structural subtyping in python with Protocol! (intermediate) anthony explains  

I know this is quite a late comment but amazing video as always. I only found out your channel about a few weeks ago, and just keep randomly watching your historical videos and learn heaps from it. The best python video on youtube for intermediate to advanced topics imo. I have a question in regards to implementing an interface, hoping you could give me some guidance. How would you choose between using `abc` and `protocol`? What are the factors in your consideration? For example, I know if there is a inheriting requirements (eg. I want to implement a template pattern in the parent class (interface) so that all the child classes can use the same methods), then `abc` should be the conventional way to go (although I can still inherit from a parent class using protocol, but it's not designed for it I suppose). Other than this, what are other considerations in choosing between abc and interface? something like if ..., I should use `abc`, elIf ..., I should use `protocol`, else: prefer `protocol` over `abc` (or vice versa)?

Amazing, thanks! If you made a course on type annotations I'm sure I'm not the only one who'd pay good money for it

i guess you forgot to mention you need to do from __future__ import annotations or wrap your protocol class name in a string for it to work?

Thank you for another great video! Is there a benefit for using a Protocol for an interface as opposed inheriting an ABC?

Hello. Could you please clarify the proper way of annotating for a dict of classes each of which must implement Protocol is? Here is an example: ``` from typing import NoReturn, Protocol from .ce import CEDriver from .mellanox import MellanoxDriver class SupportsGetSet(Protocol): def get_state(self) -> str: ... def set_state(self, desired_stete: str) -> NoReturn: ... driver_map: dict[str, SupportsGetSet] = { "huawei": CEDriver, "mellanox": MellanoxDriver, } ``` In this case, mypy yells at me with: ``` endpoints/vlantoggler/driver/__init__.py:18: error: Dict entry 0 has incompatible type "str": "Type[CEDriver]"; expected "str": "SupportsGetSet" endpoints/vlantoggler/driver/__init__.py:19: error: Dict entry 1 has incompatible type "str": "Type[MellanoxDriver]"; expected "str": "SupportsGetSet" ``` This is understandable since it expects an object which implements Protocol. So if I do this: ``` driver_map: dict[str, Type[SupportsGetSet]] = { "huawei": CEDriver, "mellanox": MellanoxDriver, } ``` mypy becomes happy at this point but yells at me when I actually call a class: ``` endpoints/vlantoggler/api.py:97: error: Unexpected keyword argument "host" for "SupportsGetSet" endpoints/vlantoggler/api.py:97: error: Unexpected keyword argument "interface" for "SupportsGetSet" endpoints/vlantoggler/api.py:97: error: "SupportsGetSet" has no attribute "__aenter__" endpoints/vlantoggler/api.py:97: error: "SupportsGetSet" has no attribute "__aexit__" ``` So it is like it expects me to describe __init__ and __aenter__/__aexit__ which I don't relly want to do :P I even tried to use a bounded TypeVar: ``` PortSwitcherDriver = TypeVar("PortSwitcherDriver", bound=SupportsGetSet) driver_map: dict[str, PortSwitcherDriver] = { "huawei": CEDriver, "mellanox": MellanoxDriver, } ``` but now it says: ``` endpoints/vlantoggler/driver/__init__.py:17: error: Type variable "vlantoggler.driver.PortSwitcherDriver" is unbound endpoints/vlantoggler/driver/__init__.py:17: note: (Hint: Use "Generic[PortSwitcherDriver]" or "Protocol[PortSwitcherDriver]" base class to bind "PortSwitcherDriver" inside a class) endpoints/vlantoggler/driver/__init__.py:17: note: (Hint: Use "PortSwitcherDriver" in function signature to bind "PortSwitcherDriver" inside a function) ``` What is the right way to achieve the goal? Thank you in advance =)