Explore black holes, holograms, “alien algebra,” “pregeometry,” and newly discovered “paleophysics” that could replace our usual picture of particles moving and interacting in space-time: www.quantamagazine.org/the-unraveling-of-space-time-20240925/
Revelation 3:20 Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me. HEY THERE 🤗 JESUS IS CALLING YOU TODAY. Turn away from your sins, confess, forsake them and live the victorious life. God bless. Revelation 22:12-14 And, behold, I come quickly; and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. Blessed are they that do his commandments, that they may have right to the tree of life, and may enter in through the gates into the city.
Hello Quanta Magazine Team, Thank you so much for your exceptional work! You videos bring a lot of optimism to very young people like me! Also, would it be possible to explain Causal Set Theory and M-theory in more detail? For example, some physicists are attempting to formalize a universe where "quanta of information" are the fundamental building blocks of our world, and everything emerges from the causal interactions between these quanta. In this hypothesis, space and time emerge from a fundamental lattice, much like how biological properties emerge from underlying cellular levels. Perhaps it doesn't make sense to discuss space and time at the Planck scale, just as it doesn't make sense to talk about "consciousness" or "emotion" at the atomic level. But how are those important theories linked to the theory you present here ? It would be wonderful if you could shed some light on these ideas, because you do a beautiful work of pedagogy! Even responding to this comment is enough if you can't dedicate an entire video! Thank you again for your amazing content! ^^
"Quantum Gravity" is bullshit. Far more elusive than particulate dark matter, QG is masturbation material for particle physicists who hate Einstein's Relativity. You'd think that after hating on it for decades, they'd at least try and flip the question around and ponder the possibility that energy/matter is the problem. Or than it's their whole basis of thinking about the problem that is the problem. But you never get an honest take from academics who's careers and grants depend on insisting that the group consensus is the one true right answer. Pathetic.
So anyway if you just say all the quantum fields... Are different amounts of matter like energy and it depends on how compact the matter like energy is to see if it can pass through other pieces of it's quantum loop field more like a smoked which acts like a ghost and you can think about the ghost like the electron being absorbed by the photon 👽⚛️😮💨⚛️🤣
So since there are gravity pieces in the loop quantum gravity pieces in the quantum field is gravity pieces inside the loop quantum pieces the gravity pieces have different amounts of matter.... That make up the piece that are in the loop quantum gravity pieces and all these pieces can be inside each other because they absorb one another like the electronic absorbs the photon... But anyway the the gravity pieces inside the loop quantum gravity pieces are different amounts of matter and the one with the smallest amount of matter or the ones with the smallest amount of matter... Will get hold around by the other gravity pieces inside the loop quantum gravity piece
@@Gabonidaz Where are you going after you die? What happens next? Have you ever thought about that? Repent today and give your life to Jesus Christ to obtain eternal salvation. Tomorrow may be too late my brethen😢. Hebrews 9:27 says "And as it is appointed unto man once to die, but after that the judgement
Pretty wild that CFT/AdS is the easiest quantum gravity theory to explain to the public, even if it ultimately proves wrong. Goes to show how hard the problem of unification is.
Thank you Professor Vijay and Quanta for this gem. The narration and animations are outstanding in the way you've explained the nature of the problem. You've given me a great way to think about various concepts that gave me a brain freeze, easily explaining manifolds and how the holographic principle might connect the quantum with the macro world...granted at very high level but just right for us curious general lay public. You're not overly complicated yet you're not dumbing down - this was just right and makes one want to dive even deeper.
all bullshit. quantum mechanics is just a semantically poor concept that was invented to obscure the fact that the universe is a fluid. quantum mechanics is really just fluid dynamics with weird and confusing labels and subjective, nonsensical interpretations smuggled into it to prevent people from making discoveries. atomic orbitals are spherical harmonics. the atom is just its orbitals. the orbital shape comes about by various toroidal flow fields sticking together. the toroidal magnetic fields of magnets are the same, just on a larger scale. if you take spherical magnets and let them stick together and make their field visible, they look like slices of spherical harmonics. electric charge is just pressure density in a prematerial fluid. the so called wave function is a function that describes the waves that are produced by the oscillation of the compound field, and its low density peaks of the oscillation are abstracted away as "protons", and the high density peaks as "electrons". the so called quantum spin is just a mechanical rotation of the whole thing, and the quantum states are rotations around all possible axis of stability of the spherical waves can have. to create a 3d simulation of the universe, you need a really good fluid simulation and give the fluid the correct properties, and then you only need to disturb its equilibrium really hard and everything else arises automatically.
@@sshreddderr9409Your “original” thought just went against a list of proven science. Take a deep breath, and find someone who cares to engage in your conversation.
my hobbies include watching quanta mag videos and pretending like I can even begin to understand what they're talking about I am but a humble chimpanzee
Nice! Hope Quanta Magazine continues to produce these mid-length explainer docus. It's great stuff. I'd skip the high chirpy noises and such though, keep it a bit simpler on the audio engineering side.
"The laws of physics breakdown", I've heard that gem so many times and it's gotta stop. It lost its luster for me like 50 years ago. It's really gotta stop. It's a vague and useless description of what's going on. Is there a better description, like "we get division by zero"? At least that explains something.
The real question is if anything falling into a black hole (entering a black hole) is spaghettified/redshifted because gravity stretch's space, and anything leaving a gravitational field is redshifted due to gravity stretching space... So light is redshifted entering a gravitational field then is also redshifted leaving, and is redshifted entering the next gravitational field solely due to gravity stretching space.. then why did we waste out time coming to the conclusion that expansion causes redshift when gravity is doing all the redshift in the universe? Did someone have a brain malfunction?
@@youtubesucks1885Fair enough, but has nothing to do with our reality (we live in de-Sitter). And it seems that the concept can not be transferred to dS. Therefore useless..
The Casimir effect shows that empty space isn't truly empty but filled with fluctuating quantum fields. This phenomenon supports the idea that space-time itself might be a dynamic quantum entity rather than a passive stage for physical processes.
There is the problem => … Assuming an infinity “breaks down” the reasoning. Rather, consider that an infinity can be mathematically manipulated, truncated, and traversed. And, consequently … embraced! Now that I have placed you on the proper path, please continue with your analysis. Thank you! 🎃 6:45
Wtf? Today I baked a sourdough loaf just like last week, made it mainly on the counter, transferred it the 2.5m to the oven, baked it for 40 minutes. And it came out almost exactly like last week. Space AND time are real. I've watched thousands of PBS space time and other physics/cosmology etc videos. And I have a BSc and MSc in two different disciplines. But now, I finally get it: this is all just intellectual w*nking. Sourdough is real! My topspin backhand is real! Planck lengths are irrelevant....
My last science class was in high school but I am fascinated by these topics. I think I got to understanding that these theories are representative models of reality, more or less reliable as our eyes when we look around. Although I do not "believe" any of these theories, this one included, I found this video to be one of the best I have seen in terms of clarity of explanation, quality of presentation and production value. I even understood - to a point - the entire argument, however, I would never be able to repeat it and explain it, even to myself. I only understand when I follow along, and I enjoy it to the fullest.
IF the surface knows somethign about the interior volume, that suggests a null lagrangian. Null Lagrangian are integrals in Calculatus of variations, where the value of the integral is completely determined by the value of the function on its surface. The great thing is that people have characterized all possible homogenous null lagrangians. I don't think nonhomogenous null lagrangian characterization is complete.
That was amazing, simplified for Joe Average like me. Brings together all the ideas I have been learning about for years. Great video to show friends and family, who wonder what on earth I am talking about.
Very interesting video. I also loved the location you filmed it. I spent a great day in a similar place recently. The only problem was mosquitos and ticks! I hope you didn't have to endure the same battle with insects as I did.
Space-time is a mathematical construct, and has no material properties. Space-time is a metric; in physics, a metric is a numerical value derived from measurements, a number, a quantity, to be used in math equations to make accurate predictions. Space-time is a number, a quantity used in the field equations of general relativity, not a material which can bend, curve or warp. Those are figures of speech that refer to the illustrations mapping the gravitational field and its effect on how objects move in that field. No one thinks that the curved lines of isobars drawn on a weather map, or the longitudes and latitudes drawn on a globe map represent anything that is physically real, but when it comes to the space-time metric, the concept has been so thoroughly reified in our imaginations that it almost feels like an attack on our reality narrative to be reminded that it’s only a metric. We even have that absurd phrase, the “fabric of space-time” only because those illustrations are drawn with grid lines that resemble an open weave fabric.
"Our best descriptions of nature, quantum mechanics and general relativity are failing us" is the most dogshit misleading statement I have heard in a while.
You are right to protest, because in the last 100 years they do not explain even a single fundamental element as - Space, Time, Gravity, Energy, Force, Field, Electromagnetism, Polarity, Attraction... and on... and on... But, there is a light on the end of the tunnel - there is a book explaining all these elements - "Theory of Everything in Physics and The Universe"
They're just dealing with infinity in an improper fashion. There's a difference between an actual infinity and a potential Infiniti things like the speed of light are a window into this
I feel like this is vastly overstating the importance of Ads CFT correspondence, and CFT in general, there's no reason to believe CFT is anything more than symbolic re-arrangement of properties and operators that some folks who are lost in math happen to think are good ways of describing the universe, even though we know those in Ads are 'wrong' in that Ads does not make correct predictions about observables... so while I think this approach is great, clearly 4d we've hit a wall with 4d spacetime and an every growing zoo of free params and 'fields' in QFT (and it still can't describe helium for god sake) , CFT seems like a nothing-burger to me, it explains nothing, it simplifies nothing, it just looks like fun with algebra(s).
What if absolute time doesn't exist? Do we really need time? Duration, expressed as distance travelled by light in a vacuum, could be used instead. Speed can be expressed as a fraction of c, the speed of light. 🙂🙃
Well of course things are going to get fuzzy that far down. If the universe were made of discreet pixels then we would be able to determine what the pixels are made from, which would mean that the pixels aren't the smallest things after all. Quantum fuzziness isn't strange. it's absolutely necessary and couldn't exist any other way.
exactly.....but then our universe is soo boring; timeless and spaceless information condensed with all states (past and future ) and interactions fixed in 2-D frozen layer... but why would such CFT give rise to ? some timeless frozen state should remain as it is... there is no space time nothing can emerge. i mean something atemproal should remain atemporal....no need for some emergence...may be reality is dualist our consciousness is experiencing this abstract information....similar to what donald Hoffman says...
THANK YOU FOR NORMALIZING THIS CONVERSATION!!! That an esteemed publication like Quanta would so plainly outline that spacetime is likely wrong, or missing key information, requiring an expanded or new hypothesis, is exactly what’s needed to inspire the next generation of physicists and enthusiasts! Geometry is simply not the tool to uncover quantum truth. Dimensions and therefor time are simply not fundamental enough at that scale, they make it through the gate but not much past it. Honestly in my opinion Number Theory should be given a chance to do what it inherently does better, which is deal with the discrete reductionist ecosystem that is the quantum scale. The shoe fits!
Is the fabric of spacetime the actual causality fabric of light speed? Are there more fundamental fabrics along with undiscovered quantum fields. Which fabrics are warped by mass and which are not? Do we need to know THESE answers before we can understand what we call.. 'gravity'? Whether or not gravity is quantized seems trivial.. so far.
Dear Professor Vijay Balasubramanian, can you tell me how these concepts can possibly be applied to the field of cardiac electrophysiology? I mean we do have this basic concept of 3-Dimensional Mapping of Cardiac Chambers (x,y,z co-ordinates) and time Stamping of ever-changing Cardiac Potentials which can ultimately help explain the concept of cardiac arrhythmias. We are only utilizing Basic Principles of Electro-magnetism and conventional Newtonian Physics. But I was intrigued by your concepts of Space-Time and General Relativity and then Quantum Mechanics. Do you think it could be applied to sub-atomic particles in the context of cardiac electrophysiology and molecular ionic currents? Or am I just imagining things or making up stuff? Can you tell?
Yes. But we need to stop thinking of matter as STUFF and SPACE as empty. Realize, the way matter pools up in the universe, it works like a slow but sure backwards vacuum. Not the empty black vacuum, but mass pooling up Empties space. So thats why we think gravity is a force, but in actuality, a mass like a gas under pressure, even low pressure will meet evenly with another mass and HUG quite naturally. With the example being me sitting in a chair, gas has to go around me right? Ok, so with gravity it flows matter into center much like a gas will high our bodies until we move, and it caves in around us. Displacement. Thats gravity. Matter has a nature. Mass is like a rock in a pond to space. More matter, more energy taking up room, expansion.
*Time dilates in all cases* Time dilation can be due to non-zero distance/position (cosmic time dilation due to expansion of space). It can be due to non-zero velocity (as described in special relativity). It can be Gravitational time dilation due to non-zero acceleration (as described by general relativity). If all 3 (position, velocity, acceleration/gravity) are zero then flow of the time is smooth (no time dilation) only in the watch that you're wearing as an observer.
I don't think the Planck Length is much of a problem. It's just the shortest length possible, the very concept of distance ends there. Same for the Planck Time. What is the problem with that? Why do people want spacetime to be infinitely divisable?
"if black holes have entropy, they must be made of more primitive parts"--Correct, 'Higher dimensional parts (particles)!! The graviton originating from the highest dimension (proportionally distributed throughout the lower dimensions, explaining why its so low in the physical dimension).
The universe seems to have different 'levels' that only appear real if you're within that scale. So, which one is fundamental and most real? The smaller you go, the less real, less solid, less precise things become. We only see objects because our eyes transmit a lot of information about an area at once to the brain, which tells us and adds labels to things at a macro scale. The world doesn't 'look' anything like it actually is. There's no such thing as colour, no such thing as solidarity or surfaces.. it's all generated in the brain. What would it 'look' like if you could see it as it is? That's an impossible question,, perhaps it would all be black and white and vibrating, or look like the code from the matrix. It's all information at the bottom.
Lots of things in Physics depend only on area and not volume outside a shell. Starting by the Maxwell's Equations. The only thing I like about it is that it reduces the number of dimensions instead of increasing it.
*Gravity is nothing but an acceleration field* permeating all space. You can put any mass (large or small) at that point in space and it will experience the same acceleration (in quantity and direction) independent of its mass. So, its a property of space in general and not it's cause/reason (e.g. mass or energy due to the way human perception of gravity eventually got shaped by Newton and to some extent even Einstein).
The probabilities of the quantum world may actually be waves of real particles that are outside of spacetime. Much as a good card shark knows what is in the played portion of the deck which gives him an idea of which cards are yet to be played, quantum mechanics tells us what is actually outside of spacetime. This soup of quarks, leptons, gluons and ? may be individually pulled into spacetime by being measured which causes actual ripples in the QL soup that we have yet to figure out how to see. Entangled particles may also be connected outside of spacetime through the soup meaning there is actually no space or time to separate them.
always showing the galaxy rotating the wrong way. is that part of the holographic principle or just the video editor? Einstein showed immediate tests to verify his theory. what are the immediate tests to show AdS/CFT is correct?
Is spacetime real? And if it is, does it look like the illustration in the thumbnail, a wireframe mesh shaped like a trumpet bell pointed upward? And since the thumbnail is otherwise a still image depicting a portion of ordinary space at a single moment of time, how can it possibly contain this parcel of spacetime within it? How can a four dimensional mathematical entity such as spacetime be depicted in a two dimensional pseudo 3D image at all? If this represents a single point of time of spacetime, wouldn't that just be... space? How does this supposed depiction of spacetime make any sense at all?
Space-time curvature is all around us. Just throw a ball and watch gravity do its magic. Then, why do most videos on this topic sound so theoretical and abstract, when space-time curvature is so very visible all around us on the surface of Earth.
Spacetime is a mathematical representation of the causal relationship of fields and objects that are instantiated because of or influenced by other fields. It’s essentially just the coordinate system for general relativity.
By comparison, the Planck mass is enormous, about that of a speck of dust. There's no "limit" associated with it, and there's likely no special fundamental limit associated with the Plank length, either. One can dream about tiny lengths all day long, but they have no special meaning.
🟥🌑🌑🌐🌑🌐🌑🌐🌑🌑🌑 The multiverse is more or less a given. There is more logical evidence for than against, but also empirically - with QM, Double Slit, Virtual Particles, Spontaneous Quark Doubling, etc etc. There are close to an infinite number of universes within this universe and holographic principles alone should be sufficient enough. But regardless - try to entertain this thought: Given an infinite amount of parallel and/or asymmetrical universes, there must be a universe where entropy is reversed. It is a 100% mirrored replica of our universe, but with “time” going backwards. The inhabitants of this universe perceive everything just like us - it is a total carbon copy of our universe. But observed from the outside, that entire universe would flow backwards. Who can say that WE don’t live in such a universe? The only way to even begin to understand that our own entropy is reversed, is to observe it from another universe. From the outside a flashlight would catch the light and the waterfall would flow upwards. How can such dimensionality be understood within the confines of our own entropy? 🌐🌑📀💿🌑🌐
@9:43 this is like entropy of uncertainty type of behavior stability in partial synchronization and partial desynchronization that I would expect to happen. Think about it carefully for potentiality to transition to actuality something has to synchronize the system to become what it is as of the moment. Once the system destabilizes it get's desynchronize back to potentiality in the quantum system.
Outside of a black hole is the universe we are living in, where has 4 axis: x, y, z representing 3D space and t for time. We can move in space, but we cannot move in time when we live in it. So 4D collapses to 3D hologram. In the black hole, time doesn't exist. So 3D collapses to 2D hologram. Thus, the entropy of a black hole is equivalent to its area, but not its volume.
WHAT DA?? GR & quantum aint failing us. They gave us "Dark Matter™", the literal Second Coming of physics. Who needs new physics when the physics we have can produce such pious ideas like Dark Matter™?
The antipodes of the Earth may be warped spacetime, analogous to wormholes, clocks that run backwards at the antipodes even though they appear to be moving clockwise, and space is dimensionally twisted and turned upside-down. This would be made more evident if the clocks were brought into proximity, analogous to holding two analogue wrist watches together back-to-back. Time moving both forwards and backwards simultaneously, analogous to the simultaneous up spin and downspin of electrons.
6:45 woa. I was just listening to random vids on autoplay, but so happy to hear someone point this out, as it regularly should be so we don’t lose focus
Quantum Mechanics and Relativity are FAILING US? Fascinating, Captain. No, Physicists just haven’t figured out how, or even if, the two regimes can be made into one Grand Unified Theory. Maybe there is a Grand Unified Theory or maybe not. Maybe Quantum Physics is “painted on” Space/Time and isn’t infinite. Maybe Mass slows down an otherwise near infinite rate of expansion of Space/Time.A lot of maybes.
Excellent video with much accuracy. But, the "effects" of the curvature is not gravity. The curvature is gravity. The affects of the curvature, of gravity, is the force of gravity or the gravitational force. Infinities in equations indicate that which is continuous, loops, cycles and recycles. It doesn't mean infinity, Infinity is a misinterpretation.
In 1915, General Relativity was complete and four years later, a significant prediction was confirmed by astronomical observation. In 1928, Paul Dirac declared that the mathematics of the electron equally allowed a postively charged verison, which was positively identified four years later. These early triumphs have encouraged a perception that the mathematics of QFT are actually reality. Not so: they are a mathematical model, a machine that lets us predict the results of some experiments with extreme accuracy. But the fact that no actual progress has been made in "uniting" QFT with GR in a half a century suggests theorists have been barking up the wrong toy tree. At the macro scales for which it was conceived, the concept of spacetime works perfectly.
Cuál es el significado físico de la velocidad de la luz elevada a la cuarta potencia? Es imposible imaginarlo y mucho menos lograrlo. Incluso velocidad de la luz al cuadrado para la conversión de masa en energía tampoco es posible.
Recently learned there are some interesting alternative theories of gravity, in connection with Mach's Principle. Unzicker wrote a book on this topic called Einstein's Lost Key....
Can I ask why this is relevant if we don't live in an Anti-deSitter space? I wouldn't know AdS from a hole in the ground, so I'm just wondering what the significance is when physicists say it's not how our universe works? Is it just "cool theory bro"?
I have to watch it few times, but after one I understand this fuzzy soup of entanglemented particles makes reality. What laws guides their behaviour, so it's all consistent and not pure chaos?
"Exciting quest for the next generation" I take that to mean you give up. I do know you guys haven't figured out the atom but apply your self explanations of the atoms and what they are in and effected by as your basis. One might say that's a far reach.
Cant transfer information from our universe down below the Planck length. Speed of light does the same on a galactic scale - keeps information localized.
