Spinosaurus Update 2021 | Re-Upload 

Doubt this will get pinned, but... 17:04 A - Skull Shape 17:53 B - Naris Position 18:36 C - Jaw Mechanics 19:40 D - Position of Orbits 20:15 E - Dorsal Neck Muscles 20:44 F - Hydrodynamics 21:20 G - Sail Stability 22:28 H - Body/Sail Shape is Propulsion 23:16 I - Ends of Tail Vertebra 23:49 J - Tail Propulsion 24:09 K - Tail Construction 24:37 L - Swimming Efficiency 25:30 M - Hindlimbs 26:30 N - Toes 27:19 O - Skeletal Density 28:32 P - Skeletal Pneumaticity 29:11 Q - Forelimbs 29:42 R - Lower Neck Muscles 30:09 S - Quadrates Jaw Shape 30:26 T - Head Posture 31:13 U - Isotopes 33:29 V - Teeth Ridges 34:18 W - Foramina

Spino in 2020: "This is not my final form yet!" Spino in 2021: "Still not my final form, fam!"

Fellas, if your girl: ~ has a bipedal gait ~ has a crocodile-esque face ~ has a large dorsal fin That isn't your girl. That's Spinosaurus Aegypticus

Scientist community in the 2030s: "Why can't you just be consistent" Spino: "Haha, wings go brrrr"

"Spinosaurus Update 2050: Laser beam eyes report"

So let's resume, we went from T-rex with sail, to JP3's monstruosity, to fish eating gorilla-whale-croc, to fish eating giant eel-croc, to finally, lazy swimmer eel-croc that impersonnates a stork ? . . . What a wild ride !

I keep telling everyone, it was clearly a sailboat. Now that we know the tail was a rudder, with that big ol' sail it was cruisin' all over the tethys sea.

11:52 Taphonomy is the study of how an animal goes from death to fossil Taxonomy is the study of naming and classifying groups of organisms.

We keep saying it was either a croc or a stork; what if it was like a duck? That would explain the head. Also the tail, because it could use it instead of legs to swim, and also to take short dives down to grab fish. Plus that would also mean that while swimming, the spine would be on display above the water.

Plot twist, spinosaurus actually flew like a dragon with its tail and ate insects

Havent watched yet. Oh god, what now, have they found its wings?

Has anyone suggested the sail for hunting? I say a video of a bird using it's wings to make a shadow on the water to confuse fish, immediately remembered this guy.

We've learned more about Spinosaurus within the last few years, than we have in the last 30

Well according to my research division (aka my 6 and 9 year old nephews) the Spinosaurus wielded a lightsaber, rode a beyblade, and totally beat Jafar.

This is one of the greatest dinosaur videos I've ever seen Do you do all the work yourself, like editing and stuff?

Excellent and Fun. Wish we had young and 'teen' models of Spiny. Since the lifestyle of the growth stages can be much different than the adult stage. In this example I felt that the relative foot size of the adults would have moved the beast into deeper water hunting to reach sand/gravel bottoms while the proportions of the foot might have been adequate for a 'teen' in mud along a shore. Giving the teen an ability to hunt smaller creatures in the shallows while taking refuge in the deeper water while the adult could have stood firm in deeper water snapping at larger prey items. I also find that sometimes we tend to forget that creatures are not always optimized - for instance if a human rib cage was found more or less intact and the hips missing a palaeontologist might conclude that humans walked on all fours, believing that the human rib cage could not have supported the internal organs. We could have probably used some gastrela which we just didn't have LOL (why we have hernias and bad backs frequently).

Honestly I think it was in a transition species to fully aquatic, or mostly aquatic. You can’t just expect such a huge jump from one species. It probably traveled large distance in water to avoid land predators. Maybe stayed at the bottom or sides of water and ambushed. Along with on land near shore.

All the data seems to point to the wadding model, I think that the spinosaurus, while not purely being built for deep dives, could swim on the surface of large bodies of water to cross them to reach other landmass for resources. the tail designed for a relatively leisurely paddle across the water with the capability of a short burst of speed to potentially avoid a large aquatic predator while traversing the water, or perhaps a short lung at a prey item that came close enough to snatch at while in the process of swimming between landmass.

Excellent update. Such a great collection of available information. I had the pleasure of working with Julian so it's awesome seeing his work getting exposure all over the place. Keep up the great work.

Also the Paleontologists behind the paper re interpreted the Spinosaurus as a generalist carnivore similiar to modern wading avians such as herons storks shoebills skuas giant petrels as well as pelicans(which are unrecognizably generalistic and even aggressive) which is not surprising especially after reconsidering the amount of fossils (such as Siamosaurus directly associated with sauropods Irritator study reinterpreted the theropod as its habitats apex predator as well as the Iberian Baryonyx fossils *again* associated with Iguanodon remains) therefore there is some immense under acknowledgement about the Spinosauridae and Spinosaurinaes behaviore

While I love the long legged spinosaurus more, I still love the 2020-2021 spinosaurus, it looks more bizarre and unique. Great facts video Edge!

The wading model makes perfect sense, but to have such a specially adapted tail to swimming and spread out toes tells me it still absolutely swam a lot in the wetlands and rivers. A dino that size couldn't possibly traverse that environment without going through swamps, floods, and rivers, and I think swimming was a perfect way to get around and find mates and prey.

Spinosaurs Is getting bizarre every day or year in the Goodway

Spinosaurus: “ YOU FOOLS, THIS ISN’T EVEN MY FINAL FORM! “

Jp3 Spino and Rex get more accurate the Years go on lol

Wonderfully thorough dig into this - thank you! The more I learn, the more I find out that I don't know.

Yesssss more sail boi content.....

I respect the study's authors for stating their stance on Spinosaurus Egyp. and still using the established precedent since it didn't contradict their study. I really respect this channel for including this detail in their evaluation. It seems like a small thing and I'm sure most would have cut it, but with just two lines the narrator helped maintain the integrity of the original work and its authors. I was on the fence, but this attention to detail and active ethos convinced me to subscribe.

Great video of a fascinating topic. Well done. Your use of the phrase “stupid math thing” 15:00, however, is gratuitously insulting to the scientists who created the study, and makes you sound petty and/or ignorant. As you offer no support for your demeaning remark, the viewer is left in the dark as to what prompts your slap down. Is it possible you didn’t understand the significance of the PCA? In any event, one may disagree, but should not be disagreeable in doing so. Still, an excellent look at the current literature.

Well E.D.G.E re-upload always bring me enjoy,espically the spinosaurus Also amazing art and animation Chris,and Juilan,which I have sub to Juilan cause he's amazing.

Here is an idea. The tail and sail look like they could serve to stabilize the critter while wading in deeper fast moving water. Kind of like the tail on a wind vein. it looks to me like it found a spot in a river that it liked then probably sat down in order to conserve energy while waiting.

This is an excellent account of this paper, I didn't know about this paper, but I'll look it up. Spinosaurus jaws have been found with a fish bone caught between teeth, also a pterosaur vertebra. This last prey could have been caught e.g. while drinking, or scavenged on land, most carnivores will still catch or take any meat available. I've always found the wading model to be more probable, mostly because the putative pressure sensors are at the distal end of the snout, ideal for hunting with the snout dipped under the surface ready for a quick snap. But a pursuit hunter with a 6 foot sail would be seriously disadvantaged pursuing prey across the current. To swim would need deep waters, and deep rivers tend to have strong currents. The energy costs of swimming against the current may exceed the energy derived from the prey caught, creating a huge selection pressure against any animal that used it regularly. However, my real problem with pursuit hunting is that this air breathing spinosaur would have to open its mouth underwater to grab the prey, and keep the mouth open at least until it surfaced. Crocodilians have this problem, and have a palatal valve that stops water entering the throat when the mouth is opened underwater. I can't find any source that talls me whether this valve leaves skeletal signs - e.g. muscle attachments. It seems to me that finding evidence for or against the existence of a palatal valve would settle the pursuit/wading hunter question. Does anyone know if the palatal valve leaves skeletal marks? Is there evidence for or against the sail being fixed upright? Some lizards today have a 'sail' that can lie flat when display isn't needed. This would reduce water current problems, but a pursuit hunting Spinosaurus would still have to be able open its mouth underwater, travelling forward at speed, without drowning. .

13:52 I seriously thought he was about to say something along the lines of “before this video goes on, let me tell you about a mobile game I’ve been playing, it’s called Raid: Shadow Legends, have you heard of it!? Wow, look at these champions!”

wait why did it need to be reuploaded? copyrighted music, misinformation or something else?

I like spinosaurus, my favorite creature, being something very unique. Most people in my country don't like new spino but i love this creature as a giant heron. So excited how this animal's gonna change in the future

Curiosly enough, the japanise manga One Piece (one of the most popular in the world and holder of the Guinnes record) recently included a character that can transform into a full-sized Spinosaurus! Artist Eiichiro Oda does draw this spinosaurus with longer back legs as seen in Jurassic Park but was keen in drawing the most recent flat and tall tail on it.

İ love how spinosaurus keeps us on our toes and keep things exciting always.

22:00 The neural spines on the tail do not indicate weakness for being smooth. That would only refer to vertical muscle attachment for vertical tail movement. The tail obviously did not bend vertically for propulsion. Watch a monitor lizard swim.

The anatomy of the tail answers lots of questions regarding the behaviour of Spinosaurus... Nizar Ibrahim did an excellent job in remodeling Spinosaurus...

I like to imagine that Spinosaurus actually rotated on it's feet and flied like a helicopter, and it ate mosasaurs for dinner

Paleontologists and Paleoartists: WHY CAN’T YOU JUST BE NORMAL Spinosaurus: *HONK*

I hope that you do more work with the animator! The lack of texture in the first was shocking until it moved and the light changed on the scull! Beautiful.

This reminds me of the argument over whether T-Rex was a hunter or scavenger. I have always thought and sided with those who hypothesized that they were both. I feel like Spinosaurus may have also been both a wader and a pursuit hunter. I am sure that they tend to be more of one than the other but, are able to use both tactics when necessary. I enjoy these types of discussions and looking at all hypotheses including disagreements; to try and understand these animals the best we can. It's one of my favorite things about science. We just keep working and correcting until we can get to the best possible answer. Never giving up or throwing in the towel.

Nice you got the spinosaurus from Transformers!

It’s interesting to think about how the animal would have used its buoyancy and dense bones plus the sail and laterally compressed skull in regards to swimming, what if with this dinosaur (being so large) swam with the head and sail as stabilizing components of the body as the tail propelled it forward? Then dipping the head down for prey? I love how much of a mystery spinosaurus is

The wading theory seems so implausible to me. It makes much more sense for it to be an actual swimming dinosaur. The amount of evidence is large enough too

The whole isotopes thing with the teeth, that kind of seems to prove the theory of droughts in the environment which possibly led to its extinction. Like, cause if there's less water consecutively in the same area, which usually has large fish, wouldn't they die out too?

Love the video and keep up the good work, but I have a question. For "K" in the diagram, it's grey on both models, but you say it contradicts the pursuit model. Just wondering if this is an error in the diagram or script. I could also totally be misunderstanding!

The second I heard "Pterasaur expert", I thought..."Tell me they had wings, I can't believe I called that, I was joking"

“This actively contradicts the pursuit model” x 13

Honestly the spinosaurus strikes me as a kind of "transitional" stage. It's got enough aquatic traits to make it a swimmer but it lacks the efficiency, and other details to really drive it home.

Am I the only one who thinks this design is really cool? It looks like a water dragon

Great a thorough work, I love it. And I wonder, what if Spino is a transition form, becoming more and more aquatic, till it would become some sort of dinosaur whale? We'll never know for sure, probably.

This makes me want them to make a Pokemon that's based on the latest theories about Spinosaurus.

Hey Bro just a head up, Julian Johnson Mortimer has a twitter and i feel like you should had it to your description. If there is a reason why you didnt included it, My apologies.

I feel like the Spinosaurus representation in PBS Dinosaur Train (so sue me, I have kids who love the show) was the most accurate. If I remembered correctly, they portrayed the Spino as a wader, more or less, with some tendril things hanging from his chin that could mimic a coral reef piece.

Hey, could you do a talk about speculative evolution, or maybe even suggest a new event for speculative evolution

Float like a duck but strike like a stork

The spinosaurus from the intro is scorn from the transformers bayfilms and I like them

I went a little (lot) overboard in my reviewing of each of the points you have put forward that were in the most recent paper, and I keep coming back to a non arial pursuit-diving predator who spends it's time hunting at least in the water. Similar to certain pelecaniformes. The leg and neck length do not fit a wading bird at all because wading birds use height to visually stalk prey which gives them the ability to also keep an eye out for danger. At which point they simply fly out of harms way. Any animal even one as large as spino who is using his snout to hunt with his back to potential threats is in a precarious position that defies natural behavior of modern animals. The snout shape is quite similar to a cormorant, as is the neck musculature, as well as the possibility of webbed feet, and many of these types of birds have foramina for the purpose of supplying oxygen to the body while underwater. Cormorants develope a boney growth over their nares when they reach adulthood so the placement is unimportant. I am not sure if they have enough of the spinosaurus skull to discount this possibility or not. Also the spines themselves seems like they could very well have been for the purpose of fat storage used to create neutral buoyancy like in many marine mammals or to reduce sideways oscillations of the head as in sailfish who use this method to get close to schools of fish. If so then the foramina as sensors would be very well adapted for use in this style of hunting. And finally the tail. I don't know enough to weigh in too heavily on this topic other than to say that the tails of the various spinosauridae remind me of otters. Each species has a slightly different adaptation dependent on their habitat with sea otters who spend most of their life in the water having the more paddle like tail similar to spinosaurus... from my uneducated perspective at least. All in all this would indicate an animal that hunts in water, can float on the surface comfortably, but can also spend time on land, sunning, resting or avoiding marine or river predators,, but likely does not hunt fish from that position. I highly recommend checking out any RU-vid video of a cormorant diving from the surface of the water. They do not appear to be the most adept divers fighting against some buoyancy due to their feathers, but once they get down to a specific depth they are amazing. So much so that they are the bane of modern western fishermen, and used in some areas to do the fishing for their fellow humans. The similarity in shape to spino is unmistakable, and shows that pursuit predator is not off the table.

12:00 I think you meant "taphonomy", not "taxonomy".

Oooo this I'd a biggie of a video. Very excited after watching your other spino videos

back in 2018 Scott Hartman:nah Spinosaurus can't swim he would be to heavy to swim Spinosaurus new tail:ARE YOU SHORE ABOUT THAT

Excellent video! I'm a big fan of the Spino, thanks for creating these great contents, they are extremely interesting to watch

You know what they say about tail size.... "The bigger they are.... The better propulsion in water." Yeah that still sounded dirty.

Damn that animal! It's gonna be easier in the long run to just invent a time machine and go see what the thing does everyday.

Thank you so much for making/sharing this thorough presentation of the latest ideas towards Spinosaurus!

I much prefer the idea of a highly aquatic spino that lived like a croc... But science wins over what I like XD

Spinosaurus is my favorite Dino.

Bless these people who can figure out all this shit.

3 months later update, Spinosaurus is now confirmed to use it's tail and back sail to glide through the sky on it's side like a weird eel. Also, it doesn't feed on meet, it absorbs energy from the sun.

I'm wondering if Spinosaurus moved around more like a modern crocodile. But had rocket propelled backpacks (slung underneath & making use of those sails as guides), and made use of lightsabers (only on land). My bony toe claw is just for show (I may use it once in while to scratch someone's back). It's also just a dimorphic feature, as my females don't have them.

I really want to see a Spinosaurus recreation doing the pose crocodiles do underwater with their legs all splayed out

That sleepy spinosaurs is really cute

You've made your case💯

Great video keep it up 👏

Storks and Herons move from one patch of resources to the other by flying, why wouldn't Spinosaurus do the same, but swimming? After all, it would grant it access to coastlines bordered by dense forests it wouldn't be able to cross otherwise. And it would occasionally catch prey underwater if the occasion presented itself.

24:27 hey thats Julians work! pog

How about both? Maybe Spinosaurus was mostly a wading heron style hunter, that could swim to catch surface fish or move to other landmasses if necessary.

I like the idea of a crocodile-dinosaur. Not everything has to be like T. Rex.

I think the big Spinos probably could do some good pursuit predation, but the smaller ones used wading more often. Maybe they were transitioning to a more pursuit predatory lifestyle? Before they went extinct of course

I absolutely hope for more consistent and solid fossil recoveries that would shed light to immense habitat preference differentiations between the terrestrial Spinosaurus specimens which I recall pointed to be from Libya and Morocco in the 2010 bio isotope analysis maybe those Spinosaurus populations adapted successfully to the near constant droughts that tend to happen in North Africa even in the times that it was a lush delta rainforest biome alas I also recall the teeth study from the latest publication that pointed out the abundance of Spinosaurus teeth remains but no other significant or noticeable fossils that belonged to other parts of Spinosaurus I mean no claw femur or skull remains maybe does that indicate that the Spinosaurus were ar much more adaptable and were capable of easily switching its habitat to terrestrial from aquatic in blink of an eye

Spinosaurus could inflate its sail with hydrogen and float like a blimp, where it’s long jaws and conical teeth, and long arms and claws would assist in in catching pterosaurs. It would also use its finned tail and webbed limbs as gentle propulsion in the air.

People when tail of Spinosaurus was discovered: Spinosaurus was semi-aquatic pursuit predator! A dinosar-crocodyle-proto whale! Sarcosuchus: Im a joke to you? And before you say Sarcosuchus lived 10 million years before Spinosaurus, “Sarcosuchus” -like skull and teeth are found contemporary to Spinosaurus.

So, i have a few problems with this paper. One of the big ones is the fact that the wading model has so many unique evolutionary traits that are basically useless. Another is the fact that they constantly compare crocodiles to the pursuit model despite the fact that they said crocs are NOT pursuit predators. Personally, i dont think its either. It would make more sense for it to be more similar to be gharial like with wading mixed it. Even then, theres no good modern comparison so we shouldnt make any

So wait, if the wading model is looking to be more accurate, then what’s the selection pressure to develop elongated tail spines, pretty highly placed eyes, and shorter hind limbs? Wouldn’t those all suggest strong swimming based selection pressures ie at least some swim based hunting? Great video!!

evolution : okay barry-o what do you want to be come in the far future Spinosaurus : *An Amphibious Fishing vessel*

He is a swimmer, but not open water pursuit. Also not a wader as legs are too short. Though his relatives are probably waders, which lead to the swimming adaptation as the waterways grew larger.

Just because one person doesn't agree with the findings doesn't make it a fact.

Perhaps the sail evolved to add more weight to the torso so the animal could be less buoyant and dive. Or maybe it served as a dorsal fin. Or maybe it served to wall off a school of fish.

This is an amazing breakdown and is super fun to listen to, well done!

I almost slept watching this but thanks for the infos

I wonder why sails no longer exist considering they've appeared several times in different types of creatures. Dimetrodon etc, ouranosaurus and spino. They must be useful so why does no surviving animal have one. I'd really like to know if they were for thermoregulation or as fat reserves.

JP3: Mmmmyes. Basic theropod with sail and long snout 2021: Slippery silly water dragon

It's a fucking monster. Imagine knowing this thing was in the forest with you. We lucked out with what we have.

I am thinking that Spinosaurus would hunt by swimming/floating like a duck and striking it's prey like a stork, because of the weird mix of structures that it has. Does it hold up?

Thats good timing, i watched all your Spino videos for the first time 3days ago

STORK SPINO STORK SPINO

so much information in this! the mystery of spinosaurus will never rest lmao i'm honestly a little confused by one part of this video, under Q-forelimbs. you describe that you see reduced forelimbs in animals that support the pursuit theory, which spinosaurus does not have. it does look like it has significantly shorter limbs compared to most wading animals (that i know of) and visually, look pretty reduced to me even in the bone structure. can someone explain what is meant by "reduced forelimbs" in this case? i think i'm just misunderstanding what the word 'reduced' means in this context.

But why would it have a good swimming tail made for bursts of speed, watery oxygen isotopes and heavier than normal bones? I feel like we may be missing something..... maybe it was fatter than we think or it used its claws to anchor itself to river floors or something... stay tuned for next year when we find out it was actually part-speedboat