The Annulment of Katherine of Aragon: A Counterfactual History

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It’s time for another counterfactual exploration - what would have happened if Katherine of Aragon had capitulated to Henry’s request that their marriage be set aside; if she had agreed that it should be annulled?
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Intro / Outro song: Silent Partner, "Greenery" [ • Greenery - Silent Part... ]
SFX from freesfx.co.uk/Default.aspx
Linked videos and playlists:
Henry VIII: • King Henry VIII: Randy...
Great Matter: • Henry VIII's "Great Ma...
Katherine of Aragon: • Katherine of Aragon: W...
Anne Boleyn: • The Tower of London an...
Mary I: • Princess Mary's Marria...
Anne of Cleves: • Anne of Cleves: Henry ...
What if Prince Arthur had lived?: • Prince Arthur Tudor: W...
Images (from Wikimedia Commons, unless otherwise stated):
16th century woodcut of the coronation of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon showing their heraldic badges, the Tudor rose and the pomegranate. From Stephen Hawes, A Joyfull Medytacvon to All Englande (1509), printed Wynkyn de Worde, 4to, n.d. (Cambridge University Library), a single sheet with woodcut of the coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
Portrait of Arthur, Prince of Wales by an unknown artist of the Anglo-Flemish school (c.1500). Held in an unnamed private collection.
Miniature portrait of Katherine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout (c.1525). Held in an unnamed private collection.
Portrait of Lorenzo Campeggio found in Edward Harding’s “Shakespeare Illustrated” (1793). Held by the British Museum.
A detail from an illumination in a 14th-century manuscript (The Great Chronicle of France) depicting the marriage of French king Louis VII to Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1137. Held by the Château de Chantilly.
Portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger (c.1539). Held by the Louvre Museum.
Dedication of Bridget to the nunnery at Dartford, as imagined by James Northcote (1822). National Trust, Petworth House, West Sussex.
Portrait of Queen Mary I before she was queen by Master John (1544). Held by the National Portrait Gallery.
Portrait of Henry VIII by Joos van Cleve (c.1530-35). Held by the Royal Collection Trust.
Katherine of Aragon, by an Unknown artist, oil on panel, c. 1520, L246.; on loan to the National Portrait Gallery, London; Lent by permission of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Church Commissioners for England, 2011.
Portrait of Eleanor of Austria, Archduchess of Austria by Joos van Cleve (c.1530). Held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum.
Portrait of Anne Boleyn by unknown English artist (late 16th century, based on a work of circa 1533-1536). Held by the National Portrait Gallery.
Portrait of Elizabeth I when a Princess attributed to William Scrots (between 1546 and 1547) Held by the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle.
Portrait of Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein the Younger (1527). Held by the Frick Collection.
Portrait of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey by Sampson Strong (1585-1596). Held by Trinity College.
Portrait of Thomas Cromwell by Hans Holbein the Younger (1532-33). Held by the Frick Collection.
Quoted texts:
Leviticus 20:21 (KJV)
Letter from Campeggio to Sanga from www.british-history.ac.uk/let....
Constance Brittain Bouchard, “Eleanor’s Divorce from Louis VII: The Uses of Consanguinity” in Eleanor of Aquitaine (2003).
Also consulted, were:
Other relevant entries from The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online.
#Tudor #History #GreatMatter

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18 янв 2024

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@racheloldridge4986 5 месяцев назад

Poor Catherine. It seems pretty clear it would have been better for everyone if she'd caved - but the fact she didn't is by far the most interesting thing about her.

@Angel-nu7fm 5 месяцев назад

Protestantism wouldn't have gotten the needed boost...Pope would have reigned in America as well...this broke their stranglehold. Luther already started in Germany, but Henry unintentionally bolstered them.

@spencerfrankclayton4348 5 месяцев назад

Her conscience and strong morals wouldn't let her; she knew Henry and she had been married and that Mary was not a bastard. To cave in would be to lie.

@hilmaallen1302 5 месяцев назад

You know Queen Catherine was more than just Henry’s wife when he was in France she was regent of England, and while she was pregnant, she led an army to put down an uprising in the north while Henry was in France. There’s a lot more to Catherine than just being Henry’s stubborn wife.

@LadyAhro 5 месяцев назад

@@hilmaallen1302 Her position as the Spanish ambassador is my personal favourite thing about her.

@di3486 5 месяцев назад

@@hilmaallen1302She did not lead an army. She organized the logistics and visited camps to boost the morals of the soldiers. Not the same as leading an army.

@sauvignonblanc0 5 месяцев назад

Your analysis is excellent! I agree with all of it. F****** fabulous What is forgotten a lot is Katherine's pride. She is the child of 'the Catholic Monarchs' of Castille and Aragon. Mary never forgot where she came. Thus, Katherine would never accept anything else than 'the Queen of England'.

@arcola44 5 месяцев назад

Absolutely! She was the daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella; she was England's leader for the Battle of Flodden. She would never, ever have accepted the deal!

@jessicaroberts7788 5 месяцев назад

I agree, I’d like to know was there ever any plans for her to go back to Spain after Arthur died? Could she have remarried another European noble/ royal? Is the fact she stayed in England a sign that she saw her destiny and Gods plan for her to be Queen of England? I think understanding their religious viewpoint of the world might have been the reason she didn’t back down. A sort of God ordained this and so I will stick this out no matter how bad this life is because the eternal life is coming and to go against God in this life is a sin? I’m with everyone else who commented saying her refusal makes her more fascinating but I feel for her suffering. I don’t think I’d have had the strength, I’d have taken the deal.

@ronicrotty5542 5 месяцев назад

I believe Henry VIi won’t let her return to Spain because he would have to return the dowry and he wanted to keep it. He even thought of marrying her.

@revinaque1342 5 месяцев назад

@@jessicaroberts7788There were quite a few issues with her dowry. Ferdinand of Aragon only sent half of the agreed-upon amount. Then Arthur died, and they were at an impasse. Ferdinand wasn't going to send the rest, and Henry VII sure as hell wasn't going to return the portion that he received, so he just stuck Catherine in a castle until he and Ferdinand could come to a satisfactory agreement. Poor girl was in limbo for years As for agreeing to Henry VIII's terms, I think Catherine was more pragmatic than religious. She had everything to lose and nothing to gain by stepping down. There is no place in society for a divorced/retired queen. She was the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, who basically had control of the Pope and the Catholic Church, so she had the political backing necessary to stick to her guns. Nobody could have forseen the lengths to which Henry VIII was willing to go to obtain a male heir. It's only in retrospect that we see that it might have been better for her to step down

@kellihart3885 5 месяцев назад

@jessicaroberts7788 I can totally agree,and if Henry felt he could've gotten away with it politically,Katherine may very well have been the first Queen beheaded instead of Anne Boleyn.

@angelairidescenceartglass6289 5 месяцев назад

I always wonder if Catherine’s resistance to the annulment had less to do with pride and more to do with what she saw happen to her sister Joanna (Juana) when she became Queen of Castile at the death of Isabella. Was, perhaps, her resistance fear of being isolated and confined because she was inconvenient like her sister who was a Queen regnant, not merely a Queen consort? By 1526, Joanna had already been pushed aside by her father, husband, and son. I’d think that example might be an influence.

@samanthafordyce5795 5 месяцев назад

I hadn't considered that, but you bring up a good point. Juana was ill-done-by the many men in her life.

@stephanieking4444 5 месяцев назад

Good point, maybe Katherine feared a fate similar to her sister's.

@dfuher968 5 месяцев назад

Good point! Ive always wondered, whether Juana was "mad" at all, if it wasnt more likely, that the only mad thing about her was the selfish ambitions of the men in her life.

@SandraMorgan-bt3dp 5 месяцев назад

KOA was called the Princess of Wales. She was queen of England. That was her identity. Who was she if not Queen? A truly royal lady.

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

Maybe it had more to do with her own treatment after the death of Arthur. She always strikes me as not very bright. Learned, certainly, but unable to think things through, By acting the way she did, she Guaranteed her return to such treatment and a miserable life. Martyr syndrome. and definite bigotry. A trait inherited from her parents that came to fruition in her daughter,.

@Teekat 5 месяцев назад

👸 Catherine had a hell of a time with those Tudors. They taught he to fight for her rights- the 7 years she was “forgotten”- she had to fight even if walking away would have been the smarter choice. I always wonder what would Henry think if he knew he was remembered & be famous for his 6 wives. I also wonder if Anne’s decision to withhold sex until she was married was a tactic to escape the king rather than be a conniving way to become queen. It has been said that you can’t refuse the king, yet she did & managed to hold him off for years. I think women in abusive & stalking relationships and how they try to survive- i wonder if there is another layer that we haven’t considered.

@dfuher968 5 месяцев назад

Ive had the very same thought regarding Anne! She probably never expected, that he would succeed in getting rid of his wife! And as for Catherine, she really was caught. After the death of Arthur, Henry VII had no use for her, and her parents having already paid her dowry and also not having need to marrying her off to some1 else enough to want to pay again wouldnt take her back. So she was stuck in England, sidelined and mostly forgotten under pitiful conditions. Once Henry VIII inherited and wanted to marry her, that was her only way out, and it also gave her back to position, she had been raised for, and which she considered her right. Between that and Henrys demand to lie, a sin in the eyes of her God, by admitting to even more grievous sins by her faith, she couldnt do, what he demanded. The really sad thing is, I think, there was actually a way, that wouldve worked for both of them, if Henry hadnt been so pigheadedly stubborn and had bothered at some point to actually get to know his wife and understand her. They couldve agree to basically, what was suggested according to Campeggio, only instead of demanding that Catherine lie about their marriage, they couldve agreed, that she would express a public wish to become a nun, which wouldve given him a very valid reason to ask for an annulment, so he could remarry, which he likely wouldve gotten with no problems. Ive read of such arrangements. And she couldve gone to live comfortably in a convent of her choice with Marys future assured and probably with free access to visit Mary.

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

@@dfuher968 I is such an obvious solution, to us looking back on what we know now ,that it makes you wonder why they never took that route. I firmly believe that Anne's refusals really were an attempt to fend Henry off, and it was only as time went and, that her stance changed Anne appears to have been pragmatic, unlike Katherine, who I will admit is the Queen I have least time and sympathy for. She had the solution in her own hands, yet she insisted on fighting a battle she would never win and causing alot of suffering for others along the way. I even think she was a hypocrite in her faith, a fanatical one , but still a hypocrite. IF she was so pious, you could be forgiven for assuming that the offer of a comfortable ife in a religious order would have been perfect for her. But nwe had the 'I am Queen! I am! Iam!' Violet Elizabeth strop. That makes her guilty of several sins, Pride being foremost. She also presumed to know better than God, in a way. If she believed it was 'His' will that she was Queen, maybe it was also his will that she wasn't? No one was asking her te denounce her beliefs,they were offering her a chance to follow them closer.

@punkykenickie2408 5 месяцев назад

Yeah, she couldn't reasonably have expected that turning down the king would make her queen, usually that would just have made him lose interest and go after someone else so it's quite possible thats' what she was trying to do at least initially.

@jakual339 4 месяца назад

As far as Anne turning Henry down, she certainly would have had a clear example of what her life would have looked like if she *had* acquiesed to him: her sister Mary. If I'm remembering correctly, she was quickly abandoned, and then shunted off into an acceptable-but-not-particularly-impressive marriage. Doesn't sound like a great choice for a woman with ambitions either to a love match, or to a good match. And perhaps she did have sincerely held moral and/or religious beliefs about premarital sex. Catherine isn't the only one who might genuinely have been motivated by conscience.

@MazMedazzaland 5 месяцев назад

Also, it’s somewhat unfair to KOA to say she was overly stubborn - WE know what length Henry was willing to go to, and what England was willing to stomach. She didn’t. Besides which, he wasn’t simply asking for an annulment. He wanted her to admit she’d been living in adultery with him. Why would she do that?

@Shane-Flanagan 5 месяцев назад

Exactly 💯

@lisalking2476 5 месяцев назад

Adultery would cost ya your head back then 😒 🙄 😢

@christinetitus6388 5 месяцев назад

I totally agree! It wasn’t totally about being prideful as many think. She was Henry’s first & lawful wife with whom he dealt treacherously in the eyes of God & man.

@balletshoes 5 месяцев назад

I absolutely agree. Catherine was his lawful wife and he wanted her to lie about it and admit that she committed adultery and her daughter was therefore the fruit of an adulterous affair - Catherine was a well-loved queen by the people and the court. To admit to adultery would have meant her public death as well.

@Historian212 5 месяцев назад

No, not adultery. Arthur was dead by the time of her second marriage. The issue Henry put forth was that their marriage was improper because he married his brother’s widow. That is not adultery.

@maribeld84 5 месяцев назад

I think Henry's treatment of Anne of Cleves also proves he would have been lenient towards Catherine had she obliged the anulment.

@k.stacey7389 4 месяца назад

Henry was pretty generous with those who did what he wanted. And the exact opposite of generous with anybody who defied him.

@One.DeSanctis. Месяц назад

Didn't he already have 1 legitimate son and heir by the time Cleeves came around? He was working with a time crunch when KOA hit the menopause (or whatever made her child bearing years end).

@maribeld84 Месяц назад

@@One.DeSanctis. Yes but he did offer Katherine a divorce. I really do believe he would have treated her well, as he did Cleves, had she obliged. But Katherine was a warrior queen and would not back down and relinquish her crown, or more importantly, her daughter's title and inheritance. This angered Henry.

@tinygypsyladycreations7265 5 месяцев назад

The counterfactuals are always so interesting to thing about how one event could possibility change history! 👸

@elinorwinchester9067 5 месяцев назад

The only thing that struck me was that my previous parish would have to be named after a different saint (I used to attend St. Thomas More Catholic Church, before I moved for my job). It’s a small thing, but rather personal.

@debiapostol 5 месяцев назад

That ‘one’ change - Catherine acquiescing to Henry’s demand for an Annulment - would/could have SO many impacts upon not only Englands, but the entire Continent’s, existing History … one string pulls another, which pulls another, which - ad infinitum. It boggles the mind! 👑👰🏻

@anthonytroisi6682 5 месяцев назад

If Henry was really the villain everyone says he was, he would have arranged an accident or case of food poisoning for Katherine. Unlike some other truly evil rulers, Harry always had to worry about his conscience. Always, Henry wanted to portray himself as a man of scruples. Cold-blooded murder was unthinkable Judicial murder, on the other hand , was perfectly acceptable.

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

@@anthonytroisi6682 Well put and sums it up perfectly. I think that KoA was only protected from some spurious charges because of who she was. It has always interested me that the only Queens who were disposed of in such a way were Henry's Own subjects. There was never any talk of treason about the 2 that weren't. Now why would that be, I wonder?

@ericgabrielmadrid8426 4 месяца назад

@@anthonytroisi6682 If he did that, he will be in conflict with Spain.

@k.stacey7389 4 месяца назад

@@ericgabrielmadrid8426there would be no conflict with Spain if she died of an “illness” at her age, or a carefully arranged accident.

@samanthafordyce5795 Месяц назад

The Tudors in general were big on judicial murder from beginning to end. I've never liked any of them.@@anthonytroisi6682

@julzy3 5 месяцев назад

I think Katherine of Aragon behaved the way she was brought up to behave. She was an Infanta of Spain👸 & she went through a lot to get to where she was.💪 Her mother was the Queen of Castile🏰 which probably made her think the idea of Queen Mary Tudor wasn't as crazy as the English Court seemed to think & Henry is just fickle. (which was true) Hindsight is 20/20, but it is interesting to speculate. Excellent presentation as always! Thanks, Dr. Kat.

@catherinerickard699 5 месяцев назад

I thank you for this. I have been in a deep depression, struggled for weeks to recover. I am a massive of you, and found this video 2 days ago, and all sudden i had something to think about, and i’ve got out of bed actually got dressed and im enjoying going to my bookshelf and recapping this subject and enjoying the opportunity to read and think of a different outcome for history. Thank you. ❤

@wjl3138 5 месяцев назад

2:21 hello there from Texas! I too, struggle with depression, the " black dog" as Churchill termed it. Sometimes mine lifts on its own accord, but other times, reconnecting with an interest, or being sparked by a new idea ( has to be a pretty big spark!) Or inspired by encountering the stories of strong women, especially when these stories are told by a strong woman like Dr. Kat. Anyway, I basically wanted to say you are not alone. Keep moving forward, even if it's in tiny, inconsequential ways. You will eventually emerge at the other end. Take care and best wishes.

@peggyh4805 3 месяца назад

So glad to hear you’re both feeling better. Don’t you just love Dr. Kat! 💙from Connecticut USA

@cmlaporte62 5 месяцев назад

I still believe that the event that changed the personality of Henry VIII for the worst, was the injury he suffered in the jousting accident in January of 1536. I do agree, though, with your assessment that Katherine of Aragon’s life would have been much happier and more comfortable if she had acceded to Henry’s demands. He would probably have even been friendly towards her, as he had been with Anne of Cleves. 💔

@reverie6034 5 месяцев назад

Came here to say this. I agree. That injury changed him forever. But Catherine certainly could have mitigated the damage to her daughter if she had capitulated but we have the benefit of hindsight. Catherine was a queen as anointed and destined by God. She could not and would not throw away what God had preordained in her eyes.

@gogreen7794 5 месяцев назад

@reverie6034 She certainly became a queen (consort) but I'm pretty sure a diety had nothing to do with it. Otherwise, that diety didn't treat her very well.

@--enyo-- 5 месяцев назад

I completely disagree. The red flags were all flying well before this event.

@doriamurriola7188 5 месяцев назад

Just to let you know, those reports were exaggerated/misunderstood. He never hit his head or was unconscious during that episode, but he got injured in his leg. Besides that, he was long before executing ministers and acquaintances, but he did suffer during his whole life from headaches from repeated jousting during his early years

@dfuher968 5 месяцев назад

@@gogreen7794But it was her deity. Hard as it is for us to understand, religion was a very serious thing bad then, and by all accounts she was very religious even for those times. She could never have gone against her God. As for the injury, I have to agree with the latter posters, while the leg injury and the health problems and accompanying pain from it following him the rest of his life probably made him much worse, I think, its easy to write off a head injury as the cause for his behavior. As enyo and doria say, the reports of the injury were exaggerated/misunderstood, and there were plenty of red flag b4 the accident. By all accounts he was a spoiled, entitled brat, who grew up to be even worse, especially after becoming king and getting confirmed, how "special" he was. While Im not a psychologist, and its really hard to diagnose historical figures, I would suggest, that he sounds a lot more like a malignant narcissist than a victim of a brain injury.

@misskitty2710 5 месяцев назад

I can’t see Katherine EVER agreeing to an annulment. Not only did she believe deeply that she would have been putting her immortal soul in danger by doing so, but she also believed that the same held true for Henry. She wanted Henry to save himself from damnation, and felt that he’d been misled by advisors, and by Anne Boleyn. Moreover, she said firmly that she « had no calling to the religious life », and that her marriage to Henry was everything it ought to be in Gos’s eyes, and in hers.💍💕

@arcola44 5 месяцев назад

Thanks again for another great video. Thanks especially for the discussion of Louis & Eleanor of Aquitaine. Kind of illustrates how easy it was to get an annulment if you were important enough, or if your nephew the Emperor didn't happen to be besieging Rome when the divorce petition arrived!👑

@nicolemunro3132 5 месяцев назад

I’m just going going home and going back and

@susanbellefeuille 5 месяцев назад

I think the question really is What if Catherine of Aragon had a surviving son to be named King after his father?

@ReadingthePast 5 месяцев назад

I can certainly do that one in the future, thank you ☺️

@disgruntledmoderate5331 5 месяцев назад

I love these! Thanks, Dr. Kat! 👸🏼

@SpyderQueen1988 5 месяцев назад

That's a great question! What if baby Henry had not died after only 52 days?

@deborahsojourner6755 5 месяцев назад

I think in that case Anne would not have gotten as far as she did.

@eshim3961 5 месяцев назад

These "what if" scenarios are always so fascinating in the hands of Dr. Kat's extraordinary wealth of knowledge and her ability to share it with us.

@R08Tam 5 месяцев назад

Counterfactual is a fascinating rabbit hole to go down. What if we had lost the Battle of Britain or if Harold had prevailed at Hastings? Of course the main thing is that by changing one small event you change everything; ie: I wouldn't have just watched this video and you wouldn't be reading my comment. I love your content, keep it up.

@marcusfridh8489 5 месяцев назад

What if Elizabeth actually married Eric the xiv of sweden

@julilla1 5 месяцев назад

An interesting thought experiment, to be sure. It's so difficult to imagine Katharine doing anything else.

@dalestaley5637 5 месяцев назад

Hi Dr Kat! I'm so glad you bring up King Louis and Eleanor whose marriage was annulled. The refusal of a capricious pope weren't based in religious doctrine but politics as Katherine was related to the machine of this decision. Imo I find KOA was foolish. She should have struck a deal to have Mary be heir to the throne if no males were forthcoming and be remain powerful in comfort. She cut herself off, she knew Henry was fickle. I think she unwisely thought she was set aside to languish as she had after Arthur died. Her father, his father let her rot for 6 years without funds, few allies. She put herself in that same position but worse bc she was a zealot, was as hard headed as Henry. KOA didn't win, she withered. Nobody was offering her "get real girl" advice. If "God" was on your side, you wouldn't be set aside. She frustrates me bc she dug herself in and then buried herself and set up every woman following to suffering. Anne of Cleves, the smartest of them all.

@1234cheerful 5 месяцев назад

You have an interesting take on this. Thanks for giving this side of it.

@Loyaltoafault210 5 месяцев назад

@@1234cheerfulI agree

@morriganmoonglow2712 5 месяцев назад

Came here to say this . 👏👑🏰🏵️

@balletshoes 5 месяцев назад

You frustrate me, because you seem to put the entire blame at her door as though no other party in this mess had any agency and Catherine's actions dictated everybody else's decisions. You forget that she might have been traumatised by her first experience after Arthur's death and had no reason to believe this time it would be any different regardless of Henry's promises. I agree that she could have cut a far better deal for herself, but that doesn't mean that she is the architect of her misery. Henry was a horrible person and we see how fair was he in his treatment of others and how well he kept his promises.

@AW-uv3cb 5 месяцев назад

I disagree. She was certainly no fool, she just had different priorities. And I'm sure she had more than plenty of people, starting with Henry himself, telling her to "get real girl". At some point (if not from the start) she must have been aware of the consequences, and of the fact that she could still change her mind and cut herself a deal. We'll never know if she refused to do so because she was telling the truth and didn't want to risk her soul (according to her beliefs) by lying about her marriage to Arthur, or because she didn't want to be shown for a liar and someone who had lived in sin for so many years, and for her daughter to be forever branded as a bastard, or both (incidentally, if she agreed to the annulment, that would have made Mary officially a bastard, which probably means that a deal making her Henry's successor in the event of no sons would have been impossible). Either way, immediate physical comfort was clearly not her priority. That doesn't make her foolish, even if most of us would likely choose the cold rational way (I'd like to believe, though, that I'd be able to show the same stalwart spirit as she did if something that really mattered to me was at stake). As for Anne of Cleves - clearly, she made the most rational decision, but it has to be said that she was in a very different position and relation to Henry and his court than all the other wives. Unlike Katherine and even Anne Boleyn, she didn't have a long emotional history with Henry; she only knew him for a very short while as an ageing creepy guy who tried to kiss her before even introducing himself, then couldn't perform in bed and blamed it on her lack of beauty and bad smell (and who had at this point banished one wife and killed another). She had no child with him to change the stakes and the lack of consummation of their marriage meant that she could get out of it without any harm to her reputation. And she had not been part of Henry's court, so there must have been less "family influence" plotting around her. Of course she made the only rational choice under the circumstances. Doesn't mean that Katherine's choice was not reasonable according to her own circumstances, personal history and beliefs.

@bookwyrm2011 5 месяцев назад

I believe that Catherine would have been happy to retire IF Mary's place in the succession was guaranteed.

@1234cheerful 5 месяцев назад

@bookwyrm2 I do not see Anne Boleyn easily giving in to keeping Mary's precedence though. She's queen, she would want her own son/daughter to take the throne. She would be hoping for/counting on a son who would supplant Mary in the lineage.

@bookwyrm2011 5 месяцев назад

@1234cheerful Okay, let me rephrase that. Catherine might have gone into retirement willingly if Mary would not lose her rank and privileges.

@1234cheerful 5 месяцев назад

@@bookwyrm2011 Possibly, although I think Catherine, from the example of her mother, was hardcore keeping her own rank and privilege. Isabella was a queen in her own right and retained her rank when she married Ferdinand. Not to mention, no wife wants to be shunted aside for one of her staff members. But if she could have taken that option, and Anne Boleyn stood for it, it would have saved a lot of trouble. Of course, Mary might still remained Catholic which might not have gone down well with her father. But that is another tangent!

@bookwyrm2011 5 месяцев назад

@@1234cheerful I would have to agree.

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

@@1234cheerful If Kate had done the decent thing, there would have been No Reformation, at least not in the form it took, so England would have been Catholic. Odd to think that the woman who appears to have been a fanatic about her faith actually caused the fissure. Henry remained Catholic at heart; the Real Protestantism took hold under his son. Henry just liked what he gained from it. A foot in both camps Control over both, and of course lots of lovely Loot! Do you know that is said to be the Real reason for AB's downfall? She wanted the money from the Dissolution used to help the people. Schools hospitals, better roads, the usual 'Looney Left' nonsense Cromwell wanted it for the Crown. Guess who won? Nothing changes really.

@bushwickbaby 5 месяцев назад

Dr. Kat, this is SOOO fascinating as I've always wondered what would have happened if Katherine had agreed to an annulment!! Thank you for making this cold snowy NYC day a brighter one. 🥰

@lisalightner8068 5 месяцев назад

Katherine could have entered a convent or monastery without dishonour. It was the usual thing under the circumstances. But she said her vocation was marriage and not the religious life. I find it ironic that she, in her devotion to the church, helped to usher in the break with Rome.🎯

@VMBMoss 3 месяца назад

For all of us older (40) ladies, that haven't been able to have a kid, poor poor Catherine! It's good though that almost 500 years later, we hear her story and feel her pain, and she is heard! Thanks Dr. Kat!

@ea42455 5 месяцев назад

A great way to pass the day in a snowy central Kentucky... and we don't get much snow in these parts. Thanks, Dr. Kat!

@VetsrisAuguste 5 месяцев назад

Same here in Nashville

@--enyo-- 5 месяцев назад

These are interesting because we often fall into the trap of hindsight when looking at history. We know that A leads to B leads to C and so on. But this can give us an idea what people at the time might be pondering and predicting when they thought about what might happen in their future, our past. It can make the reasons for decisions and events more clear.

@joannshupe9333 5 месяцев назад

In Henry's day, anyone who considered themselves educated had experience with Latin; therefore it amazes me that I've never heard of anyone arguing (😆) with Henry that there is a very real difference between "wife" and "widow" in Latin. Surely that's how the Bible would have read? Does anyone have access to the Bible that Henry would have been reading? I'd love to know what the actual word is in Leviticus.

@ReadingthePast 5 месяцев назад

My assumption is that it was the Vulgate - it is brother’s wife in that (uxorem fratris). However, as we know tenuous interpretations of faith texts have long been used for humans to do / get what they want. She may have been Arthur’s widow but she was once his wife 😉

@cheryld.3616 5 месяцев назад

❤

@joannshupe9333 5 месяцев назад

That is true; however, the sentence is structured in the present, so (IMO) if she IS a wife then it is sinful; if she is, at present, a widow, that's a very different thing. I think. Thanks for your reply. 😘@@ReadingthePast

@susanfisher606 4 месяца назад

I think this goes to show that by this point Henry had already started into a Reformer’s mindset of picking certain verses to support his desires while ignoring others that oppose his desires. Deuteronomy 25:5-10 clearly states a brother should take up his deceased brother’s wife.

@redessa01 5 месяцев назад

All else being equal, if Catherine had peaceably capitulated to Henry's desire to end the marriage and Mary had been allowed to spend time with her, I think the relationship between Mary and Elizabeth would have been much less fraught. Henry would not have needed to break from Rome and would have remained Catholic thus negating the religious tension between the sisters. Also, if as you speculated, Mary kept her position as princess, then Elizabeth would not have been usurping her place with their father which would also lessen the rivalry and resentment. While Mary likely still would have had hard feelings toward Anne Boleyn (and Elizabeth by association), probably not to the same degree, especially towards Elizabeth. I believe keeping Mary from her mother, not even being allowed to see her when she was dying, did a world of emotional damage to Mary. She couldn't really take that out on her father, Anne died soon after Catherine, so that left Elizabeth as the embodiment of all the injustice done towards Catherine. Whereas if Catherine had been accepting of the situation, I think Mary's pain and indignation would have been considerably less.

@cynthiapena1141 5 месяцев назад

Love hearing about Catherine of Aragon. Perhaps indeed her life would have been much easier than what it was. Thank you.👑

@marcusfridh8489 5 месяцев назад

What if Arthur never died

@krizzygirl206 5 месяцев назад

She has a video on this already! It's really neat!@@marcusfridh8489

@di3486 5 месяцев назад

And many lives spared

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

@@marcusfridh8489 Kat has done that ,I think?

@marisavaliente7258 5 месяцев назад

There are two important elements in this conflict: Catherine sworn to be a virgin when she married Henry, second and most important Catherine of Aragon was the daughter of the mighty Catholic kings, aunt of Charles the emperor, she could never agree to such blow to her dignity. She was a pious and virtuous wife and she knew who she was. Henry never met such a dignified person in his life. All other examples of annulments used are not to be comparable against the case of Catherine. Henry was arrogant, cruel and manipulative, his deeds were beyond what is minimally understood. The killing for consciousness of so many, mainly Sir Thomas Moore is far too wicked.

@kaybrown4010 5 месяцев назад

If Katherine would have gone quietly it would have prevented a lot of bloodshed, and maybe even the Civil War and regicide.

@ingerfaber3411 5 месяцев назад

I think this is fitting : 🕸 - a spider's web. No matter who you place in the middle it connects to so many other issues. The most sad thing we would lose however : "In 1537, King Henry VIII sent the famed artist Hans Holbein to Brussels to paint Christina's [of Denmark] portrait. The picture prompted a marriage proposal, to which Christina is said to have replied: "If I had two heads, one should be at the king of England's disposal." The reverse is blank." Such a wonderful quote to have gone down thru the ages !

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

Clever Christina of Denmark.

@marcusfridh8489 5 месяцев назад

No denied annulment, no Lutheran anglican church of England. As that was the catalyst for the brake from Rome

@spews1973 5 месяцев назад

A great way to spend a typically mild winter's night in Taiwan. It's certainly given me plenty to think about.

@naithom 5 месяцев назад

At any point did anyone mention during KOA's petitions that in the Book of Ruth it mentions the Leverite law which states that if a man dies before having a son, his closest male relative must marry the widow? This should have totally negated Henry's theory.

@jjudy5869 5 месяцев назад

I've always wondered why that was never brought up during the negotiations for Katherine of Aragon to step aside.

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

Question is what took precedence Scripture or Political power? (rhetorical question)

@marelygarcia4428 5 месяцев назад

in my head Catherine of Aragon went back to Spain and lived the rest of her life happily

@voxangelaemortis 5 месяцев назад

I feel myself uncomfortable with the (perhaps my own projection of, as I do not presume to think it intentional) message of this thought experiment being that the world would have been a happier and overall more stable place if Katherine had just surrendered. The butterfly effect and all, yes, especially when dealing with royalty in a time when being royal actually made you different/special. But Katherine being the nail that caused the shoe to fall that caused the horse to fall that caused the soldier/king to fall that caused the battle to be lost that caused the kingdom to be lost seems a bit extreme. Mary could likely have had a less bitter life and, if married to a foreign king so that she could not take the throne herself, that could have altered the course of history. The rift with the Catholic Church could have been postponed as long as Henry was getting his way. But I find myself suspecting that a man of Henry's ego would have ended up just as extreme in the end. The number and/or names of wives may have changed, but I could still see Henry following the same blueprint of regicidal insanity, especially if he honestly believed that the lack of a son was some punishment from God.

@oonaghmarguerite6752 5 месяцев назад

@voxangelaemortis yes! Yes! YES! That man was a menace with every passing year that he drew breath.....

@danielsantiagourtado3430 5 месяцев назад

You're the Best! Can't get enough of your work 😊😊😊❤❤❤

@rebeccaaugustine8628 5 месяцев назад

The hypothetical question of "what if Katherine of Aragon had agreed to the annulment" has crossed my mind more than a few times. Yes, I DEFINITELY believe that there would have been no "Church of England" as we know it today. If Katherine had realized that her "firmness" would have caused a rift between England and the Vatican, she might have been more willing to capitulate.

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

👆 Yes, IF Katherine was able to see into the future ~ Force had been used successful up until the 1500s, then it was a combination of Force /Coerce since Council of Trent. Then Ecumenism since Vatican 2. Same agenda ~ Different tactics. Lots of Non-Catholic Believers were dominated for centuries UNTIL the 1500s. It is so interesting that England rejected Papal Rule for reason much different than that of other Areas of Europe, BUT because it was during the same time period. So Interesting! Katherine in limbo for 6 years between 2 marriages is pitiful. She must’ve known about Henry’s other women, other children, BUT to be Rejected from her official position!?!? 😱 😡 😭

@midwifelife 5 месяцев назад

I love these "what ifs". Ive slways felt that KOA's refusal (understandable though it was) to agree to favourable terms and annulment led to untold bloodshed, hardships and pain. With so much at stake and only a generation from the Wars of the Roses, its easy to understand Henry's panic at the lack of a male heir and his belief that the country would suffer. Yes, ideally he'd have stayed with Katherine, but once he'd made that decision I feel both sorrow for, and intense irritation at Katherine - just live a peaceful, happy life with access to your daughter and court, otherwise the bloodshed and pain for countless people will be set in motion. She was a formidable woman but up against a man developing into a monster

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

Totally agree. All this 'she was obeying God's will' stuff does not wash with me .Did it not occur to her that the Anulment may have been 'God's will' and he intended her to do something else? She could have founded her Own religious order perhaps? Then she could have played Queen Bee all she liked, safe in the knowledge that she was obeying 'His'will and being obedient to the Pope.

@punkykenickie2408 5 месяцев назад

@@hogwashmcturnip8930 Between her and Henry it seems like every royal involved thought God was on their side with this one, regardless of how it looked to everyone else XD

@k.stacey7389 4 месяца назад

Yeah, I never understood how she could create a schism in the church and basically lose her daughter without ever wondering if maybe that wasn’t actually the best path to take.

@hogwashmcturnip8930 4 месяца назад

@@punkykenickie2408 Good poiint

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

👆”and she could have obeyed the pope.” Yep. That particular pope was under the thumb of Katherine’s nephew, The Roman Emperor. Snapshot of what happens when Religion & Politics compete. WHY didn’t Pope immediately tell Henry “NO” to his annulment ?

@palomam5152 5 месяцев назад

👑 Katherine amazes me. Such a strong conviction to face and maintain her place in a strange court, in a strange country, which was surely hostile to her in her refusal to bow down.

@annbrady6212 5 месяцев назад

I think that you nailed it. Henry didn't start out as a jerk. He might have been remembered instead as a decent monarch, maybe not great, but not the way he is. The egos of Katharine and Henry were just too big.

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

Having a male heir became the driving force; THE GOAL to reach, No matter what

@charlesmcdermott6139 5 месяцев назад

Dr. Kat! All of this is very interesting. The only problem I have with this post is that you used the term “holy orders “ a couple of times which would have been incorrect then, or now. Holy Orders, the sacrament was limited to males solely then. The more proper term would have been “ vowed religious” for a woman who would then have been considered a nun. I love your posts! You give thorough information!

@ReadingthePast 5 месяцев назад

Thank you for pointing this out - I will ensure to keep this fact in mind for the future

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

Holy Orders or UN-Holy Orders or Vowed Religious ~ INVOLUNTARY CAPTIVITY was the result.

@zenith3783 5 месяцев назад

Oh how I wish I could time travel to the Tudor period. I can only imagine what it was like to see Catherine of Aragon walking around with her little monkey at court. I wish I could see the dresses and the jewels and the artifacts that have survived to today in the full former glory!

@Szyq003 5 месяцев назад

I find myself nodding my head along with your suggestions, so I agree. I love your channel!

@Erida526 5 месяцев назад

I have always wondered why Catherine was so dead set on not allowing an annulment. The King needed an heir and it was clear by then I think that she wasn't going to be able to give him one. I get that she actually loved Henry but what did she think was going to happen once Henry died? There would have been another civil war surely

@Erida526 5 месяцев назад

At that point in history a woman ruling in her own right was not exactly commonplace, her thinking Mary would be Queen seems like it would be rather wishful thinking

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

@@Erida526 Katherine and Mary were both subject to a lot of self delusion and a lot of suffering was caused by it.

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

👆 Yes, Katherine and Mary suffered because husband/father was determined to have a male heir, NO matter what. Certainly, 2nd wife + 2nd child Anne and Elizabeth were both personally & powerfully affected. + Others, of course. BUT this period in history did allow religious power to be examined. (not only England).

@justinehelene4831 5 месяцев назад

It is truly so difficult to imagine the mindset of the time. That katherine believed agreeing to an annulment would cast her soul into turmoil in the afterlife, that she would be going against God. Because she could have maintained her dignity and the legitimacy of her daughter if she stepped aside. Which would have been a decent retirment

@robinbaharav4627 5 месяцев назад

As Queen Isabella's daughter I do not think her mother would have let her back away from the throne

@charlenelundquist3512 5 месяцев назад

Her mother was already dead, as was her father.

@1234cheerful 5 месяцев назад

All the more reason to do as her mother taught her, maybe, in her eyes. If Isabella was around would this all have turned out similarly?

@sharonharris9782 5 месяцев назад

Her parents had already died long before she was even married to Henry.

@janeyant2375 5 месяцев назад

@charlenelundquist3512 Ferdinand lived at least another 7 yrs after she married Henry.

@1234cheerful 5 месяцев назад

@@janeyant2375 right! Isabella died 1503, Ferdinand 1516.

@reneedaughter 5 месяцев назад

If Catherine had entered a convent there would have been no need for an annulment.

@DeidreL9 5 месяцев назад

Fascinating, fascinating! As you discussed, l wonder if Henry would have treated people better, especially Anne Boleyn, or would it have encouraged how mean he could be once he saw he could get his own way somewhat painlessly. Would it have ameliorated the sense of desperation we see in him, the drive to beget an heir, or would it have made Henry worse? One thing is for certain, Katherine was a strong, resolute woman, more so than Henry ever bargained for.

@ShirleyAnnPetrillo-oj7sc Месяц назад

IF their (Henry & Anne) child had been male instead of Elizabeth…

@jandavis1523 5 месяцев назад

Hello Dr Kat! I think that Catherine spent so much time fasting that she was anorexic, thus could not carry a baby to term. I wonder if she had eaten regularly, she would have had more than one healthy infant. The terrible cascade of events that occurred with her refusal to accept an annulment could have been avoided, but for how long? Henry was increasingly bombastic, in pain, and his cadre of advisors was adept at playing on his paranoia. I think perhaps he would not have had so many marriages, and a few more viable heirs, but his own demons were set to do him in.

@Natalie_11188 5 месяцев назад

I think Catherine had an incompetent cervix. In the 20th century, a cervical stitch and bed rest would lead to full term pregnancies. Nothing they could do for her in the 16th century.

@DonnaGisellaTranchel 5 месяцев назад

Thank You! Such interesting videos! 💙💙💙💙💙

@amyjones8114 5 месяцев назад

That’s a lot of what ifs, Dr. Kat 👑

@cathybarber357 5 месяцев назад

I’ve often wondered how things would differ. I enjoy it when you create these “what if” videos.

@KellySBishopIndieWriter 5 месяцев назад

Henry was also probably thinking of the 1498 annulment of King Louis XII of France from his first wife and the annulment his sister Margaret Tudor got from her 2nd husband in 1527. If Katherine hadn't been the aunt of the HRE, I'm convinced the Pope would have given Henry what he wanted, whether she agreed to it or not.

@hogwashmcturnip8930 5 месяцев назад

yep! It is hard to agree to something when you are being held prisoner by the guy who stands to benefit from the status quo!

@lisam5744 5 месяцев назад

When you're speculating about all of the royals and the high ups in the government and church that might have not died due to Henry, I can't help but think of the tens and tens of thousands of people who were murdered by Henry, Mary and Elizabeth in the name of their forcing everyone to bow down to the religion du jour of each...about them not being murdered.

@susannjarvis5587 5 месяцев назад

What a thought-provoking and interesting intellectual exercise. I had no idea that Katherine had been offered a fairly reasonable, in my opinion, option. Accepting the offer might have also kept Henry from making more and more unreasonable demands as he would not have become more and more frustrated with the situation. It certainly does emphasize the fact that so much of history results from one person's decision at a crucial point in time. In this case, that person was a very important person indeed, a Queen of England. 👑👑👑

@georgemckee2298 5 месяцев назад

Fascinating, as always. Leaves us with so many questions

@Shane-Flanagan 5 месяцев назад

Love this type of content 🤩 Thank you Dr Kat 😀

@MidnightAndLuna 5 месяцев назад

Excellent video! I absolutely love your channel! ❤❤

@NutmegRose 5 месяцев назад

I truly wish we could know the thoughts of Elizabeth of York on these matters. Or even Elizabeth Woodville!

@Jami-Frankie 5 месяцев назад

I’ve often day dreamed that Katherine and Mary escaped to Spain and were happy.

@marblehead2500 5 месяцев назад

Your analysis is great and so compelling! Thank you!

@rochelleoconnor6676 5 месяцев назад

Another brilliant video, thank you 👸

@fiorimonde7494 5 месяцев назад

These are some of my favorite videos! 👑

@LisaJensen-fg6jg 3 месяца назад

SO interesting!! Thank you for this!! 😊

@Marley-Kabin 5 месяцев назад

This is my favorite series!! I love discussing these What Ifs with friends 👑

@gypsyjustgypsy 5 месяцев назад

Fascinating. Thank you! 👑

@neko-chan6145 5 месяцев назад

Always enjoy these especially based on your extensive understanding of this history

@ChristinePEsq 5 месяцев назад

Oh I LOVE this!!! Wonderful! 👑

@gladams55 5 месяцев назад

Dr. Kat thank you so much for such an interesting ‘What If.’ A different decision by Katherine could have changed the United Kingdom and the world. Who knows Henry’s reign may have been no more than a footnote in history

@cathleensteinegger9119 5 месяцев назад

Fascinating! Thank you 👸

@lillianmcgrew217 5 месяцев назад

I am glad you are doing this ❤

@NoxCattus 5 месяцев назад

Thanks for doing this! It was really thought provoking how her one decision had such a monumental impact even today 😊

@Anastashya 5 месяцев назад

Thank you so much for sharing such an inspiring video. I, along with many others love Katherine of Aragon to this day. 👑

@prettypic444 4 месяца назад

I am curious on how our perception of Catherine would have changed had she agreed to the annual/took orders. SO MUCH of the popular understanding of Catherine casts her as the “righteously stubborn” one because she refused to submit to Henry’s will. If she’d “gotten thee to a nunnery”, how would that change the way people see her? would she be seen like Anne of Cleves, cleverly getting one over on Henry? Would she be like Katherine Howard, a tragic victim of the men in her life? Or would she simply be a footnote in history like all the women pressured to take orders to get out of the way. 👸👰‍♀️✝️❓

@oloore5910 5 месяцев назад

Thank you! It was very interesting and thought provoking👍

@anthonytroisi6682 5 месяцев назад

It is amazing that the Church did not pressure Catherine to take holy vows and, therefore, make an annulment easy to obtain. Such an annulment would acknowledge Catherine was Henry's wife and protect Mary's legitimacy, placing her ahead of any daughters that Henry would father in a second marriage. Catherine was pious and already living a nun-like existence. Such a solution might have prevented Henry from declaring himself the Head of the Church in England. Personally, I think Catherine might have gone for the idea if Henry was replacing her with foreign princess, preferably Spanish. and he married Mary off to some king's heir. The thought of being replaced by one of her former ladies-in-waiting probably infuriated Catherine so much that she refused to a plan that would've saved hundreds of live

@tc2334 5 месяцев назад

The thought of Elizabeth I being a loving and probably very wise aunt to Mary I’s or even possibly Edward VI’s children, if they’d had any, is super interesting to me as is the tomb of Wolsey considering the person he was. 👑

@claudianakasone1311 5 месяцев назад

Today’s video was the best. I love this kind of content.❤ History about Elizabeth is my favorite.🥰

@a.e.rivera-weaver8175 5 месяцев назад

I loved this episode and I really do enjoy the counterfactual aspect to history, please do more of these! 🎉

@Vereynique 5 месяцев назад

My community theatre is doing a production 9f Lion In Winter. I am produced also tue costumer for this show. I really enjoy your history. I write this comment because you mentioned Eleanor of Aquitaine and Herry II and Richard and John. You failed to mention Geoffrey. Love history and how you present it.

@brandyjones3476 5 месяцев назад

Very well thought out! I truly enjoyed your take on this very valid “what if”.

@verlenelewis9866 5 месяцев назад

Thoroughly enjoyed this episode 👑

@vidaudink3044 4 месяца назад

Fascinating analysis!!! I've wondered the same thing, what could have been.

@hhollyd66 5 месяцев назад

Great video! Thank you. ❤

@AprilBird4 5 месяцев назад

I wonder if Catherine could have heard this, seen how what she was doing was going to affect her daughter, her adopted country, and even Catholicism would she change her mind? I think she was proud, but I think she thought she was doing the right "best" thing. Many people, including herself & her daughter, would have faired better. I found this very enjoyable. Thank you.

@paulcibubur8114 5 месяцев назад

Always love your videos. You express yourself so clearly and concisely, no ramble. I recommend you to English language learners. Your videos are always insightful. Given everything you explained - may I suggest a video specifically on Henry and 1536? Deaths of both Catherine and Anne Boleyn as well as Thomas More, the jousting accident,, the Grace Succession and the dissolution of the monasteries. Keep up the wonderful work dear lady!

@lukesguywalker 5 месяцев назад

This was such a fun thought experiment. Thank you!! 💒

@mikeuplay1596 5 месяцев назад

Great job & thanks!

@ingridgeertsema1315 5 месяцев назад

I love these suppositions! Thank you for the considerations, and it's like you said, the chips would have fallen differently in almost every sense - future wives, children, beheadings.....and future monarchs. Elizabeth might never have been queen. It's mind boggling to consider these possible futures. Imagine a movie about exactly this decision of Katherine's?

@nmritter 5 месяцев назад

I think a bigger question is what would've happened if Katherine was arrested for treason

@samanthatrewhella 5 месяцев назад

Excellent video. Thank you.

@carabear1337 5 месяцев назад

It gives me shivers up my spine to imagine the many possible outcomes in history that could have happened. I really enjoyed this video! I'd love to see more "what if" scenario videos.

@karengieseking1437 5 месяцев назад

This was great! Thank you for the "what-if's", I appreciate the perspective. 🤔

@stephanieking4444 5 месяцев назад

Now, here is a counterfactual that would change history rather dramatically. If Katherine had accepted the offer made to her in 1528, then the Reformation wouldn't not have happened that brutally. Ir possibly not at all. Maybe Henry would have contemplated a "deal" with Rome, comparable to Gallicanism, which gives the prince a lot of power whilst not changing the religion of the realm.

@LiamDeeley 5 месяцев назад

Thank you for the video!

@1234chuckly 4 месяца назад

Lovely video! ❤

@andreaswalter253 5 месяцев назад

Absolutely fascinating!👍❤

@chrissy9 5 месяцев назад

I think Catherine of Aragon was not only protecting Mary’s claim but trying to prevent Henry from making a marriage/alliance with a country which would have jeopardized England’s relationship with Spain. Also, she was aware that Henry craved victory on the battlefield so he would have made alliances with a country that he thought would support him even if England was only being used as a pawn

@helenkemp6468 5 месяцев назад

Utterly brilliant and fascinating

@Kbaltrush 5 месяцев назад

💍💒 I’m including a “church of love” because I think the biggest impact if Catherine of Aragon had willingly abdicated her marriage would have been to the history of European Christianity. No -or a much slower and more subtle - break from Rome in England, which was a source of philosophical and financial support for reformers working against hostile-to-English governments. Even if Elizabeth didn’t marry, perhaps no armada. The list goes on. The impacts of that culturally and politically are incredibly long reaching. Not to mention the ruin how it may have preserved the psyche and relationships of the second generation (Mary, Elizabeth, Edward if he existed, Jane Grey, and so on). What an important, interesting, fertile What If!