Doctors don't need clinical trials to be excellent at their job. For example, I'm a respiratory therapist. I have worked with thousands of ventilator patients at the bedside. I know how to prevent atelectasis and reverse it, essentially 100% of the time. I'm not going to do a clinical trial because 1) no one is going to pay me and 2) no one has time to do it. Nonetheless, I bet at least 50% of ventilator practitioners do not know how to do it and could benefit. Medical practitioners who work with thousands of patient with similar problems see things and learn solutions that are not amenable to clinical trials. Doesn't mean there is not certainty in the treatment. AI is the best answer and it seems to be coming soon.