Dos errores importantes del documental: Magallanes no pudo preparar la vuelta al mundo en Sevilla porque ese no era el objetivo de la expedición. Era un viaje para encontrar una ruta a las Molucas y sus especias por el oeste y regresar por el mismo camino, sin entrar en territorio portugués. Quien decidió dar la vuelta al mundo fue Elcano tras el fallecimiento de Magallanes. A Sevilla no llegaban esclavos de América ya que era ilegal esclavizar a los indígenas americanos. Los esclavos africanos transportados por otras potencias eran los que se vendían en América.
Correcto. Se tardo más de cuarenta años en que Legazpi y Urdaneta encontrarán la ruta del “tornaviaje”. Y lo de los esclavos es que cualquier oportunidad es buena para mancillar la historia de España hablando de la Leyenda Negra.
Los españoles,no pudieron esclavizar a los nativos americanos porque se revelaron y dieron batalla por más de 300 años,tuvieron que usar la religión para suavizar la relación y tratar de llevar una convivencia ya que mucho murieron también por los nativos americanos.
Añade otro más; ¿qué hace el grabado de "Valladolid a vista de pájaro" (1854) de A. Guesdon en el 18:24? En ese momento el documental está hablando de adelantos náuticos... Aunque en Valladolid hay playa, de momento estamos lejos del mar. Y la capitalidad e importancia de Valladolid no llegan hasta la Edad Moderna, un poco lejos de Alfonso X. Creo que vio un grabado cualquiera de España y confundió el Pisuerga con el Guadalquivir 😅
Su punto cuando dice que Magallanes empezó a ver como objetivo dar la vuelta al mundo en Sevilla, es porque Sevilla fue el centro comercial y como dices, traer las especies de las Molucas era lo que podría dar el sustento económico para esa empresa.
@@wewenang5167The Celts were a World Wide Nation /Nationality of People's that Traded, Sailed, and we're Artisans too,, For some Reason "Everyman" - and by that i mean Romans - wanted to completely wipe them off the face of the earth... .. (Kinda like how The Pagan Empire got near genocided - but the Religion, Pagan {"Buddhism" it is now called) lives on . .. were The Celtic People's Buddhists?? ,, Maybe Yes,, Yes indeed.
😂 I noticed the way he was framing it as nothing/muslim/ Christian conquest. Like dude where's the Greek/celtic roman/germanic and more stuff from before, it's a re conquest they never stopped fighting
Castillian language was not born in the center, but in the north, on the present area of La Rioja, Alava and Burgos. Catalan comes from Provance languages so it was not spoken in the present area of Velencia.
Felicidades Profesor Ryan!! Yo soy español. Tengo 63 años y me he educado en España, con formación universitaria(Derecho). Amo la Lengua Española, así como el Catalán, que es mi lengua materna. Me ha gustado muchísimo su enfoque del nacimiento de la lenguas romances, y la bellísima forma de aproximación al punto clave y la persona clave en el enorme desarrollo de la Lengua Española. He podido aprender la importancia capital de Alfonso X el Sabio en el inicio importantísimo del Español. Y se lo agradezco!! Gran trabajo!! Precioso documental!!
Год назад
Muy interesante. Soy de México y me gusta saber de mis ancestros nativos y españoles.
I am Mexican, but the history of Spain touches me so much, it speaks to something inside me and makes me shed a tear. Viva España! Nación de mi corazón.
@@LOVE-JC777 What Amerindians,? Most of the troops of the conquest of America were indigenous tribes allies of the Spanish and tired of the bloody tirany of Aztecs and Incas.
I am s British immigrant to Spain having followed my son and his family here. I live in Andalucia and love the culture here. Thank you for this video. Shared with my young adult grandsons who grew up here.
Are your grandsons learning Spanish....or just practising English in Spain....?? The ussual thing by brits is to come to Spain and remain decades here without learning ANYTHING in Spanish. That is not integration. That is rejection.
Exactly, I'm from Spain, I've been through all the Mediterranean coast, and I've never met a single British immigrant that speak decent Spanish, don't say fluently. Most of you live in urbanizations where only other British and northern Europeans live and you take your children to International schools and most of you don't care to learn the language of the country where you live, unlike the rest of immigrants that live here. Aprende español, no te encierres, intégrate, os vamos a recibir a todos con los brazos abiertos.
Nebrija wrote the first grammar, of any language, the second grammar was a Nahuatl grammar, made by spaniards. by the time any other European language (apart of spanish) have had a Grammar composed many american languages had their own grammar, also made by the spanishs
I have been learning Spanish for years, but never have I had a greater respect or understanding of the history and birth of the modern day Spanish language as I have after viewing this amazing video! And considering how important Spanish is today or how many millions of people speak it currently, I am shocked at how few people have actually seen this video.
@@romanpaladino It is pushing an islamist view which sugarcoats the islamic invasion and occupation and exaggerates or even assigns attributes to it that are untrue.Whether this is done on purpose or simply repeating certain sources popular in left wing circles I do not pretend to know.
Just a correction to Spanish Professor Mercedes Rodríguez, who asserts at minute 06' 07'' that no other King in Europe would make a Romance language the official language, for centuries. In Portugal, King Diniz (9 October 1261 - 7 January 1325) decided in 1290 that 'the language of the people' would become the official language of the state, known as Portuguese. Diniz also ordered Portuguese to be used in his kingdom's courts instead of Latin. On his mother's side, he was descended from Alfonso X of Castile (his grandfather).
Just to add that I expected as a musician a few sentences about Alfonso's musical importance of his time, famous Cantigas de Sancta Maria, a collection of pilgrimage songs of the time resembling inclusion of moslim heritage mosarabico presented through the instruments, scales and melismatic melody lines, few phrases in lyrics in arabic, but the rest is written and saved in early castillian language, one of sparkling european medieval musical examples of early music.
Ty for the love of Alfonso X's musical heritage. Only one thing: the 427 music pieces in the Cantigas de Santa María are religious, but he had others, I think 44, about his life, his family... He also has one about política, how should be act the Kingdom Council. The lirics should be learn and practice by the actual politician! XD You can find it has Cantigas Profanas.
@@aurorapazviruet4289 Yes, you are right. gallego was that, I remember now. I studied medieval music some time ago and many old european languages were there, I remember some longing tunes from Martin Codax mentioning Vigo etc, but it dates later, XIII. century. I remember Alfonso El Sabio had his court in Castilla and was unique for his tolerance for Arab heritage and introducing their musical influences in his codex musicae.
A fundamental, careful and impressive work, script, images and music included. Bravo! As a Spaniard who has lived in Toledo, I was not aware of the real scope of the actions and the invaluable translation work promoted by Alfonso X El Sabio. Thank you for such a valuable contribution to the understanding of Spain and Castilian Spanish.
How can a historian say that Magellan prepared his world tour in Seville? Magellan did not want to go around the world, his mission was to reach the Moluccas. Elcano and his companions later decided to go around the world, not Magellan. A historian should know what he says and not make so many mistakes.
I can only say, I'm amazed of how much you covered in such little time. How well you developed your documentary. Thank you for the effort to teach the world how important is Spain and the Spanish lenguaje is in the history of the world.
The Spanish peninsula was never majority Muslim. In Al-Andalus mostly the ruling class was of Arabic or Berber origin, while most of the city dwellers were Romance speaking Jews and the peasants were Romance speaking Christians. Only the very South also had a Moorish rural agricultural populations, especially in Granada and Murcia. The Muslim rulers didn't even have a motivation to (forcible) convert the population to Islam, since all the non-Muslims had to pay an extra tax (Jizya). Any Christian or Jew converted to Islam would mean one taxpayer less. Even in other Muslim countries like Syria or Egypt the poplution stayed majority Christian with a strong Jewish minority until the high middle ages. The Middle East only became slowly majority Muslim after the year 1100, which is about the same time when the Reconquista in Spain started to get really successful: Toledo reconquered 1085, Lisbon reconquered 1147, Seville 1248.
Beautiful and respectful video. Just one little point, there was no 'slaves' taken from the americas. The originals of these new lands, subjects, were protected by Isabel la Catolica laws. Now that we are on the times of highliting wise, caring and powerful women, here you have an interesting one. Also the 'forced labor' was not exactly like that, there was rules, and the encomiendas were also runned by indigenas encomenderos. Spanish empire has little similarities with later euro empires, the spanish-american territories were part of the crown, all citizens under the same rules and rights. Besides that, hope this video get more views.
A very good documentary, although there some minor errors, well not so minor. The riches of the America´s mostly stayed in the Americas. The part that went to Spain was a 20% tax called Quinto Real. That tax didn´t make it 100% into Spain as it paid for its own logistics, done by private entrepreneurs who also profited from the silver and gold. Conquerors stayed and founded modern Spanish America and the Empire with its riches enriched American cities such as Mexico, the greatest, or Lima. It also paid for its roads, hospitals, universities, schools, fortresses, ships, etc. Castillian possesions in the Americas were not colonies, they were as Spanish as the Canaries, Andalucia or Extremadura.
Sobre el debate sobre “colonias” o “virreinatos” se ha escrito mucho. Hay un resumen muy claro por Javier Rubio Donzé, “Virreinatos sí, colonias también (pero con matices).“ Y sobre el “quinto real”-la idea de que la corona sólo tomó 20% de la riqueza por si mismo y que el resto se quedaba en las Américas-es un mito popular. Es verdad que el rey sólo tomaba 20% (y a veces menos), pero había muchos otros que tomaban su parte-conquistadores, colonos, mercaderes, administradores, mineros. Y no hay duda de que Sevilla se enriqueció mucho en el proceso. Mucha riqueza volvió a los virreinatos, sí, pero no el 80%.
It’s funny how some people hate when they speak Spanish in USA when the first spoken European language in USA was Spanish, an older European language than English sharing the same roots at some point…
Spanish was never spoken in the USA the USA born from the 13th colonies that cut ties from the british empire and then expanded its territory by purchase or conquest and you say it yourself, european language but what about the languages that were there before??? So nope the USA isnt a spanish nation, and never has been 😂😂 the real USA was formed by british People from the original 13 colonies and then expanded from its descendants
@@francoisdaureville323 Texas was Spanish territory before it was Mexican. Louisiana was ruled by Spain until Napoleon retook it in the 1790’s. The oldest city in the United States was founded by the Spanish in Florida. Not to mention, Puerto Rico is an American territory, by law all Puerto Ricans are Americans. Puerto Rico was taken from the Spanish in 1899 and annexed shortly after.
@@MCKevin289 Louisiana was french first and was purchased barely anyone was there and Florida wasnt one of the 13th colonies the USA obteined it later and Texas was one of those territories that was obteined by conquest are you that dumb?
@@conociendoelislam85 did the USA born in Texas and Florida were Texas or Florida part of the 13th colonies?? The USA birth was in the 13th colonies Texas and Florida became parts of it later conquest and purchase, its like saying russian was the language of the mongols because they conquered russia or gaulish was the language of the románs because gaul became a province of rome etc.. Besides that before being part of the united states Texas barely had people
Very interesting....but it should be pointed out that the. Christian eastern Roman Empire and the later Christian Visigothic kingdom of Spain were conquered by Arab Moslem armies. Moslem expansion was military and colonial and it took the Spanish and Portuguese nearly seven hundred years in the "Reconquista " to regain their countries. What Professor Szpiech says about the preservation of knowledge by the Arabs is correct. When they conquered the Roman Middle East & southern Europe they found huge libraries . Much was lost but the Arabs copied a large chunk of Greek & Roman learning into Arabic and added some of their own. Arabs also acted as a transmission from India into Christian Europe of Indian mathematics . Hence we get Arabic numbers actually. they're Indian characters. 1,2 etc In fact about 10 -15% of Spanish is derived from Arabic, although Spanish in terms of meaning and structure is a Latin language. It good to see "El Sabio " being given due credit for his great achievements. I think Professor Szpiech gives us a stirring and informative introduction to the birth of the great Spanish language , although he stretches a few facts in the process. ! Viva la lingua espanola !
What's important to know is that those Arabic words in the Castillian vocabulary are most of the time not from Standard Arabic, but from Moroccan Arabic - which is the most distinct and far away from Standard Arabic. That's why those words are often difficult to recognize even for Arabic speakers. After all the Muslims in Spain were always call Moors, not Arabs. Historic words of Arabic origin also have special spanish rules for transliteration into the Latin alphabet, which are partly due to how Moors pronounced them and partly to how Romance speaking Iberians understood them. For example "Guadalquivir" would be transliterated in the English way: Wadi-al Kabir. The letter combination "gua/gue" always has to be red as "wa/we". This is also used for old Visigothic words like "guerra" (Werra). The Spanish even applied this system to Native American languages, like in the word "Guatemala" (Watemala). Another expample: the TV-station Al Jazeera and the Andalusian town Algeciras literally have the same name, but you have to know the transliteration rules to recognize that.
There are more than 20 countries where Spanish is spoken. All with their interesting regional tone and accent. Even inside Spain, Spanish accents are different from region to region. I grew up in El Salvador and our Spanish is enriched with Pipil, Lenca and Arabic words. Great show!
En realidad la lengua que hablas no tiene 20 siglos sino bastantes menos. Antes del siglo XI, que es la primera noticia que tenemos del primer protocastellamo, existían diversas lenguas romances en la península, todas bastante apegadas al latín vulgar que se hablaba en Hispania tras la caía del Imperio Romano Occidental. Incluso en los territorios musulmanes de Al-Andalus, la lengua mayoritaria era el mozárabe, una lengua romance con fuerte influencia del árabe y que se escribía con los caracteres árabes en lugar de latinos. Y es que en la Hispania visigoda se seguía hablando y escribiendo latín. Fue durante la Edad Media, con el avance de los reinos cristianos hacía el sur, cuando comienzan a distinguirse todas las lenguas que hoy se hablan en la península: gallego, portugués, bable, castellano, aragonés, aranés, catalán, asturleonés... El castellano se eligió como lengua vernácula principalmente porque el Reino de Castilla era el mayor y más fuerte de los demás territorios ibéricos y, con la llegada a América, hacía falta una lengua con la que todos se entendiesen. Esa antigua lengua de la Corona de Castilla es la que hoy conocemos internacionalmente como "español".
Min 20:10, he says slaves were brought from the Americas, but fails to mention the queen Isabela was horrofied and prohibited the practice and had to be freed. In addition, the indians were made subjects of crown with all the rights of any castillian subject. Hence, "extracted by force labor" is inacurate.
Thank you for your comment. You raise two important questions that need clarification: First, Seville was one of the largest slave markets in Europe in the sixteenth century. It is true that there was far more traffic in enslaved Africans in Andalucía than in enslaved indigenous people, and also true that Isabel opposed the enslavement of indigenous people. But the enslavement and sale of indigenous people continued under Spanish rule until 1542, when the “new laws” fully prohibited their enslavement and trafficking back to Spain. Nevertheless, research has shown that even after this date, indigenous people ended up in the slave markets of Seville, many brought by the Portuguese and arriving via Lisbon. (See, for example, Esteban Mira Caballo, “De esclavos a siervos: Amerindios en España tras las leyes nuevas de 1542”). Many were passed off as indigenous people from Portuguese areas, which were not prohibited. Moreover, Seville was a hub for enslaved Africans brought by the Portuguese, and also a launching point for slave traffic heading to Spanish America (stopping through Cabo Verde). Enslaved people of African decent were sometimes trafficked back to Spain from the Americas, even into the 18th century. So it is quite true that slaves were brought to Seville in substantial numbers and the slave markets of the city brought great wealth. Second, while the 1542 laws tried to end the encomendero system in the Americas, many indigenous people continued to be forced to work. The Mapuche continued to be enslaved legally (with approval of Felipe III) into the seventeenth century. Beyond the official sanctioning of the enslavement of such “rebels” (easily abused by Spanish masters-such indigenous slaves were not official freed until 1679 by decree of Carlos II), there was still a vast system of forced labor under the repartimeinto system that replaced the encomiendas. In Peru, the “mit’a” system adopted from the Incan system forced thousands of indigenous people to labor in the mines of Potosí and elsewhere. These indigenous people were conscripted, and although they were paid a very small wage, they were without the right to refuse work, and it was criticized as a fate worse than direct enslavement. (On this system, see Jeffery Cole, The Potosí Mita, 1573-1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes). It is thus also correct to say that much of the silver that came from the Americas to Seville, especially after 1573, was extracted by forced indigenous labor, and this too enriched the city.
@@ryanszpiech Those Spanish must have been super humans, since they were only a few of them, to ensalve millions. Only around 50, 000 emigrated to the Americas in 100 years! But if you say so, must be true.
@@cherrera1010 Don't take my word--the sources cited offer ample archival documentation. On population estimates, you might like Nicolás Sánchez-Albornóz, "The Population of Colonial Spanish America." Based on what is documented there, your demographic estimate seems quite low--Boyd-Bowman and Mörner both have estimated, based on ship manifests, that between 200,000-243,000 Spaniards traveled to the Americas in the sixteenth century. Also, of course, the "millions" of indigenous people were much reduced by disease. There were probably fewer than (certainly not more than) a million indigenous people in Peru by 1570 and the time of the "mita" conscription. But these numbers are beside the point. Certainly, most Spaniards who emigrated were not in the business of enslaving and most indigenous people were not enslaved or conscripted for forced work (even though the encomienda system was large and affected many). But undoubtedly much of the labor in Potosí and other mines was supported by forced labor through conscription. Similarly, most of the enslaved people sold in Seville's important slave market in the sixteenth century were African, but indigenous people continued to appear, certainly after the Laws of Burgos (1512), and even after the "new law" of 1543.
@@ryanszpiech AFAIK the slave trade market was forced by the Portuguese (and Dutch / English later) under threat. The Portuguese at that time had similar if not better naval ships than the Spanish. The African slaves forced to trade played mostly roles of servants or low tier positions but even Cortes had a black soldier as an equal on his expedition. About the silver and gold, the law was clear, only 20% and the rest dedicated to build cities, hospitals or Universities like in Lima as early as 1551 or México D.F. that's not to say that everything went smooth law was always respected but it set a precedence on what we today know as human rights . The Spanish expansion was majorly approached in a classical way, that is assimilating culture and territories not destroying them as you well pointed in the video.
It would be interesting if you made a documentary about the two periods that less is known about Spain. From 700 BC and from 0 to 200 AD. If you want the knowledge I have about it and what I have written, im here
Congrats for the video. Just incredible. You pinpointed the key for the progress of the language very awesomely researched. Just one thing though to be correct, NOT ALL SILVER passed through Seville, just 1/5 of all, 4/5 would served to do up churches, universities, water infraestructures, means of transport in America….for the good of all citizens in America. The way you say it, ALL SILVER, sounds like a big stealth of wealth from America, when really was the 1/5 dedicated as a tax to pay out expenses of the reign.
Excellent documentary. Spanish is an awesome languague and those who speak it should always be proud of the history and legacy that it has imprinted on the world.
Around minute 10:30 you can see a Burgundian flag, the flag of the Spanish Habsburg Empire. Not possible in Alfonso X times! That flag arrived with the Emperor Char les V. Hacia el minuto 10:30 se puede ver una bandera de la casa de Borgoña, la bandera del Imperio de los Habsburgo españoles, lo que era imposible en tiempos de Alfonso X. Esa bandera llegó en tiempos del emperador Carlos V.
Thank you for this comment. It is true! This is a indeed a prop goof. We were short on decoration while filming that scene, and so we used the flag to cover the wall. It can be noted that the so-called "Burgundian Cross" flag (symbolizing the martyrdom of St. Andrew) that was adopted by Carlos V in the sixteenth century (used as recently as on the emblem of former King Juan Carlos I) was actually used under Jean I de Bourgogne (d. 1419), the great-great-great grandfather of Charles V. Even before that, the "bordura aspada de Baeza" uses a version of it (not quite yet the Burgundian Cross style) as early as the thirteenth century on shields celebrating the conquest of Baeza in 1227 (on November 30, day of St. Andrew) by Fernando III, Alfonso X's father.
And there are modern Spains flags to be see in the everywhere, and we just limit ourselves to realize it and put the image into its context and don't ponint out everything like idiots
Excellent documentary Ryan . The original proto Castilian developed in a tiny area between today’s provinces of Burgos and Álava and its first speakers were also Basque speakers , which explains that 90 % of the phonetics of Castilian are of Basque origin . The Syntax of Castilian is of Basque origin as well . French is phonetically a Germanic language developed in the Paris region by Frankish invaders and Italian has certainly a strong Etruscan phonetical influence , developing initially in Tuscany .
Was the vocabulary of the Romance languages that were. emerging from' vulgar Latin' in the Dark Ages not influenced by imports from the probably Celtic languages spoken in Hispania when the Roman arrived?
90% of Spanish phonetics come from Basque, and the syntax too, you must be kidding. If you say Castilian why don’t you say Tuscan instead of Italian. Then I supposed Italian phonetically come from Basque also. Preposterous. Your comment stinks,sorry.
“No me ha dejado” = it did not abandon me??? Nope. Speaking of faith, of the Lord, it means, “You have not left me!” or “you have not abandoned me!”. Not “it”. But I have to admit, I really enjoyed learning about this history. Thank you very much!
I beg to differ: the form of the verb is third person singular (he/she/it), which you wrongly interpret to correspond to the second singular (singular you, or old thou) because that is how the usted ('respectful' as opposed to 'familiar') treatment works, you address that third person entity, "your mercy" which in Spanish became contracted to "usted". The problem is, we have always addressed God by the familiar treatment, "tu". For what I remember, the same happens in English "...hallowed be THY name, THY kingdom come..."
@@carlosmartinezbadia2532 He is clearly speaking of FAITH, of the LORD GOD. Your translation is literally correct, but misses the spirit entirely. Ask any resident of the city!
@@AtlantaBagpiper even if it's faith, or God it refers to, what's wrong with the third person? "(la fe/Dios) no me ha abandonado", not "you", as you wrongly translate. "You" doesn't make any sense as the subject of "no me ha abandonado" because, as I told you, you don't use usted to address God, or faith, for that matter
Seville is an impersonal subject=it. It is not a male nor a female, but a city. If the city does not abandon me whenever there is a rebellion, it has not abandoned me. NO madeja Do
I got goose bumps watching this documentary about my mother land Spain. Also as special was seeing the tomb of one of my ancestors Christopher Columbus since my other half of the family is from Christopher's town and our DNA matches him. Not to mention my families eyes are exactly like Columbus eyes. One of my sisters eyes are a clone of Columbus paintings. It's freaky to see my sister's face in that context. Also, one of my aunts that past away looked even more like Columbus. I'm proud of my multi heritage. Long live Spain. Long live Italy. Long live Europe!!!!
The threads of history. So intertwined, so unpredictable. Who knows where Spanish will go in the future. When I go the USA, I can see a new language in the making already, where people go the churcha in the troca.
Thank you for this excellent work, also I am very proud of speaking Spanish, (and English). In USA more in 60 millions people has this wonderful language as their main language and continuing growing. Greetings from New York City.
Congratulations for this amazing video. Almost 5 years later y aun se sigue mostrando. Siempre es bueno aprender y descubrir más de nuestra historia. Saludos de Panamá!
Alfonso the Wise is not at all unknown to historians of astronomy. The standard edition of Ptolemy's basic textbook of Hellenistic Greek astronomy, the Almagest, is denoted "Alfonsine'. (I have to warn you, though, that the astronomers using the Alfonsine Tables spoke and wrote Latin.)
@@PedroHernandez-qy1fb, no. La lengua culta, la empleada para lo importante, lo que requería precisión y rigor (legislación, ajedrez) era el castellano. Pero para la poesía el gallego resultaba más eufónico para los oídos de la época, parece ser.
@@PedroHernandez-qy1fb, ah, y el "galaico-portugués" no existe. Es un invento moderno. Alfonso X escribió en gallego. De ahí, como dialecto primero, surgió el portugués.
Muchos opinan sin saber lo que dicen. Sobre el envío de indios a la península (como esclavos), se calcula que entre 2-3% de los esclavos vendidos en los mercados de Sevilla en la primera mitad del s. XVI eran de origen indígena. A pesar de lo que decretó Isabel sobre la población indígena antes de su muerte, había trato de esclavos (mucho menos que de los negros, claro) hasta las leyes nuevas de 1542. Incluso después, se puede encontrar algunos indios en las listas de esclavos, aunque no era muy común después de 1550. Pero los indios que rebelaron contra la corona podían ser tomados y vendidos como esclavos incluso después de 1542. Se sabe de varios Mapuche que seguían como esclavos (aprobado por Felipe III) hasta el s. XVII, y se puede encontrar esclavos rebeldes de este tipo hasta el decreto de Carlos II en 1679. Entonces sí había esclavos americanos en España en el s. XVI (aunque no tenían el mismo valor que los africanos y se vendían por un precio más bajo). Para dar unas cifras concretas: Los historiadores de la esclavitud han calculado que había unos 6.327 esclavos en Sevilla en 1565, unos 44.670 en el arzobispado (7,4% y 9.7% de la población, respectivamente). 2% significa unos 130-800 esclavos indios. Obviamente, es una población mucho más pequeña que la población africana (que llegaba hasta los 70%) pero no es nada. Para los archivos que justifican esta cuenta, se puede ver: Manuel Fancisco Fernández Chaves y Rafael M. Pérez García, “La cuantificación de la población esclava en la Andalucía moderna. Una revisión metodológica,” Varia HIstoria, Belo Horizonte, 31, no. 57 (2015): 711-740; Alfonso Franco Silva, “El indígena americano en el mercado de esclavos de Sevilla (1500-1525),” Gades, 1 (1978): 25-36; Esteban Mira Caballos, “El envío de indios americanos a la península ibérica: aspectos legales (1492-1542), Stud. hist. Historia moderna, 20 (2009): 201-15. Sobre el debate sobre la trabajo forzado en las minas (como el sistema de repartimientos en potosí), se puede ver el libro de Jeffrey Cole, “The Potosí Mita, 1573-1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes”). Sobre Magallanes, hay que entender que el viaje que planeó fue efectivamente más largo que una circunnavegación-ir desde España a las Molucas y volver por el mismo camino representa un viaje de 50 mil kilómetros (27 mil millas náuticas), y la circunnavegación del globo implica una distancia de por lo menos 23 mil millas (más o menos). La parte que realizó Elcano no representó un viaje de descubrimiento-volvió por una ruta ya conocida. El hecho que que Magallanes no pretendió volver por esa ruta no niega que efectivamente dio la vuelta al mundo.
Ya es sabido que en España falta revisión sobre la esclavitud pero también había españoles que hacían trabajos forzados y perdían su libertad, si se rebelaban. Eran tiempos difíciles para ser disidente fueras de la cultura que fueras. La esclavitud negra fue no obstante la más mayoritaria con mucha diferencia. Tanto España como Portugal no han revisado su papel con la esclavitud. Nos sorprenderían los grandes nombres y las grandes fortunas que hoy aún perduran, y que tienen su origen en la explotación de seres humanos esclavizados.
The "Cartularios de Valpuesta" from the 12th century, are a copy of texts from the 9th century. It is at that moment the birth of Castilian, which over time would give rise to Spanish language.
Wonderful documentary! I wish people had more common sense to watch it, understand it, and realize the wonderful things that come out from those centuries when things were built.
Creo que deberías pasarte por ciudades como México capital o lima , Perú, para tener una idea de dónde se quedaba buena parte del oro y la plata, lo que llegaba a la península era el quinto del rey
Castilian didn't develop in central Spain. It formed in the north of Spain in Cantabria. From Asturian with a Basque substrate. With the reconquest from the Muslims it was Castilian that spread to the great Spanish Meseta. Hence why Castilian dominated the middle of Spain.
Congratulations on this excellent documentary which brings an interesting perspective to the origins of Castillian as a language of learning and culture. Not usual from Anglo Saxon historians.
The correct name of our language is Castilian, NOT Spanish, unless you accept that you speak "British", or that s Swiss speaks "Swiss" or a Belgian speaks "Belgian". Not so difficult to understand, is it?
Despite the fact that many people in Anglo-Saxon countries consider Spanish a language for second-class people, it has a noble origin because it is a descendant of Latin, enriched by the Arab cultural heritage and centuries later by the words contributed by the indigenous people of the American continent.
Except nobody does that?, people Just dont like when foreing people speak other languages in general, and the biggest foreing people in the USA are from latín america thats all, isnt nothing to do with spanish its more about its mássive inmigrants population from those coubtries in thd states it would be thr same with mandarin of people from china where thr majority of inmigrants of the united states
Excellent story-telling of the birth of Castillian! I thoroughly enjoyed your documentary. One error, St. Ferdinand was made a saint for his piety and holiness, not for conquering Seville.
