Stearman Engine Failure After Takeoff 

Your father might not be around, but if his story can warm the heart of a complete stranger in another country, he's never truly gone.

I have my dad's Cessna 195. He bought it in 1965 and it's been in the family 59 years now. He had a Stearman before that in the 1950s and 60s while flying the F-106 at Bunker Hill in Peru, IN. I also have a Stearman. These old airplanes mean more than money, but in an emergency it's just an airplane.

Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. A decision to make before every single flight. Can't repeat it too many times: "I will not risk my life nor anyone else's life to save this airplane."

I am a 50 year old a sailor who has fallen in love with aviation. I have binge watched a lot of youtube on the subject but your channel is a step above the rest. You bring a mature no nonsense narrative that is truly inspiring. I have realized that I need to go on a discovery flight to see if aviation is my next passion. It is all that I think about. I know I’ll be late to the game but you have definitely inspired me. Thank you for sharing your knowledge. All the best from Canada

I can’t believe he only has 60,000 subscribers because this guy is super smart and has such great experiences that he shares freely. He

My father was a WW2 vet and got held over in Europe for 5 months after the war was over in spite of being overseas for over three years and in various parts of the conflict. He wrote home to my mother about his anger at not being able to return home but added "at least I am still alive to complain " So if you have to go through the paperwork etc from a crash the imporant thing is you survived.

Scott, your comment that it’s my airplane when I’m sitting on the ground but it’s the insurance company’s airplane when I’m flying it has changed my attitude about trying to save the plane. My safety comes first. Thanks for that change in mindset.

Thank you on so many many levels. My Stearman experience is: doing winter maintenance on a friend's Stearman, been flown as semi-intelligent ballast, loaded passengers like you, PLUS my dad soloed in a PT-17 before combat in a P-51, thank you so very very much for making this video. I will so share this with my Stearman buddy.

" . . and FLY IT until all the crunching noises stop!" - Saint Robert of Hoover. : )

Your name stuck in my head, it was a fantastic experience which I remember fondly. The aviation theme has passed onto my son, who wasn’t even born when we met. He’s rebuilding a J5 cub to add to his collection.

Hello sir. First, thank you for your service. I am a retired F-15 crew chief. I worked on A's, C's, D's and E models. The B model was the only one I never laid hands on. I served 37 years (21 active duty and 16 as a civil service employee). In my extremely biased opinion, there is no better airplane ever. I did work on U-2s for a few years during my career and that is a wonderful airplane, but my favorite is the F-15. I do love P-38 Lightnings also. Even now at 62 years of age I am throwing around the idea of obtaining my sport pilot license but I am waiting to see what the FAA does with the new MOSAIC rule. Your videos are very inspirational. Thank you for posting them.

Thanks for telling the story of your forced landing. I cannot agree more that pilots need to stop worrying about bending their aircraft in an emergency situation.

We had a forced landing in 1968 in my dad’s Straight 35 Bonanza…in southern Ohio…he put in a 800’ cow pasture with minimal damage…and I am here because of his awesome piloting skills….thanks dad…😊

A few years ago the motor on my 182 quit at 1300 ago about to enter the pattern. I never thought about saving the airplane. The only option was a field of dead creosote bushes. I landed tail first and the bushes slowed us pretty quick and we stopped when the nose gear collapsed. We got out without a scratch.

It's just a '41 Taylorcraft, but my dad bought it in 1967 before I was born. He took me for my first ride in it when I was 6wks old. I grew up riding with dad and I soloed it on my 16th birthday with 2.7hrs of dual in my logbook. It will never be parted with as long as I'm around.

Great lesson Scott. And I flew at Randolph aero club back in the 90’s. Your dad checked me out in the club T-34. He was such a great pilot and gentleman, I looked up to him greatly. I attended his funeral. Blue skies to him.

Scott, you’re one of my favorite pilots to watch on RU-vid. I hope you realize that many of us have little or no access to experienced pilots like you. So if I’m not hearing stories and experiences like this from you, I’m not hearing them anywhere. This one really punches a solid point. Hope to shake your hand one day. -Neil Singh, age 52, private pilot (checkride pending), Arizona.

Thanks for sharing the history and importance of 476. The more I learn about passionate aviators like you, Juan Brown, and even Dan Grider, the more I understand the importance of what you are passing on to the younger pilot generation. Y’all have what I would call Air-Cred. You’ve been involved for decades, loved it, are still here and hope to inform to mitigate risk. Good on all of you.

Best real life or death video so far. Hard to believe it's been 30 years. I hope this video opens the eyes of some of the pilots who watch your channel and helps them thru any possible scenario they may encounter while pursuing their passion of flight.👍👍👍👍 on your unfortunate crash landing, I believe you had an angel on your shoulder that day. And yes I got teared up. Amazing footage, amazing story. I'm glad your here to tell it... Thank you. I needed that.

Your question of a plane's worth reminding me of the Sen. John Heinz accident 30 years ago. Heinz was a passenger in a small plane and the landing gear down light didn't illuminate. A local helicopter thought they could help by taking a look and the two aircraft collided resulting in 7 deaths. The pilots should have put the plane down and if the gear collapsed, so be it. That's the purpose of insurance. Heinz was a multimillionaire and could have easily replaced/repaired the plane many, many times over. The value of the plane is to get your butt safely on the ground. Beyond that, it's a pile of parts.

I’ll always remember what a great guy Harry was and I was one of the 1300 flights back in the day. I’ll always remember the aerobatics he flew with me in the seat. And as I recall you strapped me in. 🙂

Words of wisdom, sir. My wife and I, and with a little help from some friends, are just finishing up a 15 1/2 year restoration of ur 1934 Fairchild F-24 C8-c with a 145 Warner. We hope the first flight will be next month at x-61. I don't mind telling you that I'm confident and nervous at the same time. Thanks for sharing, and congratulations on your bronze, Lindy.

Thank you for the video. Many have died trying to save the plane. In the eighties my Dad had a 195 when I wanted to learn to fly. Not the plane for learning. So I got a older but in good condition 150. That way I would have something after getting my ticket. Instead of a pile of rental slips. He always told me in the event of a emergency the plane has let you down, use what's left of it to get down. And live. Dad may be gone now but his word stay fresh in my mind.

Kardy's Airpark is completely gone now. After Mr. Kardy died, the family sold the runway area to developers who built a housing subdivision there. The T-hangars and hail sheds were made into boat and RV storage stalls, and Kardy's made more money at that than it ever did as a airport. Last year, the remainder of the property was sold to a commercial developer who razed all the sheds and Kardy's house, which was still there. I live about a mile away. I remember a fatal Stearman accident happened there. The crankshaft broke and the propeller flew back and cut the flying wires.

Great Story! Thanks for Sharing Scott!

I flew a Stearman a couple of times out of Zuehl (I think) with a gentleman named Harold. I grew up in Universal City and also learned to fly out of the aero club at KRND in the early to mid 80’s. It’s a very small world. I really enjoy your channel. I just wonder how many times our paths have crossed.

The sharing of your philosophy and wisdom in this video and "the whole, un-abridged story" are much appreciated. Thank you, Scott.

Scott, I know we all put a lot of work and pride in our airplanes no matter what aircraft we fly, but your comment about making sure we survive an incident is paramount. Thanks for driving that home. I had an incident just over a year ago where I lost my engine and had to land on the highway and it is exactly what you said, fly it to the crash site. I think some pilots get complacent and think it will never happen to them, and hopefully it doesn't, but, ALWAYS HAVE AN OUT. Glad it all worked out for you and keep it flying. Thanks for the video.....

I consider myself to be fairly experienced ( USAF/airlines/ owned a Cub for 45 years) and watch many presentations about accidents. There are many good presenters out there, but I find your presentations to be the most rigorous and scientific. But you also present great phscyhological insight into the approach to risk. The most fun, though, is your contagious enthusiasm and curiosity. I wonder how many accidents you may have prevented through your videos. I'm surprised how much I've learned from your videos.

Thank you. So true for all "stuff." I live in north San Antonio (retired AF). I'm a woodworker who lived through a table saw kickback that sent a four ft piece of cutoff into my neck at 500' ft per sec. When it happened I thought of one thing - living long enough to get back into the house and see my wife, for perhaps the last time. But SEE her. Forget the "stuff" in life. Live to see another day if you can. The piece hit me dead center in the trachea, part of it going into my right lung and the rest spinning over my shoulder. One half inch to either side and I'd have severed an internal carotid artery. Anyway, you are SO correct. Know what you're going to do before it happens, and to hell with stuff.

Scott, incredible video! I'm not a pilot, but my dad was a carrier pilot in both WWII and Korea. He worked very hard to teach me that same lesson. Always know what's most important and have a plan. When things go bad, you may not have the time to figure it out from scratch. That has become second nature to me and has saved my life more than once in Vietnam, on the water, and on the highway. I'm 77 and just yesterday, as I was driving my Mini Cooper on the interstate and watching the behavior of some of the drivers around me, I was thinking about that very lesson. Thanks for sharing and I hope viewers take your advice to heart. It is not only for pilots. It is sound advice for living!

COOL Plane........ Scott a great thing might be to put 8X10 signed photos on your web site.... I'd love a nice photo of this plane on my wall😁... just my thought.

EXCELLENT ADVICE . Basically, I always plan for the worst .It's a mindset that could save your life and the life of your passengers.

Very good lessons in this video Scott. @11:06 "everything can be fixed" reminds me of something that happened in Del Rio, Texas 25 years or so ago when I was flying for a commuter airline from DFW to Torreon, MX and back with a stop in Del Rio both ways. As we taxied out from our station in KDRT one evening, there was a really nice looking old Beech 18 on the ramp with a UPS truck backed up to it, I'm pretty sure that airplane was based there as we had seen it many times. When we stopped there on the way back to DFW the next morning, that airplane was in the ditch east of the runway, perpendicular to the runway, one of the engines laying on the ground in front of it, and one of the wings curled up, and prop strikes galore on the runway. fortunately, it looked like a very survival able accident. My first officer and I both commented about the demise of such a beautiful airplane. I wondered out loud if it would ever fly again, my F/O. who was pretty active with the Commemorative Air Force, replyed "oh if it's got a data plate, it will fly again" So yes, everything can be fixed. You produce great, informative videos. Keep them coming. Edit: I just looked it up, indeed, the sole occupant of the Beech 18 suffered only minor injuries.

Hi Scott! Thanks for sharing your story. The message you are sending is one that can be applied to life in general, I think, and not just in aviation. I had open heart surgery in late December and received four arterial grafts - I am still recuperating, my previously diagnosed angina is now but a memory. My outlook on life is changed because of what happened. The need for a multiple-bypass operation came as something of a surprise to me! You just never know whats around the corner. You have a wonderful legacy and so many memories of your Father and your families time with that lovely Stearman, but it is a just a plane. Life has to come first. Keep up the great work with the channel. When are you coming over the pond to fly here in the UK? Best wishes from a non-pilot aviation enthusiast! 🇬🇧

There was a flyable Stearman that passed through my A&P (AMT) school in Connecticut back in the late 1970s on a regular basis for maintenance as the school was also a licensed repair station. I still have photos of it, as well as a T-6 and an FM-2 among other old planes, all of them were still flyable at that time.

Excellent video. My father and I have a 1969 Piper Arrow. That he has had since 1982. Sometimes I think he loves that airplane more than me. But we have had Many Many Adventures in that airplane he motivated me to get my license I sold at 16 got my license at 17 and was sneaking his airplane out to the beach at 18. He will turn 82 in May. And I'm hoping I can financially maintain the airplane in the future. We may have to get a partner. Because it's getting extremely extremely expensive. Semper fidelis devil dog. I'm a Gulf War veteran also. I was a plain captain on the Av8B harrier. Keep flying and keep putting these entertaining and educational videos out. SEMPER FIDELIS 🙏🏽 💪🏾 🙏🏽 💪🏾

Thank you Mr Purdue for a message we all need to heed and glad you made it out of that ok. But I have to say the Stearman is my favorite airplane in the world and I am so glad you chose to rebuild it so we can continue to appreciate how cool it is.

I really liked this one. Other episodes tend to be very mechanical, matter of fact analyses of crashes, which is appreciated. But this one seemed very personal by your voice - almost excited modulation of pitch, pace, and intensity that SHOWED me this plane and those situations were IMPORTANT to YOU. Glad to see you’re human. 👍 (BTW, good ADM. You make the best choices possible after trying to plan as thoroughly as possible. As they say, to fail to plan is to plan to fail. Good job.)

Thanks for taking the time to send this message. My father used to implore me to think of the gliders I first flew as a used Kleenex if I needed to save myself.

Another lesson here is “Listen to your airplane. It will often talk, maybe in a whisper, that something is wrong *before* a catastrophic failure occurs”. Quick personal story. I was flying my Cardinal back home after a stop for cheap(er) gas at a nearby airport. The flight time was less than 10 minutes in very busy New Jersey airspace. After I leveled off at 1450’ (I always fly oddball numbers below 3,000’ to mitigate midair collision risk), I leaned out the mixture a couple of turns. I glanced at the engine monitor, but the fuel flow remained 1-2 GPH higher than normal. Not a big deal, but I noticed it. I assumed it was an issue with the fuel flow transducer, but I didn’t investigate further as the engine was running smoothly and the airplane was performing as expected and I was very busy setting up for traffic pattern entry, making radio calls, and keeping my eyes outside. But the airplane was whispering to me. On the 45 to downwind, I pulled the carb heat on, and the engine immediately began to run just a little rough, which was not something it normally did. I instinctively pushed the knob back in, and the roughness went away. Now the airplane was talking to me, but I still wasn’t sure what it was saying. I had already forgotten about the minor fuel flow issue during cruise and didn’t think the slight engine roughness was anything to be concerned about. Maybe if it did it again next time, I’d troubleshoot further. After I landed and taxied to my hangar, I pulled the mixture knob to cutoff, and the whole assembly, including a long piece of broken mixture cable, came out of the panel in my hand and the engine continued to run. The mixture cable had broken inside the sheath at some point after the runup. Only then did the two seemingly unrelated issues hit me: the mixture had been stuck in FULL RICH and the mixture control wasn’t connected! And that’s what the airplane had been trying to tell trying to tell me all along. Going forward, I promised her I’d be a better listener.

Good lesson, Scott. My thirteen engine failures completely support your fly and don't stall advice. I sprayed with a Stearman I paid $10,000 for. Structural cross tube through the fiberglass hopper (where front seat had been) rusted through and poisoned me a bit by the time I sprayed 200 gallons of Parathion. Shows my age and the value of tired piston crop dusters well into last century.

Right on. I lost an engine on a Taylorcraft and flew it to the crash. We rebuilt it and are still flying it today. But as you said you need to think it through before.

Scott! Thank you so much for sharing such a personal story. "It's the airplane's job to keep us alive" Such a great point. It's our decisions that ultimately determine whether we'll let the airplane work for us and let us live to fly another day. Such great content! Keep up the excellent work 👍

As my old instructor, who started his career on Pan Am flying boats, taught me: During an emergency, preserve in order of importance: Skin, Tin, Ticket!!!

Great story, Scott - thanks for sharing it. I'm pretty attached to my RV-8 since I built it, but if the engine fails, it's only job is to get me and the GIB to the ground safely. I can build or buy another one.

What a beautiful history of your family and Aviation. I am wondering how your father got into aviation. Was he military?? 476 looks amazing. Great job.

This is a great video Scott! You made the right decisions with that engine failure and lived to rebuild the aircraft again and enjoy it with your very precious family. I can completely understand your love for your Stearman but a s jeffmarken 7493 rightly says, These old airplanes mean more than money, but in an emergency it's just an airplane. Keep up the good work - you speak a lot of sense - and keep on sharing your wisdom with us, because it is appreciated beyond price.

A philosopher pilot. Brilliant and wise, sir.

Scott: Appreciate your thoughts, and insightfulness as always! I have my own 476...N19476 that have owned since 1981. Thanks for reminder of "Flying into the crash as far as possible". I need to read Mr. Hoover's book.

In January, 1944, my father crashed a Stearman during naval flight training on final at Dallas Naval Air Station, Grand Prairie, TX, about halfway between Dallas and Fort Worth. He was pretty banged up but he survived. It was pretty cold that day and he believed the carb iced over which was a common problem. Dallas NAS was in service until the base closures of the '90s. The runway is still there but it's used for reserve and other military purposes now. Stearmans were also used by the Army Air Corp for training at Waco, TX.

Drinkin at night in high school ? Heck yea… best times of my life! 45 years later…still enjoy!

You mentioned 476 was purchased at Beaumont, Texas. By chance, did it belong to Farm Air Service, Nome Texas, at one point? Farm Air flew a bunch of Stearmans, modified with 985's and duster mods. However, they always kept a couple stock (220 Cont. and 225 Lycs). Most were purchased surplus at the end of WW2 from College Station, Texas. They also purchased many brand new, still in the crate airframes, wings, engines etc. Both my dad and uncle flew for Farm Air, both later becoming F-86 pilots in Korea. My dad then went on to fly the U-2 from 1956 to 1988 and considered his years of dusting with the Stearman (pure stick and rudder) for giving him skills needed to master the U-2.

Being a ww2 airplane nut and glider/sail plane nut I finally got to take a flight in a Navy Stearman trainer a few years ago. Total joy! When the owner found out I flew gliders, after takeoff he gave me the stick.. What a nice plane to fly.. Now on to a DC3/C47!!

My Dad stalled his Stearman into the biggest tree he could find after his engine quit. Ended upside-down and thrown from the cockpit, but he lived to see another day.

When the engine quits, the airplane belongs to the insurance company. It can be replaced. Your life cannot be replaced.

Most people do not realise that aircraft are made to absorb the energy during an impact! So Glad you and the plane is still here!

In the 10 years I flew a Stearman, only one time did I see death staring me in the face. It was the time I was riding with my Doctor friend and co-owner of the Stearman, that he scared the heck out of me, after he was buzzing some of his friends on a dock in Geneva , Ohio. He came from the lake towards the shore and pulled up sharply when the engine quit running. He steered the plane to the little square field surrounded by trees, when I grabbed the stick and yelled I got it. I was pumping the throttle and she came back to life, but if I quit pumping. the engine would also quit. The throttle pumping was just enough to keep the plane flying and I kept it up for 20 minutes as I flew over our home base and landed. I took the carb off the airplane and tool it apart. After everything was out. I shook the carb and heard a rattling in it. I took the air nozzle and blew into all the holes, and finally one of them expelled a big puff of dust, I went flying after I assembled it and all was well. That was the only hairy experience I had with airplanes !

Excellent Decision Making! Glad you are here to share your story, Thank You.

Metal and plastic can always be replaced. Our lives can't.

Thanks for sharing this story Scott. I hope I can do as well when the time comes. Kudos to all your friends stepping up to the bat for the recovery! Friends for life!

Great video Scott and food for thought indeed.

I work with RSP students at my local high school, I know I won’t reach every student, but I hope that I can reach at least a couple. Maybe make a difference at some point in their lives. I truly believe that the work you and Juan Brown are doing is saving lives. We learn the most from people we respect. You have mine and I’m sure many others. Thank you

Words of wisdom, I'm glad you're safe and you and your aircraft live to fly another day. You sound like the kind of person that can think a situation through very quickly and analyze the best possible choice to make.

Miss hearing your knowledge sir great video as always.

Thanks for making this excellent video and sharing a beautiful family story with us.

Perfect. An old dog might ask, what happened or who just bought-it, which prompted this? It's none of anyone's business, but we're all eternally grateful. Thank you, Scott. Most sincerely. Forever.

Great story, glad you came out good and a bent plane. You're right, stuff can be replace and/ or repaired, people can not. Money is fleeting, people are not. Keep safe!

Wonderful informative video and story. Thank you so much for sharing this.

I've been a subscriber for years and never made the connection. I learned to fly @ Kardy's back in 86. I even flew with your dad @ the KRND aero club in the t-34 learning basic aerobatics. Small world.

Love your plane!!! Happy you stayed alive!!!! Great info for anyone!!!!! Thanks

Beautiful. My mother and father in Law were Navy Aviation Machinist Mates ( MM2) in WW2, and both moved on to flight and trained in these ( mom in Law based in Norman Oklahoma.) Thanks for showing!! Also, my mothers first flight lesson was scheduled for 7 December 1941 in thus aircraft. All flights were cancelled that day.

Thanks for sharing such a beautiful story Scott. We appreciate all the hard work you do to make these videos.

Beautiful Stearman and N3N. I was raised around crop-dusting and tankers here in Nor-Cal during the winters I helped restoring a few Stearman's and N3Ns with my dad and grandfather. Both of their names were Harry also. My Gramps would tell me a legend about somewhere in Oklahoma my great-grandfather owned so many Stearman's he would hang them in the barn by the tails. He claimed they should still there and take me there but he passed about 20yrs ago never made it

Great story, great message. So happy everything worked out for you.

Thanks for posting. Great stories! Years ago, I took a class called, "How to Crash an Airplane." Seriously! The first thing the instructor said was, "Who owns the airplane if the engine quits"? The correct answer was, "The Insurance Company." Don't kill yourself trying to save the airplane. You can probably get another airplane . . . but the alternative . . .not likely.

Everyone always asks why I don’t name my vehicles (cars, bikes, airplanes). My response is a rule that I live by: “never name something that you may need to destroy in order to save your own life!”

Great Video Scott. I hope that some pilots or pilot listens and understands what you are telling them from hearing this. Keep up the life saving videos

Powerful story - thanks for posting it.

Thank you for the reminder; it's crucial to consider this beforehand rather than in the moment.

Remarkable story! My brother was a WSO in an F-4 in the mid 70’s, and would talk about how many phantom guys were lost not ejecting earlier!

Like that philosophy, "Let the plane do it's job to keep you alive", then repair the plane if possible. Glad all went well for you and the plane. Thanks for sharing. Best Wishes & Blessings. Keith Noneya

Very, very good advice, Scott. Thanks for sharing this. I always remember when something goes bad, the aircraft immediately belongs to the insurance company. Your only responsibility is to protect yourself, your passengers and others on the ground.

What a great video. Pleasure meeting you at BeechBash this year. As I said to you then about the VmC demo video, this too will save lives.

Scott, what a wonderful story. Im so glad you are with us, and really appreciate your posts. Keep flying my friend, you and Juan are the best at what you do. ill send a little bit of help your way. Jack, a humble private pilot, who loves aviation.

A true “there I was” has likely caused more pilots to consider the circumstances and realize they might not know everything. I look forward to these videos because I refuse to kill my wife and kids in an airplane due to my ignorance. Aviators study, prepare for contingencies and train for adverse circumstances because that one smart penguin that stayed on the iceberg might be all the difference in a survival situation. I love when I see a new video drop because I’m ready to learn something. Throw out the arrogance and get serious about keeping yourself and the first to the scene witnesses alive. Keep the content coming sir, you’ve got our attention.

Thank you Scott

Great video! Thanks for sharing especially the photos of its recovery and rebuild.

Scott; This is one of your best videos. A heartfelt story and very instructional! Thank you for all you do for the community.

Thanks for sharing your insights. Well taken.

Nice job. I was in desert storm too. Navy of course. I’ve got the family airloom as well. Piper pa11.

This is a great story, truly inspiring even for us that don't fly. Thank you Scott.

My Dad rebuilt one after the war. 340. Dad had to sell it because he could not afford the fuel. It still flies today out of near Ft Worth.

I’m not a pilot, but I absolutely love this video … thank you for sharing

As a dinghy sailing instructor for teens, I've spent many an hour reminding the kids not to bump the boats off each other, watch where you're steering, don't scrape it on the ramp while launching, "kid don't you know that's a couple thousand dollars worth of borrowed hull you're hauling around, treat it with respect", all the personal responsibility stuff - but I spend even more time reminding them again and again, when we drill on safety procedures, "the first thing to do if it busts or flips over is check yourself, then check your crew, then wave for the powerboat to come help you. we can always buy another boat - there will NEVER be another you, and I'd prefer to return you to your parents in one piece". When I first learned my support boat safety procedures they taught us again and again, if the sailboat is flipped over or half-sunk and you've just pulled a kid who needs medical attention off of it, you leave that sailboat unmanned and drifting and you beeline it to the dock - "grab the kid, leave the boat". I always think GA and the small-craft marine world have lots we can learn from each other - indeed, it was not until I got into aviation that I finally understood our bosses' then-recent obsession with enforcing the use of seemingly onerous pre-departure checklists for the powerboats. Aviation made me smarten up and realize that every time I skimmed over the checklist, despite thinking of myself as a pretty safe boater, I was in fact playing fast and loose with our lives. So glad you were able to get your dad's plane back in flying condition and lived to tell the tale! Keep up the excellent educational content

Wise advice. You are saving lives. Knew a few who considered some other criteria rather than max safety. who unfortunately didn’t make it.

Excellent content! Thanks for sharing personal experiences.

Thank you for sharing! I rewatch your videos. I like your analysis approach.

Beautifully told story for life - should be on every school curriculum as essential ‘view and discuss’ material.

Appreciated that Scott - many fascinating and valuable points made. Wonderful plane :)