I'm 100% embarrassed to say I knew very little about this experiment until starting researching it 😅 I'd always assumed something like the double slit experiment was our big break. Awesome experiment - let me know what you think! Also - go to www.piavpn.com/drbenmiles to get 83% off Private Internet Access with 4 months free!
Learned about the Stern-Gerlach-Experiment more than 40 years ago in school and in little later in the only university with a walkable Hilbert Space (Hilbert Raum). I cannot believe this is called an forgotten experiment at all. Even Sean Caroll is using it to motivate the quantum nature of spin these days. BTW: Breslau was not located in Poland in these days in between 1900 and 1945.
I thought the same for many years but have since realised that the Stern-Gerlach experiment (and all its variants) is the most valuable experiment ever designed. It is a gift that just keeps giving. It goes way beyond what you covered in this video too. The really fascinating part is how is shines a light on the concept of superposition. MIT has an excellent QM lecture series that begins with an abstract description of the experimental results in terms of made up electron properties which really highlights just how weird and counterintuitive this behaviour is.
The double slit experiment was more of a mystery than a break. The quantum mechanical interpretation is largely incorrect and many people have misconceptions behind it. Namely there's no "collapse of the wave function". Light waves are partially absorbed by the target particles in what's called a phase kick and sometimes it emits light, that's it. There's no need for "observers" in quantum mechanics either. There's actually a whole list debunked theories. So yea, if you like confusing yourself for no reason, study the double slit experiment on the internet. If you have questions lmk. I can readily debunk the nonsense.
QM was a big break in the sense of seeing the world more clearly, but it also told us that it’s actually a lot weirder than we’d like to believe. I personally think this was pushed heavily in spite of religion, but somewhere along the lines we grouped philosophy in there too and science just doesn’t work without philosophy as the foundation lol
@@MrKotBonifacy - Yes, we need more study on the positive effects of nicotine, I know my brother had a mental schizophrenic condition that nicotine solved better than any other medication he took and still let him excel as a musician and creator. Unfortunately smoking eventually took its toll on his lungs and heart so he died long before he should have. It's too bad he could not have found a safer substitute medication. Nicotine patches didn't work, don't know why but I think the skin absorption is unlike the lung absorption in significant ways to the effects of nicotine on brain function.
@@WJV9 _"Unfortunately smoking eventually took its toll on his lungs and heart"_ - I guess it was before the "vaping" and "heet" things... As one physician said when responding to journalist's question _"so, nicotine is bad drug?"_ (after the said physician listed all bad effects of smoking) - _"No, it's a very good drug - but this is a very lousy system of delivery"_ And while at, smoking also saved countless numbers of lives - few puffs and a shell-shocked piece of trembling jelly (aka GI Joe under heavy fire) would gather himself back, calmed down and started to think clearly. Which, during the "action", may be the difference between life and death - and that's why smoking was so common among them and why there were so many smokers in post war years.
@MrKotBonifacy Yeah, that was probably why the Native Americans (i.e. the Original Columbians) smoked their *peace* pipes. Creating peace via concessions and negotiations requires some fast thinking and calm minds working together. Smoking may not have been the revenge of the Original Columbians upon the European colonists but an age-old chemotherapy ritual to assist the making of peace.
@@solconcordia4315 "Peace pipe" - yeah, might be. But then AFAIK (and I AM NOT an expert on the matter), it looks more to me like a "deal seal" thing (or a final handshake) - from what I know they used to smoke the peace pipe at the end of the talks, AFTER the talks, so to me it appears as something akin to our "so now that we have reached the agreement let us open the bottle and celebrate it!".
The earliest evidence for quantised electron energy levels in atoms were the narrow bands in the visible (and later IR and UV) emission spectra. The names given to the lines were "strong", "principal", "diffuse" and "fundamental" as scientists like Rydberg and Balmer tried to understand their significance. Those names live on as s, p, d and f sub-quantum levels for the orbitals. Bohr used the spectrum of hydrogen as the basis for his atomic model and realised the electrons could only have certain specified energy levels. Quantum physics was built up on a variety of observations from spectroscopy and mathematical models of radiation, etc., not just the work of one person or one particular experiment.
Didn't hear a word of Dr. Miles for the first two minutes because I was waiting for the two pictures on the wall behind him to move on their own again!
I didn't know this experiment other than the later double slit experiment. The interpretation is however stil wrong. Einstein, Schrdinger and Lewis Carroll were all correct in dismissing the spooky actions at a distance. Elementary as most fundamental in the everything of the cosmos not matter with gravity but classicle mechanicle inert mass described in classicle geometric terms is correct because only that is consistent with the absolute proof of Descartes something not nothing. Yes the quantum world is a reality given certain axiomatic assumptions. It should however be an infinite topology truths as in one law of everything as one law of nature from which one law of hjman nature as the instruction manual of the collective instrument brain of homo sapiens is derived. Only people who pass the improved elementary scientist exam are reliable sources on elementary meaning most fundamental in the cosmos issues. A PhD only proves a basic scientist. I passed that exam. The something of the cosmos is on the elementary level split in part someting as the physics of one infinite ether of absolute nothing continiously invaded by infinite elements of small inert mass that builds the curved space of moving mass as the Higvsfield dynamic matrix. These elements are most probably 1-neutrinos that act like snowflakes that can build temlorary snowballs and Icy hexagon pressure vessels as a beehive of a multiverse of such hives. Simple reverse engineering on a testable artistic guess by a DNA talented composer. CM string law. Everything that is faster than c or slower than 824,000 km/h or too big or to small can't be directly but only indirectly observed. Everything we observe exists as a possible scenario that repeats itself an infinite amount of times as it always has done an infinite amount of times in the unsplittable continious timelines in the infinite past. As it will do in the future. Every 1-neutrino is probably formed out of 500 identical rings that can move like a chain mail in 4 connetions. The Lego Velcro concept. Akin to solving a murder case any scenario must be evidence based taking all data into evidence. The reliability becomes less the more the model is worked out more. Yet absolute proof that Mother Natures fingerprint shows on the elementary mass murder weapon. John Bells theorem proves QM unsolvable. Thus the anti thesis is disproven in overkill because of cheating not having written down all used instrument brains 15:09
I'm seeing this every now and then. Where is it coming from? The first time was about 10 years ago on a BBC series called Global Trekker. Someone interviewed in Gdansk (Danzig) described the Germans in Silesia in 1939 as "occupiers." Well, yes, since 1740, when Prussia took it from Austria before the Duke of Saxony could. Before WW2, people in cities and towns in Upper Silesia spoke German, but in the countryside they mainly spoke Polish.
This is a really good video. My first degree is in physics and maths, and I remember learning about the Stern-Gerlach experiment 60 years ago. Nevertheless you really held my attention and I learned about the personalities involved in determining the physics, Although it is almost 4 am, you kept me interested. 🙂
The quantum understanding is that the particles entering the apparatus aren't 50% spinning one way, and 50% the other, but in a superposition of both states. The measurement collapses the superposition in a statistical 50-50 manner. Stern and Gerlach assumed that they were separating atoms on the basis of their pre-existing magnetic moment vectors.
They often come in pairs: Lummer - Pringsheim, Franck - Hertz, Stern - Gerlach, Stark - Zeeman, Heitler - London, Dicke - Wittke etc. (if I remember correctly 50 years back...)
Very interesting. It makes me wonder how many ground breaking discoveries were down to serendipitious events. Like here, looking for one thing finding another, that still gave the result to take a field forward. What if they had smoked pipes instead.... the CRB discovery, a overheard conversation linking an annoying spurious signal in telescope to the theory looking for a way to detect it . Kip Thorn reviewing Carl Sagan Contact manuscript and coming up with a theorical foundation for worm holes. Just a few that spring to mind.
Great video, way over my head, but interesting. Now this might be slightly off topic, but if anyone remembers Aram in Blacklist.... you're a dead ringer for him.
I disagree that Sterns goal was to disprove QM. There is no way to disprove a result that looks the same as bad data. It seems that the only two results would be confirmation of QM by seeing a slit... or confirmation of nothing when the data doesn't reveal whether there is no slit at all or whether the equipment isn't precise enough to show it.
First 30 seconds of ben’s talk and all I can think of the concept of “Maya” in Hinduism. maybe with quantum theory science and philosophy can be much closer🤯
_"...a cafe attached to a brothel, bringing together three of the most powerful forces in the universe"_ - OK, got it - "eat, drink, and be messy", right?
1st standard students said about 2nd standard students that THEY broke their physics. 2nd standard students said about 3rd standard students that THEY broke their physics. 3rd standard students said about 4th standard students that THEY broke their physics. 🐼 standard students said about 👽 standard students that THEY broke their physics.
Your child's swing analogy misses the point. Try pushing the swing at the frequency of the swing. Resonance is not about how hard to push; it is about when to push. Also, Rutherford did not know about neutrons. I am working on my mustache toward resurrecting the mustache theory. Many good parts of your video, however. Please see my physics videos also.
Here's part of the issue of why I think politics persists, people think of it as a mishmash, instead of something with regularities that you can have insights about and turnover new paradigms with regard to your relation to the subject
I am so confused . Why the universe had to be that. Nost space is empty. Electron and nucleus arrangement. Wave or solid . How the spectrum lines are formed .How the Einstein law of universal speed of light not consistent with quantum theory .I am man so very little time. But I have to understand. God help me . Thanks great video. Best wishes to me.
Probably we know 5% of all connections... from vibrations, gravity, magnetism, quanta ecc... one day in future for sure our understanding... call Universe is wrong, the best is understanding of all we have around, permeate any thing, create link to any thing... at this time for sure we have anyway many things to find... many many....
@@DrBenMiles Please address my comment at the top of these comments where I present extensive evidence that light does not propagate at a constant speed c. If this is true then Relativity and any theory based on it is wrong, which includes much of modern physics. I am a fellow PhD physicist educated at ETH Zurich. This is too important to ignore!
"It is correct, rudely and glibly correct, regardless of my plainly stated objections." 😅 I love scientists! Where the common sense of pride runs headlong into a desperate grasp for truth.
Sorry for being that guy, but you've some errors in the introduction. First, Stern was German and Breslau a German city back then. That changed in 1945. Secondly, the 19th century refers to 1801 till 1900. 1901 till 2000 is 20th century.
@@DrBenMiles _Verily I say unto ye, the universe is full of knockers laying in wait behind their keyboards and waiting for the opportune moment to strike - watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein their wrath cometh upon ye_ , says the Scripture... ;-)
To be even more precise, people living today count the 21st century as starting at the start of 2000, the 20th in 1900 and so on,. But people living in 1900 regarded their year as part of the 19th century, and in 1800 people considered themselves to be in the 18th. I don't know what covnentions if any were popular before that.
I remember the Stern-Gerlach experiment being presented in my undergrad QM and Atomic Physics courses as the experiment that verified electron spin. Thanks for the real “back story”. Interesting how when one sets out to prove or disprove something, the results turn out to verify something different.
Yes, I remember reading about those experiments but only as they pertained to Electronics Engineering and semiconductor design along with other theories & experiments by Bohr, Dirac, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, etc.
they were also lucky that a 19th C mathematician named Sophus Lie worked an useless abstract realm that turned out to be not so useless, otherwise this two component spin thing would have never made any sense.
This happens over and over again. Mathematicians exploring useless concepts that are only later understood to perfectly describe some aspect or our universe. Knot theory is the example I always give.
Meaningless to say some thing X is "useless" or "useful" unless you specify what X is useless or useful for. Lie algebras was a joy unto themselves, just like any other form of mental enjoyment. I think chess is absolutely useless. Worthless. Never liked its stupid arbitrary rules. But some people enjoy it for some reason. And Sophus Lie's work was poor choice anyway. It was originally created for figuring out how to solve certain classes of differential equations. So, it absolutely WAS useful TO OTHER areas of mathematics.
@@clifsportland Meaningless to say some thing X is "useless" or "useful" unless you specify what X is useless or useful for. Lie algebras was a joy unto themselves, just like any other form of mental enjoyment. I think chess is absolutely useless. Worthless. Never liked its stupid arbitrary rules. But some people enjoy it for some reason. And Sophus Lie's work was poor choice anyway. It was originally created for figuring out how to solve certain classes of differential equations. So, it absolutely WAS useful TO OTHER areas of mathematics.
Thanks for the "new" presentation of this scenario. I learned about the second-hand cigar smoke being a KEY to the success of this experiment but did not realize that it wasn't originally designed to identify spin.
Lol right. I thought he was gonna talk about Aharonov-Bohm or something... Stern Gerlach is like, day one hour one of every QM curriculum I've ever seen
Stern-Gerlach experiment is hardly forgotten; it’s covered in every QM class. Also, it was nowhere near first experiment to show quantum effects: blackbody radiation, hydrogen spectrum, etc. came first.
@davidwright5719 absolutely correct. i'm repeating and looking over the stuff for my masters right now. As you said, from blackbody radiation came planck spectrum and the ultraviolett catastrophy with planck introducing the helping parameter h, which is now known as plancks constant. Einstein used this constant in Lenards experiment with the photoelectric effect, basically connecting everything together. Stern Gerlach was important for understanding properties like the spin which happened way later.
This explanation on Bohr’s model missed a key part. Bohr used Planck’s constant h, that was used to explain Black Body radiation, in his model of the Hydrogen spectrum. This constant h divided by 2pi is the quantum unit of angular momentum that the electron can have when it orbits the nucleus. This was a revolutionary step in modern physics.
@@johnclawed well pi is 3.14 because historically it was used with diameter rather than radius, so the reason we use 2pi so much is because we use radius more often
What's the *CORRECT* formula for the angular momentum of a harmonic oscillator ? Is the factor before h_bar really √l(l+1) or for the case of the lone ground-state electron in a hydrogen atom √(1/2)(1/2 + 1) = √3 ÷ 2 or √(-1/2)(-1/2 + 1) = √-1 ÷ 2 ? Can angular momentum really be imaginary ? Maybe *ALL* imaginary numbers can be purged from Quantum Theory.
2×2 Pauli's spin matrices can be replaced by 3×3 matrices with all real numbers in them. Then there's no more imaginary number where spin appears. The spin of the ground-state line electron in a hydrogen atom should have magnitude of 1/2 or √3/2 or √-1/2 computed from the √s(s+1) formula modeled after the √l(l+1) one.
So how *did* other scientists discover that they were wrong, and that what the two had discovered was actually electron spin? Maybe make a video on/explaining that?!! That'd be cool!
I don't get how orientation can even be quantized don't we have a rotational symmetry of space, that says that no direction in space is any more special than the other?
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Sir, all this is guess work. I can tell you electricity is already loaded on metals. But it's in a cloud formation. Max entropy. Rotating magnetic field orients this cloud you have electricity. Induction is not correct. Maxwell equations don't generate electricity.
Hate the term "broke physics." No one in history has ever broken physics. It has been whole and there all along.They just extend our understanding of it.
Absolutely. Using this term is just one way how we avoid to admit in front of ourselves that we were wrong and do not really know a certain thing about how the frogg all of us, this and that did get here and now at all... and not even what existence actually is or how it works before and after all. It's a shame. But also kinda funny, us human folks...
I'll give this guy credit he smoothly introduced his sponsor into the discussion. I'm a physics professor, I appreciate skillfulness even when it involves advertising. Better than the getting hit in the puss with a pie approach. Blueberry is my favorite.
I've heard abou this experiment for years and I am so glad to hear the story of the hurdles and insights that we needed to attain the result. Great video!
Stern-Gerlach experiment is not forgotten, if mere amatures like myself, born long after that era, have some (small) understanding of it. Gotta say the last point you made about what they thought they were measuring vs what they actually measured, was something i hadn't really appreciated. Thanks for telling the tale in a fun and engaging way!
Forgotten? 100 years of Stern-Gerlach has been celebrated in Germany in February 2022 in Frankfurt, and Otto Stern's microscope with which he observed the splitting, was also present.
I am always amused when the popular media describes a new discovery using the phrase "Scientists Baffled!" in the title. Can you imagine if every scientist only found what they already expected to find? Imagine an article saying "Theists Baffled!"
Meaningless to say some thing X is "useless" or "useful" unless you specify what X is useless or useful for. Lie algebras was a joy unto themselves, just like any other form of mental enjoyment. I think chess is absolutely useless. Worthless. Never liked its stupid arbitrary rules. But some people enjoy it for some reason. And Sophus Lie's work was poor choice anyway. It was originally created for figuring out how to solve certain classes of differential equations. So, it absolutely WAS useful TO OTHER areas of mathematics.
I recall being lectured about the Stern-Gerlach Exp during 1st year, in the late 60's. Thanks, from a stern geezer. This was well presented but definitely not a "forgotten experiment."
Unfortunately, Netflix no longer allows us to connect via a VPN server. We get error messages and are disconnected from Netflix until I disconnect the 😒VPN.
I love the element of 'chance' playing into important discoveries in science. I recall Curie's radiation being discovered by a chance exposure of photographic film in a desk drawer or Fermi wondering why the neutron production was increased by a wooden tabletop over the marble tabletop. That led Fermi to put some paraffin wax in the neutron path which greatly increased the neutron collisions with atoms and that led to the production of nuclear fission using thermal neutrons.
2:02 - strictly speaking, the town of Breslau in 1912 was thoroughly a German city, through and through, as (firstly) Poland hasn't reappeared on Europe maps until 1918 (after 123 years of non-existence as a state), and (secondly) even then (i.e. AFTER 1918) Breslau was still a German city, well within German borders, and (thirdly), unlike Poznań (or other "eastern" towns in pre-WWI Germany) it was never a Polish city before - that is, before 1945, when that commotion commonly referred to as WWII finally ended and Germans were made, by Allied states, to pay for it with portions of their land, and it was only THEN when Breslau - and Stettin, and other places - became Polish towns - and changed their names to Wrocław and Szczecin respectively. And yes, I know this is not a history video, but still... ;-) PS: Others have pointed it out already, which I noticed AFTER posting this comment, and yes, I have this habit of commenting "on my feet" so to speak...
Qur'an - chapter 69, The Reality: 1. The Reality. 2. What is the Reality? 3. What will make you understand what the Reality is? ... 16 And the heaven will crack; so on that Day it will be frail. Physics came late to the debate - the nature of reality will be revealed to humans on the day of judgment, however, it is clear that our perception of reality is partial and both the Qur'an and physics alludes to this fact.
You mix concepts that people understand into situations where they don't fit. Electrons don't spin, so there is no angular momentum. Angular momentum DOES NOT even exist in the gyroscopic effect, and this is physics large and in your face, and YOU MISSED IT. Look at my gyro effect explanation based in CAUSAL accelerations that are PERPENDICULAR to spin velocity, so using angular momentum anywhere becomes a joke. The Stern-Gerlach experiment was definitely a turning point into a possible understanding, but I think the wrong road was chosen. Now it's a paradigm or a crowd on a bandwagon that shares rote memory jargon.
