it was! If you want... we traveled to England... then Wales... then Scotland! A bheil thu riaraichte a-nis ???
It is lovely to hear you talk about the castle. One can really feel and hear the enthusiasm of yours for history that I do share. I can imagine the children clinging to every word of you 😊 thank you very much for sharing!
What an amazing castle! Your history of the castle, knowledge of the architecture, and personal stories really bring it to life! I love all the little things you point out that are probably missed by most visitors. Thanks again for your enthusiastic videos and tour of the castle!
This is actually a masterpiece. Loved visiting Chepstow Castle. So iconic and beautiful. Loved hearing and walking along on Your tour with you, thank you Kevin!!!! 🥰
I recently found Kevin, and I can tell you he is a better history teacher than any I’ve ever had in school. The story telling is just so grabbing, thank you Kevin and everyone on your team!
What an unbridled absolute joy of a legacy, Sir! You are part of so many lives and childhoods and I see no difference between you and the great scholars of Greece, Rome, China and the Middle East. You have found your purpose in life and it is true. I hope to return your generosity of knowledge someday, perhaps in a little cafe or pub discussing ancient architecture, which is my personal passion. Many blessings to you and those you hold dear!
I hope to visit that little café or pub someday and listen raptly to all the information you'd like to share on ancient architecture. My wishes for all the luck in the world to achieve your personal passion.
@@NatureNymph46 Then, so it will be! Thank you! I’m returning your positive energy and speaking our wish into the universe. 😌✌️ I’m also sending you a blackbird as a messenger of confirmation. Someday, my friend!
Love the video. I've always been interested in castles and your knowledge has answered many questions I've had for years. I do however have a couple nitpicks. I think it's more likely, than filling the room with soil, that they built timber frames to hold up the arches during construction. It's always been done with wood frames. The Romans did it that way and we still do it that way today. Soil with that much weight on top would just shift, settle and compact causing the whole thing to be unstable. Trying to compact the soil could cause unfinished masonry to shift out of position. The bolt on the original door is worn and mushroomed from hitting and rubbing against the metal bracket at either end, not from people's thumbs touching it. When you pushed it to the end you can see the "thumb groove" fits the side of the metal bracket perfectly. I imagine not as many people were as gentle as you throughout the centuries. Most people would just grab it and slide it until it hits the bracket then they let go and it rubs the side as it falls.
Hats off to this gentleman!!! You can truly hear the enthusiasm in his voice when talking about the castle. I could listen to him talk for five hours and enjoy every minute of it!!! We need people like this to preserve history and make sure the next generation gets to experience the magic of a time long gone!
You remind me of when I went to Greece I had a tour guide named Kostas. He was so incredibly knowledgeable about every site we visited and his presentation of the information along with physically being there really brought history to life for me. Thank you so much for not just teaching us but for truly breathing life into the history of the places you show us.
I love how you talk about the evidence for certain rooms being certain things, and not just going "Oh yeah, this room was a dungeon. 100%" Does a good job reminding you that history is a process
Such an interesting and fascinating video. I am amazed at the skills and craftsmanship of Medieval architects, carpenters, stone masons, and other crafts required to erect such wonderful monuments. Mr. Hicks is a wonderful and extremely knowledgeable guide!
Hello, I cant believe how fabulous, intriguing and informative your historical films are; so many tiny details, battles and scandalous stories, it's so exciting and just mind-blowing to watch. Thank you oodles. I have just found you, subscribed and are catching up. To say I love your work, educational knowledge, presentation and overall historical expertise can't express how thrilled I am to have found your channel, it's a joy. Thank you. Xxx ❤ 😊
Kevin is truly a wealth of information and keeps your interest, this castle was amazing in its day, to go back in time and see this wonderful place as it really was, and Kevin explaining the changes and additions through hundreds of years, simply amazing!!
I love listening to you give history lessons. You are far more enjoyable than any history teacher. Thank you for the videos and bringing history to life.
My Godparents were from Wales and I’ve loved castles since I was quite young. I’m so thankful that I happened upon this Chepstow Castle treasure! Your style was utterly enjoyable…you are also a treasure! Thank you!
Truely one of my favorite videos on this channel so far. I'd love to see more of these ''castle tours''. Kevin Hicks has a real talent for sharing knowledge and facts, also props to the woman behind the camera!
As someone who's spent 20 years of my life laying Block, Brick, Stone, Glass Block and concrete. I've always been fascinated by castle's such as this. You don't know how much I appreciate this tour. Thanks for sharing.
Very interesting video! In my hometown here in Norway - we have a large fortification (right on the border to Sweden). Not as old as the one in the video - it was built early 1600. But one fascinating aspect I think - and I wonder if you were to find the same "feature" on this fort - at the many gates - there were guards placed. They would have their guns leaning against their shoulders. Bayonet attached (not a knifelike thing - more of a long metal pike) - as they stood guard. Same spot. Year in and year out. For decades. They would get bored and push the gun - and the bayonet against the stone arch/ceiling. Over time there would be a thin but very deep hole in the stone. Eventually deep enough they would stick the bayonet in the hole which would jam the gun in place. Resting their arms and shoulders from holding the heavy gun - while still looking as if they are holding the weight of the gun. I'd imagine a bored guard here in the 1600s would be a bored guardsman in England an the same time. Providing they stood guard with bayonets that is.
@@davidhunt3606 there is a thing called the written word, it is employed in the recording of history, and the spoken word, which accompanies the handing down of tools and instructions from one generation to the next. go to the library, pick up a book. then read it. follow the bibliography....read some more.
Omg I'm an American European/African citizen and part of my heritage is Sweeden, Norway And Denmark. And I LOVE our history and all the viking heritage. I'm proud to be part of celtic viking legacies
Awesome video! I’m guessing the iron cladding on the doors is to help them be a bit more fire resistant, as well as providing some structural integrity overall. It would also help to prevent people just hacking at the doors with axes and things.
Also iron is more likely to deform if struck by a ram or projectile whereas wood will eventually smash and splinter. It takes the sting out of big hits and protects the defenders from wood splinters
I think I remember visiting this castle as a kid. Back then though I never quite realised just how much history it's walls contained. What an excellent video!
Their use of defense in depth was brilliant. It must have been unimaginably brutal to seize control ( or attempt to ) of the castle. Great video . Peace , Be Free.
Love your history lesson. You make it so interesting and very enjoyable. Can only imagine what it must have looked like before the ruin of so much, it must have been beautiful back in the day. And how things would have worked when a functioning castle must have been awesome. Thanks for shareing.💜💜💜
I love this castle, I took my children there many times. Then my grandchildren. It's amazing how clever the builders of this place were. Thank you for an entertaining and informative video.
Once again, thanks to Mr Kevin Hicks, we are taken back in time. Back to when peasants, horses and oxcarts went in and out of these gates. Watched over by archers on the wall and the nobility up in their satin filled rooms. Ships and boats out in the harbor, bringing in supplies, goods from other places in Europe. Rope, grain, minstrels, travelers, they all came in to 'the castle'. Talking in 'old English' or other languages of the time. Women bringing in their children (or perhaps 'some' women bringing 'other things' to the waiting men). The roosters crowing in the morning as everyone got up and had a little bowl of food before starting another day. It is hard to vividly imagine how they actually lived, to walk in their shoes; but thank you so much Kevin, for taking us a little closer and painting that scene, back in time.
Thanks for guiding this amazing tour! A look back in time, when massive construction projects were entirely hand-made. As a framing contractor, I am inspired by the enormous scale!
The best thing about this video for me is your clear joy and enthusiasm for the subject. It's infectious. I get the same way running around Japanese castles, to the eye-rolling boredom of my wife and kid.
Marvelous guided tour! Imagining William Marshal striding across the ward! Thank you so much for sharing your wealth of knowledge about this historic castle.
