The accident that changed the world - Allison Ramsey and Mary Staicu

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Learn how Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, and how the antibiotic has changed medicine and the treatment of infections.
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In 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming returned to his lab and found something unexpected: a colony of mold growing on a Petri dish he’d forgotten to place in his incubator. And around this colony of mold was a zone completely and surprisingly clear of bacteria. What was this mysterious phenomenon? Allison Ramsey and Mary Staicu detail the discovery of penicillin and how it transformed medicine.
Lesson by Allison Ramsey and Mary Staicu, directed by WOW-HOW Studio.
Animator's website: wow-how.com/
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View full lesson: ed.ted.com/lessons/the-accide...
Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Katrina Harding, Gerald Onyango, alessandra tasso, Astia Rizki Safitri, Côme Vincent, Antony Lee, Melissa Sorrells, Rakshit Kothari, Doreen Reynolds-Consolati, Simon Holst Ravn, Manognya Chakrapani, Ayala Ron, Samantha Chow, Philippe Spoden, Phyllis Dubrow, Michelle Stevens-Stanford, Cas Jamieson, Ophelia Gibson Best, Amber Wood, Paul Schneider, Jun Cai, Tim Robinson, Henrique 'Sorín' Cassús, cnorahs, Lyn-z Schulte, Elaine Fitzpatrick, Karthik Cherala, Clarence E. Harper Jr., Milad Mostafavi, Аркадий Скайуокер, Kiara Taylor, Louisa Lee, eden sher, Vignan Velivela, Sage Curie, Srikote Naewchampa, Tejas Dc, Khalifa Alhulail, Faiza Imtiaz, Martin Stephen, Jerome Froelich, Dan Paterniti, Jose Henrique Leopoldo e Silva, Mullaiarasu Sundaramurthy, Elnathan Joshua Bangayan, Caleb ross, Duo Xu, Quinn Shen, Marvin Vizuett and Sid.

Опубликовано:

9 фев 2020

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Комментарии : 686

@milantenbosch 4 года назад

Bob Ross would call this a “happy little accident”

@clarkepercivaljaeblood4886 4 года назад

"... like a lot of you kids out there." - Rob Boss

@Madhattersinjeans 4 года назад

@@clarkepercivaljaeblood4886 Like ur mum. Albert Einstein

@poweroffriendship2.0 4 года назад

Happy little accident

@cinnamonstar808 3 года назад

the story isnt right. its a rare mold because mostly found in the tropics. I bet you the answer is where he went on vacation

@thinginground5179 3 года назад

@@clarkepercivaljaeblood4886 lol i wonder how many kids these days are secrelty accidents. kinda sad when you think about it

@adamm.6384 4 года назад

"There are no accidents" -Master Oogway

@2nd3rd1st 4 года назад

- Bob Ross

@adamm.6384 4 года назад

@@bruh-kj1yo That happens to all of us😅

@Kirtan007 4 года назад

@Andy T Dear friend, you don't know the context in which Adam is speaking and surely you haven't watched a cool and funny movie

@vatanrangani8033 4 года назад

@@bruh-kj1yo this is no mistake either

@hanzalashaikh8881 4 года назад

@@adamm.6384 Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery and today is a gift, that is why it is called the present......

@chingamfong 4 года назад

Hard to imagine how many accidents shaped human history as it is today

@alwaysrushil 4 года назад

We should ask that question to Hitler's parents.

@dean_clancy 4 года назад

Rushil Patel 😂😂😂weak

@ebitoro4590 4 года назад

Like how a wrong turn by the driver lead to two world wars, and all the inventions that came with them

@Mephitinae 4 года назад

Without the accidental discovery of America, there would be no tomato in Italian food. Shocking, right?

@urmomisurdad5422 4 года назад

You were an accident.

@ChurchRvB117 4 года назад

“That’s funny...” -Alexander Fleming inspecting his neglected petri dish.

@taxidude 2 года назад

Next time herself complains I haven't done the washing up or cleaned the fridge.........

@anthonyburke5656 2 года назад

Everyone misses the point, it wasn’t the “accidental” mould in the Petrie dish that was important. It was Fleming having the training and insight to recognise the importance of his observations.

@xiphocostal 2 года назад

It was actually Florey that did that.

@anthonyburke5656 2 года назад

@@xiphocostal whoops, sorry, brain malfunction

@hotsauce0606 Год назад

Yeah like your birth.. though it hasn’t done much to change human history yet

@mattPartey 6 месяцев назад

The irony is, this isn't by accident. Americans downplay the discovery because they stole the patent from Fleming. They aren't interested in Fleming's humanity they simply wanted to make money

@bunmeng007 3 месяца назад

@@hotsauce0606😂😂

@santwanachowdhury1927 4 года назад

Can we just take a moment to appreciate the quality of their animations?

@MeraMohito 3 года назад

@santwanachowdhury1927 3 года назад

I think we should.

@pikpik_carrot3392 3 года назад

We should not

@shaunakn5881 3 года назад

yos we shd

@sohailaji4660 3 года назад

Yes

@tonyross5799 2 года назад

Alexander Fleming had first discovered penicillin by accident in 1928, but at that time believed it had little application. When Florey and his team recognised the potential of the discovery for combating bacterial infection, they faced the problem of how to manufacture penicillin in sufficient quantities to be of use. Heatley, although the junior member of the team, possessed a natural gift for ingenuity and invention. It was he who suggested transferring the active ingredient of penicillin back into water by changing its acidity, thus purifying the penicillin. Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin, it was Florey who carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford on the first patient, a police constable from Oxford. The patient started to recover, but subsequently died because Florey was unable, at that time, to make enough penicillin. It was Florey and Chain who actually made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin, after the task had been abandoned as too difficult. From Wikipedia Florey Chain and Heatley

@seanlander9321 8 месяцев назад

Florey wasn’t going to give up. Interestingly the mould that penicillin is still derived from today is the same one that was found on a rock melon at a farmer’s market and cultured by the Florey team.

@piedwagtailrameau 4 года назад

Thank you Alexander Fleming

@taptapuyo2714 3 года назад

Would like to take this guy for a round of drinks.

@vinsgraphics 3 года назад

Also big thanks to Australian Howard Florey and his team who brought penicillin to medical reality. Florey, Chain (who worked with Florey) and Fleming shared the Nobel Prize. Ironically, Fleming, upon seeing Florey’s work, dismissed it in silence.

@xiphocostal 2 года назад

@@vinsgraphics Thanks for pointing that out. Florey and chain get forgotten.

@poweroffriendship2.0 4 года назад

_"We don't make mistakes, we just have a happy little accident."_ *~ Bob Ross*

@leroythelemonoh 4 года назад

You are literally everywhere.

@svijayiitk 4 года назад

The quality of these animations is amazing

@user-ry7uf7uq1p 4 года назад

i thought they were boring

@MrSzoSs 5 месяцев назад

It’s crazy how many life changing situations we miss everyday just because we are not fully present, aware and educated

@wzvy 4 года назад

**sees mold** Fleming: *hm yes, medicine.*

@thinginground5179 3 года назад

Its not like that. He analysed the mold and concluded there must be some sort of microscopic anti-bacterial activity going on. Grooooovy... groovy penicillin.

@krispykrep912 4 года назад

"We don't make mistakes, just happy little accidents"

@clarkepercivaljaeblood4886 4 года назад

"... like a lot of you kids out there." - Rob Boss

@jakedeblasio5577 4 года назад

Happy little accidents that would both benefit and hinder our species's effort in coexisting with microbes.

@dannyn6036 4 года назад

Krispy Krep said my mom

@Ninjaananas 4 года назад

Genocides are definitivly mistakes.

@vintagerock547 4 года назад

I was a mistake...And that sure wasn't a happy one for my parents

@rupaprasad1920 4 года назад

Ted-ed thank you for providing such high quality content for free. Lots of love from India.

@crusinscamp 2 года назад

As a parent I have a special gratitude to that pink liquid, Amoxicillin. I can't imagine having been a parent before this was available. Your child has a wicked earache or other infection, and the pink liquid makes it just go away. I know it's science, but it works like magic.

@WhyEveryHandleTaken 2 года назад

haha im allergic

@dummyaccount8899 4 года назад

Flemming forgets to keep petri mold in incubator : changes the world Me forget to switch off the iron box : house burns

@user-vl2xw4pe7z 6 месяцев назад

Thank you to those supporting these videos, you are making the world a better place

@HarukaLPs 10 месяцев назад

This one man has saved countless lives

@slevinchannel7589 7 месяцев назад

Im interested in Peniciline because of Time-Travel and Reincarnation-Stories: so can someone tell me the Knowledge in the Format of 'Heres how YOU could make use of this knowledge if you were sudenly in the Bronze-Age!'

@firdospratama4413 4 года назад

Wise man once said : _change the world_ _my final message. Goodb ye_

@thelunaticcultist5157 4 года назад

Firdos Emkay discoed?

@assemameen332 4 года назад

Don't get it

@erelghania355 4 года назад

@@assemameen332 Its the mars rover

@ENFIKEFEPOKETC 4 года назад

*Insert old vg music here*

@caise3910 4 года назад

@@assemameen332 it's a new meme

@vincent1864 4 года назад

Another reason for the rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria is due to some not finishing what has been prescribed. By not finishing the prescription entirely, not all of the bacteria are done away with, so those surviving bacteria build up a resistance to whatever almost wiped them out. When receiving antibiotics it’s very important to take the prescription the whole way through even if you don’t have anymore signs or symptoms.

@kurrandor 4 года назад

I love your videos and it makes my day so much better whenever you upload! Thanks!

@hatredisvengeance5777 4 года назад

Same

@brittneyk1277 4 года назад

this is nostalgia for me because we went in-depth on penicillin in microbiology & I loved it

@user-dy2er1hp3r 4 года назад

There is a chance that the mold on my 14 year old sandvich can cure everything!

@pyroromancer 4 года назад

why are you in possession of a 14y/o sandwich

@loki2240 4 года назад

It will probably cure constipation...

@pyroromancer 4 года назад

@@loki2240 thats what super spicy mexican food is for

@Madhattersinjeans 4 года назад

@@pyroromancer The fact that it could still look vaguely sandwich-like after 14 years is a scientific marvel in itself.

@gusstavv 4 года назад

Or grow a sentient mold

@pritipitale3304 4 года назад

The animations are beautiful and so is the narrator's voice !

@parvezmakandar4269 4 года назад

Another accident that changed my life I met with Ted Ed

@aIiza 4 года назад

_in this laboratory, we love healthy accidents!!!_

@Readund 4 года назад

Big brain time

@Alkalus 4 года назад

*Basically why the term “accident” isn’t always a negative setback...*

@anonymouse9105 2 года назад

"It's essential that doctors not over-prescribe the drug." Meanwhile, animal agriculture has over-used antibiotics leading to the resistance we're seeing.

@3mtech 2 года назад

Antibacterial soap, one of the worst creations in history, up there with glyphosate

@ian1352 2 года назад

@@3mtech It has nothing whatsoever to do with antibacterial soap.

@3mtech 2 года назад

@@ian1352 Such authority. With which chemical scheme are you associated? Don't mistake antibacterial soap and hand sanitizer.

@jennyjohn704 2 года назад

@@ian1352 Bacterial resistance has a lot to do with antibacterial soap, which is no better at cleaning hands than proper soap and strengthens bacterial resistance by only killing the weaker bacteria.

@dwnt 4 года назад

I really love the animation of this video.

@Peto111222 9 месяцев назад

Great video without too much additional fluff and straight to the information

@slevinchannel7589 7 месяцев назад

HELP! Im interested in Peniciline because of Time-Travel and Reincarnation-Stories: so can someone tell me the Knowledge in the Format of 'Heres how YOU could make use of this knowledge if you were sudenly in the Bronze-Age!'

@user-uw8to4gm4w 4 года назад

Also the animation in their videos is just 👌🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

@MrBluemaw 4 года назад

Do you know how they make these animated videos? Or which tool do they use ?

@user-uw8to4gm4w 4 года назад

@@MrBluemaw did i ask?

@patriciaangustia 4 года назад

Through TED-Ed, I can learn something new even at least in just a few minutes. This is what I think why it celebrates learning and education. Thank you for coming into my life, TED.

@Eddie31Spaghetti 2 года назад

This video production was very thorough and understandable from illustrations to the content. As a pharmacist, I am glad that it included the information about allergies, penicillin resistant organisms, and over prescribing of antibiotics.

@PendragonDaGreat 4 года назад

One of the few times I am part of the 1% Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics give me a severe rash, eczema, and upset stomach. But I can also enjoy cheeses that contain P. Camemberti (Camemberts, brie, cambozola) and P. Roqueforti (roquefort, Gorgonzola, almost all blue cheeses) without issue. And yes, this has been confirmed in adulthood for me. Usually the doctor has to go for Cephalospirn C and some other antibiotic to make it work.

@yoriichitsugikuni6317 3 года назад

TED-Ed videos are the best! They have helped me with so many school projects, so, thank you.

@CanadaMMA 2 года назад

Fleming was not only a brilliant doctor and scientist, but an extremely moral and decent human being. "I found penicillin and have given it free for the benefit of humanity. Why should it become a profit-making monopoly of manufacturers in another country?"

@user-uw8to4gm4w 4 года назад

I LOVE ALL OF TED- ED'S VIDEOS OMG

@NidhiSingh-mk8lx 3 года назад

State of the art animations with clear and accurate narration! Great job TED-ED👍

@Sam_on_YouTube 4 года назад

When I gave my daughter amoxicillin, she threw up and broke out in hives, which went away not long after. She wasn't even sick, she was taking it prophylacticly after a tick bite while we waited for the test results. So I'm pretty sure she's allergic. But good to know that she may outgrow it.

@tlowry6338 4 года назад

why does it matter if she outgrows it? there are plenty of other antibiotics out there

@dainy128 4 года назад

I never outgrew mine 😩. But as someone else said, there are plenty of other antibiotics that aren’t penicillin based.

@Yohannai 4 года назад

@@tlowry6338 Even if there are plenty of antibiotics out there, that doesn't mean you want to have closed doors to their use. If you're severely allergic to oranges, sure, you can eat other fruit, but that doesn't mean you don't want to be able to eat oranges like anyone else. And if you end up starving with only oranges as your potential source of food, you kind of wish it wasn't deeply unpleasant or life threatening to eat them. Obviously, being allergic to penicillin isn't the same as being allergic to oranges, but the idea is that having your options be restricted is generally not something you want, and is typically something you do care about.

@haleyhughes4591 4 года назад

I’m allergic to penicillin to.

@Abhi12153 4 года назад

@@haleyhughes4591 take erythromycin then

@sarveshsawant9564 4 года назад

Never understood this so well before

@khalidalali186 3 года назад

A shrine should be built honoring people like Alexander Fleming.

@impakistan5503 3 года назад

Yes

@Angel_Billy4-30-23 3 года назад

It's because of him I'm alive right now. I'm currently in the hospital recieving intravenous antibiotics to help me get over pneumonia and severe sepsis plus I have bacteria in my heart valve and they have me on extremely potent antibiotics to help kill the bacteria in my body. I've been getting the antibiotics for about a month and a half and I still have three weeks to go. But because of his mistake leaving out that petri dish, I'm slowly but surely recovering. Funny how I came across this video though just watching some other ted ed videos and then this one gets recommended to me so of course I had to click.

@jadenschalck8640 4 года назад

I remember learning about this in 6th grade.

@Pingwn 4 года назад

Me too

@nilukumari449 4 года назад

8 th class

@whathat6166 4 года назад

I learned it in 7th grade?!?!

@sarahcarter9459 3 года назад

I learned it this year and im in 6th grade but then again i learn a lot more in science then others do because im homeschooled and always have been

@1menwolfpack550 2 года назад

Yeah me too now our kids are tought non sense and how to be identified with 1millon genders

@cruzpinto2349 3 года назад

A famous quote this video shows getting mistakes is good so you can learn from them.

@amankodimela8499 4 года назад

Thanks ted ed for making this video cuz my cousin thought she had Penicillin allergy but she didnt I told her about this today morning and she met our family doctor and he told her she doesn't and now she knows thanks again and keep up the good work

@MonkeyMan01 4 года назад

I hope for this to become my title one day...

@THExRISER 4 года назад

"The accident that changed the world" In a good way hopefully.

@rogersledz6793 2 года назад

Thank you so much for uploading this video. It is helping me get through the pandemic!

@TaraRajendran 3 года назад

The illustrations are on fleek! Thanks so much!!

@josedacunhafilho 2 года назад

Penicillin saved my father's life when he was 20 years old in 1943. As a consequence, he became so enthusiastic about antibiotics, he popped a pill if he ever sneezed more than once (for real). In his late 60's, he contracted an infection while in a hospital for a minor procedure, and no amount of sophisticated modern antibiotics were able to save his life. As a consequence, I steer clear of antibiotics (propolis included), unless it is a case of life and death.

@lintoppthomas 10 месяцев назад

Is he alive today?

@skiney 9 месяцев назад

@@lintoppthomasbruh can't you read

@alimalik6193 3 месяца назад

beautiful animation. Kudos for the animation team

@maryamshahid9063 4 года назад

I read the same thing in school but this video makes it soo fun and easy to understand.

@glassowaterful 4 года назад

what gorgeous animation :o

@maniktuteja9139 4 года назад

This is pretty good, even though now penicillin can be replaced by bacteriophages

@annak804 4 года назад

Manik Tuteja not safe for pregnant women or nursing mothers

@AntVazAri 4 года назад

Well, penicillin has already been replaced by many other antibiotics, it has almost no use today.

@nocturno7660 2 года назад

Thank you for probably saving my life Alexander Fleming, I was very sick while growing up

@sebastianelytron8450 4 года назад

A psychopath goes into a store , he approaches the man at the counter and says: "Hey man, may I have an assault rifle, 3,000 rounds, a scope, and a box of penicillin? " "Sorry sir, I can't sell you penicillin without a prescription."

@hatredisvengeance5777 4 года назад

Lmao

@Readund 4 года назад

“A shame, guess I’ll stick with rubbing lemons.”

@sooz9433 2 года назад

Useless fact... in 1983 when I was a student at Lincolnland Community College in Springfield Illinois, I wrote a term paper on The Beneficial Aspects of Failure which was about Fleming's discovery of Penicillin.

@1978sjt 2 года назад

Everyone talks about Flemming, who discovered Penicillin, but didn't do much with it. The clip mentions "researchers figured out how to isolate the active compound", they then developed it into a Medicine, how about mentioning their names. Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

@asanchez6493 2 года назад

Absolutely amazing!

@emx.cvbng1 4 года назад

“The accident that changed the world.” “You.”

@hushpuppy1735 4 года назад

Uh ok

@perryestrera4151 4 года назад

OK boomer

@hushpuppy1735 4 года назад

Noober Nebula Bro why..

@aasthacore 4 года назад

I love your vids they give so much knowledge 😁

@anthonysapinoso7985 4 года назад

Had gone over this in my evening class last week and today Sulfa drugs. TED-Ed, go ahead and do your thing!

@ayushacharya2475 4 года назад

Thank you for your efforrs your videos make my day

@impakistan5503 3 года назад

Bravo to your great efforts 👍.I don't have words to appreciate it 🤔😉

@nishanthk5306 4 года назад

TED ED I LOVE YOUUUU

@NeonColorsxx 4 года назад

Would love a video on bacteriophages / phage therapy! We are slowly headed towards fully antibiotic resistant bacterias, and phage therapy is a potential alternative.

@hsaqib8995 4 года назад

Thank you for sharing :)

@petervanrillaer7184 3 года назад

Wow, I always say to doctors that I heard as a kid that I am allergic to this and they shrug their shoulders. Now, thanks to this channel I know why.

@randomdude1053 6 дней назад

I took it today! Helped me tons

@llcn829 4 года назад

What an amazing chance discovery.

@asifhusainarastu4256 Год назад

Very well made Video , Thank you !

@bottleofwater1675 4 года назад

Even if I’m a mistake you’ll thank my parents after I find the cure for cancer :’)

@HISANY83 4 года назад

I know we are used to calling it an accident but imagine if it had been someone else instead of Fleming. The world population would have been much smaller if Fleming had been a less observant guy. So yeah hats off to this guy. He deserves a dozen Nobel prizes at the least.

@xiphocostal 2 года назад

It was someone else. Florey and Chain actually.

@Onorgu 4 года назад

You're voice is so calming

@amicableenmity9820 4 года назад

It's ridiculous how much doctors push antibiotics on you. I had to get a boil on my finger lanced and the doc wanted me to take them. I asked instead if there was something I could do to keep it clean. He'd already cleaned the area with iodine, and told me to soak it in antibacterial soap for 10 minutes at home. I don't even think that was necessary, I could have just kept the area clean with regular soap and water. We treat our bodies like they have no immune system to begin with. I really think the hygene hypothesis is right in some cases. Obviously you need antibacterials in more severe cases, but we need to be more like Europe when it comes to stuff like this.

@anncokafor 4 года назад

The final episode of Are You Afraid of the Dark is about a girl who dies from taking a penicillin shot. It has been about 20 years since I last saw it but it's the one episode I can never forget. Still frightens me till the day. I understand why some might be hesitant from taking it.

@Emma-re3cc 4 года назад

last time i was this early penicillin hadn't been discovered

@Madhattersinjeans 4 года назад

Welcome time traveller.

@datawizard130 4 года назад

Aw I thought this was going to be a movie about the cats remake

@labdhisharma5396 4 года назад

Hard to imagine how many accidents that changed humanity till today?

@hatredisvengeance5777 4 года назад

Comment thief :v

@vittoprince 4 года назад

Ah, so happy Ted ED is acknowledging my contribution to the world

@Naedanger253 2 года назад

I've worked on Alexander Flemings house in Edinburgh, still kept in good condition to this day

@unclet9305 4 года назад

Without accidents I wouldn’t be here

@vipulpetkar 4 года назад

I Dont know what would I do without ted-ed

@muslimyouthcongress9541 4 года назад

" *I LOVE TED ED* " -Curious Brainz

@bubbaguy4411 2 года назад

You have to give credit and admire someone that states "I accidentally discovered this" instead of claiming self ingenuity like others in history; for example: "I invented the light bulb"

@nikhilhadbe271 2 года назад

Well he can't say knew about it , it could have only be discovered accidently

@bubbaguy4411 2 года назад

@@nikhilhadbe271 My point... (especially theses days) when they study (or try to create) infectious bacteria (or a new germ bio-weapon) it isn't a stretch to ALSO work on anti-bacterial agents (or the cure for the bio-weapon)... He could have EASILY announced in a publication/paper that he decided to also work on a potential anti-bacteria to counter the bad bacteria and then... (once he did his research on the spores) "had a eureka moment"...

@anilmishra2819 4 года назад

I love you ted-ed team.

@NoName-ik2du 2 года назад

Misread the title as "the *accent* that changed the world". While disappointing that this was not actually the topic, the video was still interesting.

@julianthong125 4 года назад

Master Oogway : “There are no accidents”

@Gravitraxer_AangCZ 4 года назад

Master oopsway

@kunjappy 3 года назад

I didn't understand what accident you were talking about? until I saw those first lines on the second scene of the video, and when I thought of penicillin, the Penicillium fungi, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming, and the word " first antibiotic " immediately came to mind.

@erazer5685 2 года назад

This video totally underplays the important role played by Howard Florey in the penecillin storey.

@enisenis2662 3 года назад

Another great example of why humans must not neglect nature and the knowledge we can derive from it. ** Instead of destroying natural habitats and ecosystems that saved us and could still save us in the future**

@mjstory1976 4 года назад

Awesome and informative video

@persian_interpreter 2 года назад

Alexander Fleming the Prophet of his Time....💓💓💓

@DeTalented 4 года назад

Ted ed is like chocolate. Once you start, you can't stop.

@kiakay4867 3 года назад

History is a complicated matter as it is everything, every little messup, invention or iconic event.

@icreatedanaccountforthis1852 2 года назад

wonderful

@nyihtoo 4 года назад

superb animation...

@KeivanHH 2 года назад

Would you believe if penicillin was discovered nowadays? Groups would spread misinformation about penicillin allergy, theories about it. Or would avoid using it when is necessary because they don't want mold-derivates compounds enter their body

@frankdrebin2343 2 года назад

if i put some mold i found growing in my fridge into a syringe and told you to inject it into your bloodstream, would you do it? yes, of course! lol

@mellucid3161 4 года назад

Wow.... just wow

@norbertsiewert3917 2 года назад

Keflex had saved me from several infections in my lifetime. One particular severe throat infection in particular. I caught that aggressive infection at Yosemite National Park, of all places.