Big leaps in our understanding of protein folding can open doors to new protein-based medicines and materials--designed from the ground up. Learn more: scim.ag/2a3mGvZ JOIN AAAS: scim.ag/2bxrxnH
Superb video, proving the need of interdisciplinary approach to understanding evolution's awesome solutions. I love the way the video was made interwining the beauty of the art, especially in the ending!
Now that Alpha - Fold , the A.I. created by Googles Deep Mind, has solved this problem we will begin to see many new answers to our problems. Truly exciting!
I doing a small talk on AI to solve the folding problem to a group that knows probably nothing about biology. Can I use your video to demonstrate the folding problem?
I don't know about the rest of you, but I'm kinda glad I live in an era when some facets of biology can draw my attention away from genomics and CRISPR-Cas9
Still looking for a video which explains why exactly the DeepFold breakthrough is so significant (and not in a hand-wavy 'we'll cure cancer' kind of way.
We can now predict the 3D shape of the protein just from reading the DNA sequence. The shape determines the function of the protein. Because it's now possible to try and simulate infinite DNA sequences, basically coding biology will be just as easy as coding a computer.
Proteins are extremely versatile building blocks of next generation biological machines, varying in capabilities from solving any health problem (beyond programmable immune-response to recent mutants) all the way to building military applications. Imagine a software programmable *autonomous weaponized drone* that looks and acts like a *hybrid animal (tiger on land, eagle in air and shark in water* combined into a sleek industrial design). Proteins are difficult but if you can tame them with modern technology, unimaginably amazing biological machines become realistically possible (checkout mRNA LNP delivery platform and accurate structure prediction using Transformers/AlphaFold2). Today vaccines force an immune response by synthesizing custom Spike proteins but tomorrow it could be *ANY* protein addressing *ANY* health problem. So stay tuned to these new developments that are driving the protein folding revolution.
Protein function depends on it's structure, if a mutation breaks the structure it tends to not function anymore and is therefore selected against and you don't see that mutation. So yeah, this totally works that way, you can of course have mutations in crucial parts of a protein but they tend to be accompanied by a corresponding mutation in the location they interact with that preserves the overall structure and function of the protein.
@@farhanaf832 I liked using EVE Online's in-game feature as well, play while you help data mining research. The NIH recruited me to help design a new DNA software archive tool since I've done bioinformatic research into how God made DNA embedded software designs such as LINE-1 retrotransposon and other protein functions work exactly like auto-error detection and data correction features in human made software designs. Except God's designs are more cognitive working like self-thinking reactant AI protocols that self-modify learning additional error patterns. Had hoped to try mimic God's software designs into advanced human AI designs, but it's difficult translating God's far more advanced quaternary bit code into our primitive caveman style binary code. Hopefully someday soon. Thankfully there are plenty of public open source projects like AlphaFold helping keep some of the protein folding tech nonproprietary.
I think there might be a typo in the text the commentator is reading. Minute 1:34 to 1:38 "So, there is a relationship between the FOUR letter DNA code and the 20 letter ..." Unless there is new proof that the DNA code consists of four letters, not three.
I think she is referring to the four letters of DNA (A, C, G, T). You may be thinking of the triplet codon (ATG encodes methionine, for example). The DNA alphabet has four letters, while the "words" they spell are only three letters long.
Needs more and louder drum works so its more fun to concentrate to the content. The head of the video creator should be used as the drum 7/24 all the year long.
"They can target very specific parts of the … virus, with a special built protein, enabling a vaccine that works across .. strains." This video aged well. :D
Why study all of these complex molecules and their function while at the same time destroying all if it before ingesting it into our bodies when we eat? A billion years of evolution says it must serve some purpose.
Because your body can reassemble it in better ways from little pieces than when you give it an already made big glob of atoms that it has to cut into pieces first, using up its own energy :q
@@patldennis we study the form and function of these complex molecules, these complex biological machinery, not understanding how it all works. And at the same time we spin up the atoms and destroy all this complexity with high heat before we intake the molecules that feed our bodies.
Current peer reviewed research shows by the numbers new protines cannot and did not evolve. Protine research has not produced or predicted a single new fold...ever. This video is very deceptive, but cool graphics!
"Current peer reviewed research shows by the numbers new protines cannot and did not evolve. There is no such peer reviewed paper. Proteins evolve and there is ample that they do. " Protine research has not produced or predicted a single new fold...ever. I suspect that is a false as your first claim but it doesn't matter. We don't have to predict what happens. Mutations are real and occur. Those DO and cannot not make new proteins. However the folding comes out is how it comes out and does not have predicted. It will either do something useful or not. Natural selection removes any changes that damage an organism.
"(Biological evolution is the product of random mutations and natural selection" Almost, mostly random mutations and NON RANDOM selection. You keep pretending that natural selection is not involved, its non random and its by the environment, not magic. Selection is what carves information into the genome. Ethelred Hardrede
sparky tried and failed to post this: ---- sparkyy0007 Ethelred Hardrede Berkley seems to disagree with your (new and improved) definition of the random mutations part lol. "The genetic variation that occurs in a population because of mutation is random - but selection acts on that variation in a very non-random way" --- I cut out the link as it might have been the reason it failed to stick. Ethelred Hardrede
Well maybe he deleted it. As he had it all wrong. But he is still evading the reality of natural selection so maybe its just the link. The link was a to pretty good page at Berkeley on evolution. Its a pretty good page and I will put the link in a separate post in case it gets the post blocked. Its nasty the way RU-vid lets you think that a post is there when no one else can see it. Its so dumb it was thinking Yahoo as I wrote that sentence. And now the reply to the missing post. sparky "Ethelred Hardrede Berkley seems to disagree with your (new and improved) definition of the random mutations part lol. " 'lol' the reply of idiots all over the WEB. Berkely does NOT disagree with me. "The genetic variation that occurs in a population because of mutation is random - but selection acts on that variation in a very non-random way"" That IS WHAT I SAID. You REALLY have a severe reading problem. Mutations are random, well mostly as there mutations from different causes produced different kinds of mutations. Stress induced mutation will depend on the stress hormone and radiation induced changes will mostly one hit mutations. And of course natural selection IS NOT RANDOM. Which Berserkly had the sense to agree with. So go read that page again. And take a reading class. Then again an engineer should be able to read what is actually written. Ethelred Hardrede
copy what nature already created is one thing, but create new proteins is a NP complete problem, you would need a computer the size of the Sun to do it
:32 "Its 3-D shape evolved over billions of years to do very specific jobs"?! As you listened to this statement, did you simply accept it as true, or did you critically analyze it? As you may or may not know, the shape of each protein is inherently integral to its performance of its function. In other words, each protein must fold at precise junctures (and ONLY at those specific junctures) in order to assume a very specific shape, so that each one may perform very specific tasks, thus fulfilling a very specific purpose! Allow me to illustrate: Imagine that it is now several decades into the future. The backyard swing-set you ordered for your child has just arrived (yay!). In the backyard, you open the box and view the many hundreds of variously-shaped brightly colored/numbered connector-pieces lying loosely (resembling the Childcraft Toddler Manipulative click and link beads of various shapes & colors). They're numbered, which makes it very easy. You attach #1 to #2 to #3, and so on and till you finish, leaving a very long colorful chain of similarly-sized, but variously-shaped pieces. Of course, it can't move without power, so you plug it into a power outlet. Suddenly, it begins moving, seemingly like magic as it begins FOLDING into recognizable parts of a child's swing-set (e.g. swing-seats, a slicky-slide, etc.). When it stops, you behold a perfectly assembled swing-set! Now, if you had misassembled just one piece out-of-order, the entire swing-set would have mis-folded at multiple junctures, making it a pile of unrecognizable junk. This perfectly illustrates how the SHAPE of the product (protein) is CRUCIAL to its FUNCTION. And its SHAPE is determined by the ORDER of the COMPONENTS (amino acids). Get any ONE of the hundreds of amino acids in the wrong order and the protein will not assume the necessary shape required in order to carry out its purpose. So, now let's look at that initial statement again: "Its 3-D shape evolved over billions of years to do very specific jobs". Do you see the problem? If you do, then CONGRATULATIONS, you now see that the Emperor has no clothes!
The way you imagine protein folding to work is fiction, it's not some steampunk clockwork mechanism, it's biology and chemistry. You can totally swap out many pieces at random without having much of an impact on the whole. And if a wrong piece happens to get swapped out, well infant mortality is a thing and nature doesn't care.
@@aleksandersuur9475 "You can totally swap out many pieces at random without having much of an impact on the whole"? REALLY? That is so stupid, it must be a typo! Apparently, you don't understand protein folding, nor did you grasp the illustration. If you have a better understanding of protein folding, then please explain how evolution selected the precise places for the proteins to fold in order to accomplish their functions. Keep in mind that the FUNCTIONAL OPERATION of every protein is incumbent upon its SHAPE, which is, in turn, incumbent upon the precise junctures/locations where the FOLDS occur. If a single fold (of the many folds in a protein) is incorrect, then the entire protein is rendered NON-FUNCTIONAL (Reductio ad absurdum). NOW, I await your attempt at a logical refutation of this by discussing the importance of protein-folding and its relationship to FUNCTION. Begin by explaining why proper folding is crucial to proper function.
@@Bildad1976 In the human gene pool there are hundreds of millions of known SNP-s, many of them causing missense mutations, swapping out a amino acid in a protein. Anyone has a rather large quantity of such mutations in comparison to reference genome. Guess what, you are still alive, because by and large such mutations do not make a protein non-functional and they do not change the overall shape of the protein to any significant degree. Why? Because your understanding of how protein folding happens is just plain wrong. Go play fold.it or something.
@@aleksandersuur9475 Yes. That's correct. Also, checkout new mutations of SARS-CoV-2 (UK, South Africa and Brazil) variants. They have several mutations but only a few of those mutations create all the magic making them more infectious and more resistant to existing anti-bodies. This sub-set gets all the lime-light in published papers and news media while all the other mutations are simply ignored (neither good nor bad for the virus - they change the spike proteins' folded-shape in ways that don't matter much).
Wait; your talking about billions of sequences within millions of species. This all happened by chance? It was created by GOD. The God of the Bible. Science learns from nature which is Gods design.
No it didnt happen by chance...it happened by Natural selection over billions of years...trillions of Mistakes made but because of natural selection the best solutions passed on to be improved up. These are all chemical reactions under the laws of physics...if you give it plenty of time then things will begin to happen. What happens when you leave an abandon car for years...it will begin to rust and decay...now leave it for billions of years and you will find that it competely disappeared or broken down to dust particles....and do you know why?...because the universe is not static and there is a 2nd law of thermodynamics called Entrophy!
No, it didn't happen by chance. It happened by natural selection. Creationism is a big lie that is taught to impressionable children to indoctrinate them to be unthinking conformists as adults. I escaped it, thankfully.
Really bad science to say 'evolve'. The probability of 150 aa chain (small protein) has a probability of coming together as 1 x 10 to the 164 power. Far less likely hood of finding a specific atom among all atoms in the observable universe. Good video otherwise. My vote for something this amazing is Intelligent Designed, not the Darwinian fairy tail described.
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