The Higgs Discovery Explained - Episode 3.5 | CERN 

You just made me think a lot, all at once 🤯 so the luminous aether was real?🤯🎆🎇🤯

They were just thinking about it wrong

Well, actually the field is just there for the universe of the properties we see. Before the Higgs field exist (if such period exist), the universe are totally different, but we do not have direct knowledge if there is really such phase transition of the universe. To know what is different, we need some slight knowledge about the quantum field theory. If we want some more interesting discussion, we need to have some idea of what is a field, in both math and physical sense. In the language of quantum field theory, there are just quantum fields as the background of the world. The field is just a structure lives in the spacetime everywhere a number is assigned. If every spacetime point holds a scalar phi(t,x), then this is a scalar field, if everywhere a vector then the vector field. The field themselves are not particles, but usually the vacuum, which is the most stable, lowest energy state, the ground state. What is more here is the fields are quantum fields, so instead of global configurations, they can also have random fluctuations. When the field has any quantum excitations, there comes a particle: the excitation of the EM field is a photon, the excitation of a spinor field for electron is an electron, ... So basically the fields are the waterplane, and the particles are traveling waves on it. Then the physics is just what kind of field are there. The interaction of the particles are just the particles collide in the spacetime, the initial particles crashed, and the energy held by the initial particles excite some of the fields and create new particles. With this rough feeling, we can go back to the problem. 1) First is why we think there should be a Higgs field ? A knowledge is that the particles form matter are all fermions and the fields can excite them are spinor fields, the particles carrying interactions are all bosons and such fileds can excite them are vector fields. The interaction of them are the couplings of the fields. We knew electromagnetism very well before the era of particles physics but not for the strong and weak interactions. We did not ever know them even. In the EM interaction, the EM potential classically have some special redundance: the gauge. In the quantum field theory, we just notice that this "gauge" is a internal pseudo-symmetry of the electric charged spinor field (and also EM field) and this kind of "symmtry" as the internal structure of electron predicts there must be the electromagnetic field! What an exciting story, the gauge in charged matter predicts the interaction must happend through a vector field, by introducing gauge "symmetry". As a result, this encourge us to find internal structure for particles involving in other interactions. So there is gluon for particles with color obeying SU(3) gauge, there is W and Z bosons for particles with weak isospin obeying SU(2)L gauge (this is the final conclusion, not the historical time ordering, but the searching through gauge is really the correct roadmap, though not going that smoothly like this at all). Gauge is for all the interactions. Then there comes a problem, to obey the gague, the gauge field cannot have mass term. The mass of particle is also a structure of the field generating it (it need a term of the field like a potential), just the fieldd to excite these vector bosons cannot allow these particles to have mass if they want to obey gauge. This is totally fine for photon because photon is just massless (also the gluon for later story). However, the W and Z boson are massive by experimental observations, the weak interaction is short-ranged (strong interaction is also considered not that long-ranged, but that is asymptotic freedom, totally other story, as strong force is really strong, weak force is not strong, so not asymptotic freedom). Then something must be wrong. Then the solution is Higgs Mechanism. For the Higgs Mechanism, if you introduce a scalar field obeying the gauge with more than one configuration as vacuum state (that means for several value configuration of the field, the field can all get the minimum energy), you can just choose one of the vacuum and break the symmetry in vacuum state. Then through this so called spontaneous symmetry breaking process, the non-zero vacuum expectation value part of this scalar field within the interaction with the vector boson becomes the mass term of the vector boson. The mass is a parameter, with a degree of freedom, so if the introduced scalar field have four degree of freedom (just the case of complex scalar doublet to cope with SU(2)L), we can get 3 of them transferred to W bosons (there are 2, positive and negative electric charged) and Z boson mass, and left one become the Higgs field. So the existence of the Higgs field is a bi-product of the SSB process. If the answer is Higgs Mechanism, the mass of gauge boson is not a problem, if want the answer to be Higgs Mechanism, there must be the Higgs field. 2) Then what if before there is a higgs field. So as the Higgs field come from the SSB in Higgs Mechanism, before it means before the SSB. We can call this EW phase transition, before this is just at higher energy scale above the EW scale so it need not to stay at vacuum. Then there is no Higgs field, no massive W, Z bosons (but existing SU(2)LxU(1) MASSLESS vector bosons), there is unbreaking scalars. At that time, we can consider there is no electromagnetic interaction, no weak interaction, but a electroweak interaction. Though we have no direct evidence there was really a phase existing before the EW phase transition. Oh, also one more thing, the EW SU(2)L is chiral theory, as "L" indicate, W and Z boson only like left-hand fermions, but not right, so in the Dirac field language, a particle obeying chiral theory cannot have mass. The the fermion mass generation is also a problem. Hopefully this is solved also easily, the scalar field used in Higgs Mechanism again. We are allow to have Yukawa coupling (interaction between scalar and fermion, called Yukawa to memorize his contribution in nuclear physics for such interaction. Here just unrelated story, just the same type of interaction.), then when SSB break the gauge part, the Yukawa term also breaks out the fermion mass term and Higgs interaction to fermions. Then here the same story, before the existence of the Higgs field, or before the EW phase transition, the ELEMENTARY fermions are also required to be massless. Note that we are always fundamental particles, only leptons, quarks, become massless, not proton. The mass of proton come from QCD interaction. However, at the time of EW phase transition, there is NO proton at all. quark form bound state (QCD phase transition) far later than EW phase transition.

@@gr3501 this is by far the most qualified answer I ever got on youtube, really many thanks! Will take me some time to really honour it.

You all prolly dont care but does anybody know of a tool to log back into an instagram account? I stupidly lost the login password. I appreciate any tricks you can give me.

yes, because photons are massless bosons. As opposed for example to the Z or W bosons, or the Higgs boson, which have mass.

You can look them up on the CDS

I would guess that they don't interact with the Higgs Field. But I don't know why they don't interact with the Field

What particle you are talking about? I believe that photon for exemple is not a particle it's just a wave in the higgs field. I think they don't understand how this energy works yet.

@@celiogouvea the excitation in the Higgs field is the chargeless , 0 spin particle Higgs boson itself . Photon is also a boson that carries energy , but unlike Higgs boson it has no mass.

That's enough information for me for now thanks quantum

because photon has no mass

Photon is a form energy only, doesn't has mass h mu.

Check out Sean Carroll on RU-vid.

Hiii

Will it be possible to talk with you 🤔 ?

You can use their email, it's on their website

@@stiner8120 yes

@@vaclavzajac214 I wrote them email 3 or 4 month ago.But they didn't answer

CERN isn't known for putting out "engaging" content. there's a lot of trivial stuff (making music with particles, etc.) that's meant to encompass a potentially broader audience, but I don't think they have the right approach for building subs. the scope is too broad (believe me I know all about this) to bring a lot of subs in, and they didn't want to scare people interested in science away from the channel by bombarding potentially 12 year olds with university-basics-level stuff. *some will get it, but most won't.* I subbed for the construction of this beast; it's fascinating to watch it expand, but I have rather little interest in physics as a whole. it gives me brainmelt.

I had a question" What is Gibbs Field?" the internet answered:- A field of energy that is thought to exist in every region of the universe. This was not enough for me so I cooked a theory/delusion:- The Higgs Field did not exist or had no energy at the point after big bang cause no particle had enough energy or if had was constantly losing it to be able to produce Higgs Boson(or a ripple in the Higgs Field). Let us assume a wall(theoretically not existing if one does not apply force at it), not applying any force to anything in its system, but when I try to push the wall according the wall will apply opposing force, when a particle with enough energy is produced it will have an opposing force by the Higgs field. Another question with theoretical/delusional answer:- If the Higgs field applies force to every object why does the ripple(Higgs Boson) not produced every collision? To understand this we have to go back to the wall but place a trampoline(Higgs field in this case) parallel to the wall, the distance between the wall and the trampoline be 'l' if a ball(particle) hits the trampoline with force enough to push its surface more than 'l' distance units behind then the ball(particle) will bounce back uneffaced by the trampoline(Gibbs Field),maybe tear through, but still bounce back because of the second wall behind it. I have no information about the wall, no solid proof of existence, no name either( I will like to name it after myself) but being18 year old student is not enough to name things.( I do have more delusions/theories)

Smartest reply I've read.

A shortage of funds to take care of people.

I would say both