The Remarkable Story Behind The Most Important Algorithm Of All Time

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The Fast Fourier Transform is used everywhere but it has a fascinating origin story that could have ended the nuclear arms race. This video is sponsored by 80,000 Hours. Head to 80000hours.org/veritasium to sign up for their newsletter and get sent a free copy of their in-depth career guide.
A huge thank you to Dr. Richard Garwin for taking the time to speak with us.
Thanks to Dr. Steve Brunton of the University of Washington for his help with understanding the Fast Fourier Transform.
Thanks to Dr. Cliff Thurber of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Dr. Paul Richards of Columbia University, and Dr. Steven Gibbons of the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute for their expertise.
Thanks to Grant Sanderson of 3Blue1Brown for his helpful feedback on the script. His great video on the Fourier Transform is here - • But what is the Fourie...
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References:
Kristensen, H.M., Korda, M. (2022). Status of World Nuclear Forces. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). ve42.co/Stockpile2022
Barth, K. H. (1998). Science and politics in early nuclear test ban negotiations. Physics Today, 51(3), 34-39. - ve42.co/Barth1998
Schmalberger, T. (1991). In pursuit of a nuclear test ban treaty - ve42.co/Schmalberger1991
Bowers, D., & Selby, N. D. (2009). Forensic seismology and the comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37, 209-236 - ve42.co/Bowers2009
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). (2022). How Often Do Earthquakes Occur? ve42.co/IRIS2022
Kimball, D. (2022). The Nuclear Testing Tally. Arms Control Association. ve42.co/TestTally2022
Kværna, T., & Ringdal, F. (2013). Detection capability of the seismic network of the International Monitoring System for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(2A), 759-772 - ve42.co/Kvrna2013
Sykes, L. R., & Evernden, J. F. (1982). The verification of a comprehensive nuclear test ban. Scientific American, 247(4), 47-55 - ve42.co/Sykes1982
Peterson, J., & Hutt, C. R. (2014). World-wide standardized seismograph network: a data users guide (p. 82). US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. - ve42.co/Peterson2014
Richards, P. G., & Kim, W. Y. (2009). Monitoring for nuclear explosions. Scientific American, 300(3), 70-77 - ve42.co/Richards2009
Jacobsen, L. L., Fedorova, I., & Lajus, J. (2021). The seismograph as a diplomatic object: The Soviet-American exchange of instruments, 1958-1964. Centaurus, 63(2), 277-295 - ve42.co/Jacobsen2021
Schwartz S. I. (1998). The Hidden Costs Of Our Nuclear Arsenal: Overview Of Project Findings. The Brookings Institution - ve42.co/Schwartz1998
Ricón, J.L. (2016). The Soviet Union: Military Spending. Nintil - ve42.co/Nintil2016
Heideman, M. T., Johnson, D. H., & Burrus, C. S. (1985). Gauss and the history of the fast Fourier transform. Archive for history of exact sciences, 265-277 - ve42.co/Heideman1985
Ford, D. (2004). Richard Garwin - Session IV. American Institute of Physics (AIP). - ve42.co/Ford2004
Aaserud, F. (1986). Richard Garwin - Session I. American Institute of Physics (AIP). - ve42.co/Aaserud1986
Goldstein, A. (1997). James W. Cooley, an oral history. IEEE History Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA - ve42.co/Goldstein1997
Cooley, J., Garwin, R., Rader, C., Bogert, B., & Stockham, T. (1969). The 1968 Arden House workshop on fast Fourier transform processing. IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 17(2), 66-76 - ve42.co/Cooley1969
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Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Louis Lebbos, Elliot MIller, RayJ Johnson, Brian Busbee, Jerome Barakos M.D., Amadeo Bee, TTST, Balkrishna Heroor, Chris LaClair, John H. Austin, Jr., OnlineBookClub.org, Matthew Gonzalez, Eric Sexton, John Kiehl, Diffbot, Gnare, Dave Kircher, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Bill Linder, Paul Peijzel, Josh Hibschman, Mac Malkawi, Mike Schneider, John Bauer, jim buckmaster, Juan Benet, Sunil Nagaraj, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Stephen Wilcox, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal
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Written by Derek Muller & Felicity Nelson
Filmed by Derek Muller & Raquel Nuno
Animation by Ivy Tello, Jakub Misiek, Alex Drakoulis, and Fabio Albertelli
Edited by Albert Leung & Derek Muller
Research Assistant: Katie Barnshaw
Additional video/photos supplied by Pond5 and Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

Опубликовано:

28 апр 2024

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Комментарии : 7 тыс.

@veritasium Год назад

If you're thinking about how to make a positive impact with your work, get a free in-depth career guide from 80,000 Hours: 80000hours.org/veritasium

@ThatDude_OverThere Год назад

Thanks.

@d.bcooper2271 Год назад

Atheists claim that they are intellectually superior to religious people because they are willing to question their beliefs, whereas religious people are dogmatic and refuse to question their deepest beleifs and won't consider evidence that could potentially undermine those beliefs. Well, have you ever heard an atheist say: "I wonder if constantly increasing individual freedom is a good thing." "I was wrong about democracy being a viable system." "Maybe the sexual revolution was a mistake." "The evidence shows that equality of the sexes is destructive." "Let's have a debate on if freedom of speech and religion are good for society." "Could it be that women need fewer rights?" I have literally never seen an atheist raise these questions or hold these positions up to serious scrutiny. Nor do they provide any evidence for their beliefs on these matters. They simply assert them and ridicule and mock anyone who disagrees with them.

@apoorvshah2144 Год назад

Why you changed the title and thumbnail, it was pretty cool

@unaidhoore4031 Год назад

thank you

@ghdrnrla11 Год назад

Oh!!!!!!! This is the most understandable Fourier video I've ever seen.

@Davide_LP Год назад

I can't believe how intelligent Gauss was, it's just incredible

@jimboslice4468 Год назад

hence the phrase "he's good but he's no Gauss"

@markarca6360 Год назад

It is related with his works on magnetism.

@1aboPLZ Год назад

@Don't read profile photo ok

@dsdsspp7130 Год назад

here's another example of Gauss being a pure genius: "The Prime Number Theorem was conjectured by Legendre in 1798 and proved a century later by de la Vallee Poussin and Hadamard in 1896. However, after his death, a notebook of Gauss was found to contain the same conjecture, which he apparently made in 1791 at age 15. (You sort of have to feel sorry for all the otherwise “great” mathematicians who had the misfortune of being contemporaries of Gauss.)"

@muttonface9032 Год назад

I’m smarter

@XwitterEye Год назад

imagine discovering the FFT and not bothering to publish it. legend

@StrikeWarlock Год назад

Gauss couldn't imagine it either. He was a perfectionist. The formula for FFT was one of the many incomplete papers he didn't publish, there were many more.

@AA-ke5cu Год назад

👽we do it all the time. Some things humans should never understand. Like how we shut down their nuclear launch facilities.

@RandomAmbles Год назад

Fuckin' Gauss.

@Cvjkncfxcccfdd Год назад

Absolute sigma

@matthewbriggs9414 Год назад

Classic engineer

@kartefact Год назад

I wish I had this when i was in college studying DSP. Had no idea back then where and why this was used and we were only cramming the theory for the exams. This is probably one of the best visualisations of FFTs that I've come across. So simple to understand such a complex topic. This will help students of the subject understand the theory so much better when its real world application is known and its impact.

@abiofficial-ws7pn Год назад

We remember during our engineering, our maths professor just came in, just wrote and wrote nonstop on the board. The writing was so fast that we named him "machine gun" (the sound of the chalk on the board made rat-a-tat-a-tat-tat sound like that of a Thompson Machine gun). At that time we wondered why we were being taught this esoteric technique.

@prasunbagdi6112 Год назад

That's Indian education for you

@LaBamba690 Год назад

That's the difference between good professors and mediocre ones. Thank goodness I had an excellent professor for communications theory.

@amardeep46 Год назад

Ah the dreaded DSP !

@athena_03 Год назад

Thank God ! DSP and this video came at same time for us.

@sarthaksingh2852 Год назад

I am an electronics and communication student studying digital signal processing. it was the best FFT explanation I ever came across . This is probably one of the best visualisations of FFTs that I've come across

@santiagooliveros901 Год назад

Facts man. I’m bioengineer planning to study my master in digital signal and image processing, and back to my bachelor days, the FFT was one of the biggest references we had to analyse the signals such as ECG, EMG and image from Fourier spectrum. So impressive the amount of applications we find with these algorithms. Edit: Also shout out to Veritasium for this amazing explanation of the FFT.

@sarthaksingh2852 Год назад

@@santiagooliveros901 exactly..... and more complex or sensitive the data becomes with the help of FFT we could do far better analysis of data And like this kind of visualisation helps us explore a particular theorem or idea could be implemented at various places where we might generally not implement them

@cedricvillani8502 Год назад

Learn about Spring and Spring Dampener Algorithms

@leonponce8437 Год назад

same

@HalitZiyaKARTAL 10 месяцев назад

which country

@developersteve1658 Год назад

I really can't overstate how appreciative I am of these science history videos. It's easy in the STEM fields to forget the history soaked into the ideas we take for granted every day. I would like if Math classes gave a little glimpse into this - especially in primary schools. Maybe more kids would appreciate the importance of math and "when we would ever need this in real life".

@jeffbenton6183 Год назад

Same. I'm a huge history nerd, and it wasn't until college, when I took history of math courses that I really began to appreciate how awesome Math is and became somewhat close to actually being good at it (though I always knew it was important). If math had been taught to me that way at a much younger age, then I might've developed more math-friendly habits early enough that I could actually be a "math person" today.

@patrickjordan2233 Год назад

The current generation of teachers (@ any given point...) are the product of their own teaching/grasp of context. Oddly, it wasn't my history teacher, but my English teacher in HS in the 80's who was intuitively combining Core principles (cross-disipline teaching).. Fun class, cool trivia that Really pulled one in... Thanks, Mr Murphy. 🙏

@davidadams2395 Год назад

@@patrickjordan2233 You were fortunate, then. My teachers in the '80s made the subject as dry as the chalk in their hands. Math taught with the same enthusiasm as Ben Stein in *Ferris Bueller's Day Off* shut me off completely.

@426F6F Год назад

Yess, Math history actually sounds interesting too

@Sinzari Год назад

I think if taught in schools, kids would just fall asleep. The important part, as Veritasium has discovered, is being able to be a good storyteller. There's a reason Derek has a PhD in Physics Education, he's basically spent his life on being able to teach STEM this well. I wish it was possible to have a Derek in every class, but unfortunately it's not. A good alternative though, might be for school boards to commission videos like this that teach the curriculum in more interesting ways. And there's already evidence this works, via Bill Nye the Science Guy. Who can say they actually disliked him or got bored of his videos as a kid? Not many, if any. If all of STEM was taught so interestingly, with stories that pique curiosity and experiments that amaze kids, less people would find STEM boring or difficult and more would find it a place to explore. IMO at least.

@kronos2979 Год назад

Gauss discovering FFT even before Fourier published transforms is the most chad moment in history

@reiter155 Год назад

Dude literally doodled on his notebook and said trash

@googiegress7459 Год назад

@@reiter155 Wiped his swan's beak with it, wadded it up, and used it to light a giant blunt.

@mide8845 Год назад

But he was kinda built different

@amazingdude9042 Год назад

Soviets were fully right. USA never fulfilled any treaty at all in entire history. If soviets never had NUKES then they would be obliterated from planet earth and cut into 50+ smaller weak nations which would be USA puppets only.

@MrPoornakumar Год назад

kronos Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier, author of the analysis in his name, had the greatest impact on Science (& Technology now) like none else among the Scientists. There seems to be no alternative to Fourier's track.

@ghpkhg Год назад

Another phenomenal video. As a teacher, your ability to convey this super-high-level information is impressive and encouraging.

@isaackanu15 Год назад

Can you teach me this please

@tetum849 8 месяцев назад

@@isaackanu15what? lol

@dijoxx 4 месяца назад

You mean low level?

@response2u Год назад

I study neuroimaging with MEG, and for signal processing, FFTs are very critical. I came across your video by chance and it was a supreme way of visualizing it! Kudos to you sir! The best explanation of the FFT for sure!

@vikasrajyadav5915 Год назад

3blue1brown

@suhcheuy268 Год назад

Same with me for EEG!

@Bilangumus 11 месяцев назад

3blue1brown

@MassimilianoCerioni Год назад

I am a sound engineer, I work a lot with DSP. Knowing the background story of the FFT, and having it explained so smoothly leaves me speechless, you did another masterpiece. Thank you!

@boraned Год назад

haven't heard such profession, can you explain a bit, tell things about it and job opportunities?

@friendlyone2706 Год назад

@@EdWeibe No, he is probably an ordinary student, possibly college level and definitely brighter than average that he both watched this and read the comments. . Be thankful for your professors and the environment in which you live.

@friendlyone2706 Год назад

@@EdWeibe When you finish laughing, give Boran a couple well chosen sites you believe best exemplify your profession.

@barthchris1 Год назад

@@EdWeibe Why did you even make such a immature comment, what is your motivation? What are you, 10?

@SuperMonibuvy Год назад

@@EdWeibe This has got to be one of the most pedantic and immature comments I have ever read. Have you ever interacted with the general public at all? I wouldn't be surprised if less than 10% of the entire world population knew of DSP. Get off your high horse and go sit in the corner and think about what you've done.

@aleskerovw Год назад

I currently study signal processing at university and without this video I could've never imagined that the fourier transform was such a big deal. It's really sad how colleges don't take time to explain the importance of the taught topics before starting to lecture students on them. Thank you very much for making me see the big picture and realize how important are my current classes. This is the best kind of motivation to keep going.

@crackedemerald4930 Год назад

I don't think a lot of people would appreciate having part of their precious expensive class time with a teacher taken up by a history lesson instead of the subject they're supposed to be teaching.

@BrotherCheng Год назад

@@crackedemerald4930 Properly motivating a topic is a pretty crucial part of good teaching though. It piques curiosity and engagement, and helps to anchor what you are actually teaching. I definitely think a lot of times university lecturers could just default into immediately jumping into a complex topic without properly motivating to the student why they should even care about it to begin with. Doesn't have to be a 20 minute history lecture, but just spending a little bit of time could go a long way. But honestly though, a lot of the technical how's and what's can be obtained through books anyway. The job of a lecturer is to teach, not just to regurgitate what the books says.

@AXBA92 Год назад

Right? Most lectures are just like reading a list of definitions and formulas to memorize and that's it, completely voiding the subject of any context, relevance and usage. Good teaching is extremely rare.

@sullivan3503 Год назад

@@crackedemerald4930 Wrong. That is a massively important part of the lecture, and typically the least boring part.

@das250250 Год назад

Welch me to the University of RU-vid where the best minds teach and express their curiosity .

@jonrjd912 11 месяцев назад

I used the FFT in graduate work in 1974. We collected 1000data points from an average evoked potential from the spinal cord of a cat. The work was aimed at detecting injuries at different levels of the spinal cord using statistical (stepwise discriminant) analysis. We didn't have enough cats. If I remember correctly, the transform I used took less than a minute for 1000 data points from a 300 msec signal.

@ashishsrivastav6154 8 месяцев назад

During my Electronics Engineering course, we used to call it "Four-Year Transformation" as this was one algorithm that would stay with you for the entire four years and all signal processing calculations would need them (along with Laplace Transform)

@littleheck1 Год назад

I studied Electrical & Computer Engineering. Needless to say Fourier Transform was our bread and butter. It is such a pity that usually the historical context is missing in the educational process. It helps so much put things into perspective and get a sense of the purpose and the significance of what you are being taught. I know so many students that are getting discouraged and disappointed just because the educational process only involves sterile mathematics brutally being thrown into your face without any context whatsoever.

@lappr0 Год назад

Why did you reply at least 6 times to this video?

@astral8044 Год назад

@@lappr0 internet likes

@Inception1338 Год назад

Which is a crime from my perspective.

@JMNTN Год назад

i totally agree, if you first explain it simply and show the big picture first you at least have a sense of what you're supposed to learn. Most schools just start from the beginning and build blindly from there so you only really know what you're doing by the end of the course

@Mastakilla91 Год назад

ABSOLUTELY correct. If only this video existed back when I studiedm it would have motivated me much more.

@EngRMP Год назад

As a 66yo electrical engineer... it took me the last 20 years to finally understand the FFT as well as you've described it here. I recently realized that unfortunately the colleges do a horrible job teaching this subject... and I agree that it's one of the most important topics of math for anyone going into physics or engineering. I put together a radar 2D imager (ISAR) but using acoustics to keep the cost down. For the last 2 years I've been trying to get my local high schools interested in starting an after school geek club to teach kids basic signal processing using this acoustic imaging application. So far... no one is willing to even talk to me. It's too bad. Maybe your video will help. I really think that with the right application (acoustic imaging) this subject can be taught to 11th and 12th graders (multiplying sinusoids is really all you need to understand). This would prepare high schoolers beautifully for college science/engineering.

@bluetorch13 Год назад

If you want reach, creating a short well made video and post it on all social media will help you a lot! its not hard.

@EngRMP Год назад

@@bluetorch13 Yup, I've thought about that. I'm not sure how to approach it... I have 100+ slides of discussion/description... probably 10 different applications that show the LFM pulse in slow motion so you can hear it, simulation showing the xmit to rcv correlation, simulation of forward and inverse FFT, sine cosine for phase angle, noise reduction through FFT size, resolution vs bandwidth, etc.. Then I have the imager itself. I've thought about showing the imager but that will only hook you if you're already interested in understanding the math. Animations like Veritasium puts together are REALLY difficult to do. His video is great... but let's face it... only us engineer/math geeks really followed his description.. it was great... but the non-geek probably did not really grasp the "area under the curve" or "sine vs cosine gives the phase angle", or the Euler expression. It's a tough subject to convey, or get someone interested enough to commit time. The beauty is that in an hour I think I can totally hook high school kids by showing the imager, then a brief discussion of why the xmit pulse looks like it does, then a simulation showing what happens when you correlate the xmit with the rcv from one, then more than one scatterer, and finally the magic of the FT that is basically a correlation with multiple frequencies.... and imaging can be described using range and velocity for a rotating target (ISAR).

@happyfreeky Год назад

I learned the basics in college then researched on my own. What helped was writing code and running tests for both audio and images

@bradhayes8294 Год назад

Great idea from a mechanical engineer.

@abraarsameer9521 Год назад

@@EngRMP You could do a van Biezen or Brian Douglas type video series.

@autom7134 Год назад

I love how you include all the historical context in your videos. It makes the already awesome explanation of an interesting topic that much better. Kudos.

@murdo601 Год назад

These newer half an hour documentaries you are doing are just amazing!!!! What a high level of production for the rest of this platform to strive for!

@jadams5240 Год назад

As a Electrical Engineering student who has taken digital signal processing, this is a beautiful high level understanding of fft. Love your videos man!

@MrAnderson31 Год назад

As another electrical engineering student, I couldn't agree more. It's beautiful in ways I can't describe

@t3chb0y67 Год назад

@@MrAnderson31 as another electrical engineer, I am akin to Nikola Tesla so if you have any questions just ask me

@lidular Год назад

Damn it. That was word for word the same comment I was about to write

@dustinavant2003 Год назад

Good time memories staying up until 2AM doing FFT and Laplace.

@niagara1238 Год назад

Ah signals and systems, memories.

@I_Santos_ Год назад

As a resident of southern Alberta, Canada, I am so thankful that the radiation fallout from all that American nuclear testing decided not to cross the border into Canada, as shown at 2:15 and formed a neat line along thr 49th parallel. 😅 Hats off to the CBSA for holding up the border like that.

@dingding4898 Год назад

it wouldn't dare cross the border😏

@hughdanaher2758 2 месяца назад

The US tried to invade Canada 3 times and were repelled each time. What a border!

@primingdotdev Год назад

Love the fourier decomposition explanation. Nice work.

@dakotahrivers6640 Год назад

As a senior electrical engineering student in college, i can say this is absolutely the most accessible and well explained video of the Fourier series/transform i've ever seen.

@jcklsldr Год назад

I wish I'd had it during my EE college days too

@darrellhambley7245 Год назад

Long before Excel and MathCad we EE students did homework assignments using only a pencil and hand-held calculator to learn about DFT and FFTs. This video woke up a few thousand neurons which still had a whisper of that info after 50 years.

@dakotahrivers6640 Год назад

@@darrellhambley7245 I have no idea how you guys did it. Whenever I’m doing homework I’m glued to my computer looking up how to do it and how it works. I seriously commend your generation of engineers

@jcklsldr Год назад

@@darrellhambley7245 I graduated in 2019 and never used Excel or even know what MathCad is lol we had to do everything by hand with hand-held calculators. The only time we were allowed to use anything else was for EM lab

@takudzwandhlovu3013 Год назад

Spot on

@SlightyLessEvolved Год назад

This was, quite impressively, a much more clear explanation of how Fourier series & transforms work than I ever got in school.

@dezmodium Год назад

The Fourier discussion was deep and well explained but the discussion on the antagonisms between the USSR and USA here is really shallow and short. Both sides did have people attending these conferences who legitimately wanted to contain nuclear weapons. After all, they were mostly academics and scientists. But back home both sides had to contend with the political sphere: the senators and representatives that make up the government. These political actors on each side were not as thoughtful and were driven by fear and distrust. So even had the multiple talks about nuclear containment and non-armament ended well I doubt either side would have honored them. In the USA we had senators were absolutely certain the Soviets were planning world domination and in the USSR members of the Supreme Soviet (their senate) were absolutely certain of the same. Also it was a commonly held belief among many Soviet politicians that the Americans were literally insane and ready to use nukes at any moment.

@KafshakTashtak Год назад

If only professors did that before just throwing equations on board.

@CuteLethalPuppy Год назад

@@dezmodium yeah. Neither the USSR nor the USA were even willing to adopt the "No first use" policy. So I find it very hard to believe that the USSR, USA, etc would have stopped the nuke arms race if the FFT was discovered earlier etc etc. And I agree the Americans were and are insane in terms of nuke usage management - compare the USSR's Perimeter/Dead Hand with the USA's "The US President can launch nukes even if he goes crazy and nobody is supposed stop him" system. Search for "Harold Hering and the forbidden question that cost him his career."

@Max_Jacoby Год назад

What kind of school are you talking about? I graduated university with mathematic degree and we didn't study Fourier transform.

@exazebra Год назад

@@Max_Jacoby Any kind of school where you learn about signal processing. Digital electronics is where I learned about it.

@youssefamrkadry Год назад

I'm going to have to stop here and say this is the single most catchy, fun to watch, visually illustrative and informative FFT video I have seen, I wish I had a video like this 3 years ago it would've really helped. You're making a real difference here with videos like this and I hope you keep up the great work.

@adamplace1414 Год назад

I've said it before, but watching Veritasium gives me the same mind-expanding wonder that James Burke's show Connections did when I was a kid. Not that this channel is copying their format - but just showing the intersection of history, science, and technology in a way that allows each to inform the others. It's such a useful way of teaching those subjects, and I'm genuinely happy there's someone still doing so.

@mikestone6078 Год назад

I know exactly what you mean and feel the same way. It's something else to watch these videos. So much thinking that wants to be done afterwards.

@PTRMAN Год назад

I loved James Burke!! Even bought the DVD set of "The Day The Universe Changed"!

@geoffstrickler Год назад

That’s high praise…and I agree, many of the videos here have a similar feel.

@akanhakan Год назад

This is interesting. I cannot understand what people find in the Connections. I watched an episode a few years ago which was a complete disappointment. I thought it was filled with absurd just-so-stories to create far fetched connections packaged as knowledge/science. It was really embarrassing.

@geoffstrickler Год назад

@@akanhakan You’re probably viewing it with current production quality standards, not viewing it in the context of 80’s production quality and low BBC budgets. Check out his second series “The Day The Universe Changed”

@Laando_ Год назад

Scrolling through the comments I realize that my feelings toward this video as someone who is currently a graduate student in Electrical Engineering is not unique at all. It's amazing what great animation and very well articulated and easy to understand words can do when trying to understand a complicated subject. I've taken probably 6 or so courses at least that use the Fourier Transform, along with classes that utilize the FFT, and never once fully understood what the hell I was really doing and why it worked. Thank you very much Veritasium, this has genuinely helped my understanding of FTs 5 years deep into my college education lol.

@frotoe9289 Год назад

There's a lot of "shut up and compute" in some courses. Taking an advanced math class where the prof was covering Bessel functions (in gory detail for like 3 weeks) someone finally asked "ok, Dr Smith, we've spent 3 weeks studying these, what are they good for?" and the prof replied "I dunno--engineers use them for something, I think". Didn't know, didn't care. It was kinda comical taking an applied math class from a person who really had no idea how to apply the math--guess that was left as an exercise for the reader. One EE grad class the prof (guy who co-invented the Discrete Cosine Transform) decided we really all needed to learn to derive the FFT algorithm and do it on a test. And then a couple weeks later, decided we needed to be able to derive on the next test how to use DFT's to perform a DCT. Did that help us understand this stuff? Heavens no. It just forced us to rote memorize some magical math. But through reading enough stuff outside the textbooks, I finally (sorta) came to have an innate understanding. And yeah, well-done videos can go a long way toward providing that mapping from pure math to logical understanding of the concepts.

@_NoName0 Год назад

@@frotoe9289 Yes, there's really too much of that, that's frustrating.

@shoemakerleve9 Год назад

Painful stuff... Differential equations was enough for me during my time as a computer engineering undergrad. Will I use diffEQ again? Probably not. Did it make me have a deeper sense of understanding and appreciation of mathematics? Yeah sure I guess.

@dadthelad Год назад

Yeah this vid would defo have helped me understand Fourier Transforms quicker when I was trying to grok what the hell they were about in my undergrad electrical engineering degree. I did finally get it though, and then it was a glorious light of wow, how epic is this stuff!

@6612770 Год назад

I highly recommend the following book for an excellent pictorial, intuitive and 'gentle' mathematical introduction to the basics of the FFT. The copy I have is: Title : The Fast Fourier Transform Auth: Brigham, E. Oran ISBN: 0-13-307496-X Pub: 1974 by Prentice-Hall Inc.

@jonpatchmodular Год назад

Darn... I went in wanting to know more about how an audio equalizer and spectrum visualizer worked... I wasn't expecting to learn about nuclear weapons and cold war politics. This was an impressively good video, as usual! Yours has to be one of the best science dissemination resources out there for sure. Thank you!

@tonyt9697 Год назад

I think my lowest grade in college was in my linear systems and signal processing course. I felt such a lack of confidence in my understanding from that course that I took another elective on similar subject matter so I could better grasp the material. I wish I'd had this video back then lol. I really like how your video interleaves historical context alongside the theory - great video!

@garydunken7934 Год назад

Man.. the education system was so bad for me when I did my Electrical & Electronics degree at uni 25 years ago. I struggled to grasp the purpose and concept of Fourier Transform and subsequent lectures on DFT. Now looking at your visuals and explanation with historical relevance, it looks simply amazing and makes so much sense. Awesome work Derek.

@RobbieK10 Год назад

I had the same feeling when I studied electrical engineering. The lecturers managed to suck all enthusiasm out of the subject.

@pentachronic Год назад

Same. However it wasn’t that well understood 25 years ago and was only kept in the hands of the top level researchers. More people have now digested it to make it easier to understand. Also we have the internet to get access to the people who can explain things properly and unambiguously.

@hgff69 Год назад

@@RobbieK10 our lecturer gave this topic of FFT for self-study when there were no online videos and free course ware.

@astronemir Год назад

Engineering sometimes focuses a bit too much on application. I know it doesn’t make sense to teach every math proof but a bit of conceptual understanding of underlying algorithms would be hugely beneficial

@don_marcel Год назад

Bahahahaha that's why I switched to CS where we just talk about probability and number theory, but don't do actual math

@masterjaques4440 Год назад

Derek's ability to break down mathematical terms into common language is amazing. As an Electrical engineer who works in Signal processing, the FFT algorithm is my bread and butter.

@mth469 Год назад

What do you use FFT for in engineering, sir?

@muhammadjunaid4948 Год назад

@@mth469 signal processing

@feixin_duke Год назад

pov you saw likes and felt insecure so you copied what little heck said

@savagesarethebest7251 Год назад

Right, I have never heard a so succinct way to describe image compression

@divyanshrodney8322 Год назад

Really appreciate the time put into this video. Thank you for fueling my curiosity, makes me feel alive.

@jackallread 10 месяцев назад

Great episode! I did a lot of vibration analysis while working at a national lab and the visual explanation of the FFT was great and gave me much more depth of understanding! Often you can see how a formula is useful but now understand it and this helped a lot understanding FFTs! Thanks

@adityashivaappalla1384 Год назад

FFT is the reason we are able to diagnose the problems with industrial machinery (pumps, compressors, turbines). As a mechanical engineer, I absolutely loved this explanation, but have to watch it again to understand it fully. Thanks, Derek for this work! 🙏

@M1gu3L_Warzone Год назад

CSI 2140

@joebojanic1905 Год назад

Me too. I do vibration analysis on dyno systems and auxiliary equipment. I also worked in the cable industry and very lightly used it in signal analysis for troubleshooting.

@sophiacristina Год назад

FFT is used a lot in signal processing... 🥰

@SquirrelTheorist Год назад

That makes sense! I wouldn't have guessed but now that you mention it I see how they could apply in say motion detection software to that tests the durability of machinery (forgot the name but there's a video on that)

@ritwikism Год назад

What an amazing video, I'm blown by the combination of storytelling, breakdown of complex math, connect to real life applications and of course the drama. This is top tier content.

@level138inrs 9 месяцев назад

Im extremely grateful for this video. Ive worked with protein crystallography for years but really struggled to intrinsically grasp the FT concept. This video is the single best explanation ive seen. Will definitely be reccommending it to people

@eduardoschneider2010 Год назад

you just made an amazing video. out of a difficult topic, you managed to explain it in a simple way. congrats

@curween9009 Год назад

I was taught this, as I'm sure many engineers were, during University. However, its significance and real world usage was never explained, and therefore meant the work felt arbitrary, especially when performed by hand. This video explains FFTs in the most picturesque and simple way that I have ever witnessed it's amazing

@rayaqin Год назад

same We were thaught about this at the University but it felt boring and pointless

@MJLNRGames Год назад

Same here. I wish I would have been taught the history so I would have appreciated them more instead of hating them haha

@Growlizing Год назад

Holy hell yes. I spent so many hours doing FT by hand, and I did not even in the slightest understand why it worked.

@shoemakerleve9 Год назад

Honestly university needs to take a better approach at mathematics courses. Having students wrote memorize complex algorithms and math models/approaches with no visualization is why math is considered so difficult imo. We need more professors like Derek (veritasium) in our universities.

@26paulifer Год назад

Taking a complex problem, and decomposing it into the history, science and specific use cases is refreshing to see and should be explored more often in STEM education. Thanks Derek, and the team!

@philkarn1761 Год назад

Taking something complex and decomposing it into a bunch of simple things...sounds like the FFT!

@chaosjoerg9811 Год назад

Don't put history on the test, plz.

@linimie Год назад

We use global atmospheric models for our work and thus we use the Fourier Transfrom to apply grid based data in a spectral space global model, or the other way around. This video is really a nice help to understand where it comes form and what it does!

@ShannonJacobs0 Год назад

New theory: Supporting antisocial trolls and assorted pirates is so expensive for RU-vid that they are desperate to ramp up the ads. Are you seeing more and especially offensive ads from RU-vid? Maybe it's just me? And is it related to the surge in hate-filled comments from the trolls? But in any case, I want to know if it's because my surfing with good privacy practices has starved the beast, so their ad picker is befuddled, or if they know it's me and it's just targeted retaliation and harassment because I keep commenting in public about how EVIL the google has become. The gun ads and racist t-shirts ads are especially effective at being annoying, but not at selling. If I ever notice myself shopping from a google advertiser, then I plan to stop it. And if you see this comment after many RU-vid videos, that's because I saw another offensive and irrelevant ad.

@FireAngelOfLondon Год назад

@@ShannonJacobs0 Ad-block plug-ins are available for most of the major browsers. They naturally cannot stop ads incorporated into the videos but they can block the rest of them. And don't feel guilty about using one; you have the right to determine what you watch and what you don't and if companies make their advertising obnoxious they are pushing users in the direction of ad-blocking. I would prefer that RU-vid get advertising revenue so they can continue to fund this free service and in that spirit I used to tolerate the ads. But as they became more objectionable I inevitably went to an ad-blocker and I have not seen an ad on RU-vid in just over two years. RU-vid's management are bringing this on themselves.

@jordan9604 Год назад

I couldn't stand ads, that is why I use revanced and microg. Very effective and it even skips self promotion and other various things that you can customize. I know this sounds like an ad to get rid of ads, but I promise I am not affiliated in any way with those companies.

@unbearifiedbear1885 Год назад

@@ShannonJacobs0 racist t-shirts?

@user-sr2qk4jm9f 9 месяцев назад

I've taken a liking to watching your videos. There's a special talent of knowing how to tell a story. My attention easily gravitates towards your explanation. Thank you, and please keep making these amazing videos!

@sorryplease5071 Год назад

There are a lot of engineers in the comments here, but I'm just a farmer with an insatiable sense of scientific curiosity. I can't thank you and some others enough for making this kind of information digestible for the common folk. The animation can't be cheap, but it's incredibly helpful for someone that better understands things visually. You have a powerful talent for teaching. Few things make my brain happier than understanding something as ingenious as the various topics you cover. It gives me goosebumps when thoughts and ideas connect together in understanding. I think it's called a braingasm and your work has given me many.

@RedditFam Год назад

yes sir! Derek does great job at explaining difficult concepts in such easy way

@clonkex Год назад

Out of curiosity, what kind of things do you grow?

@toddeverson5699 Год назад

Just a farmer. You mean welder, electrician, mechanic, engineer, chemist, botanist, agronomist, economist, salesperson, carpenter, plumber, etc. Glad you still have time to be curious!

@sorryplease5071 Год назад

@@clonkex Wheat, corn, soybeans, alfalfa, cattle. And it’s true that there are loads of adjacent skills needed to be good at it.

@Lizlodude Год назад

@@toddeverson5699 This is so true, farmers are freaking brilliant. SmarterEveryDay has a lot of great videos touching on all the stuff that a 'simple farmer' has to know and do on an almost daily basis.

@alanjones1581 Год назад

I had only been working for IBM about two years when the Cooley Tukey paper was published. At the time, we were working with a new computer language developed by IBM: APL. I was also working on problems involving signal processing so I implemented their FFT algorithm in APL. APL is based on arrays which made it a natural for implementing FFT. Even though APL was an interpretive language, the use of arrays made the routine very fast. The implementation only took about 20 lines of code. It was widely distributed within and outside of IBM when I published a non-confidential IBM technical report and presented a talk at an IEEE meeting in 1972.

@AXBA92 Год назад

That must have been a once in a lifetime thrill. I'm envious.

@alanjones1581 Год назад

@@AXBA92 Yes it was. I was at the right place at the right time. I had a fun career with IBM and another after I retired.

@god0 Год назад

@@alanjones1581 did you know Larry Breed?

@alanjones1581 Год назад

@@god0 Yes, I did. He was one of the key developers of APL at IBM Yorktown. How did you know him?

@god0 Год назад

@@alanjones1581 I met him at Burning Man in 2004 and we were campmates until the pandemic. I went to his memorial last year.

@judopunch2672 Год назад

Your production quality and presentation organization are insane. I learn things from you, thanks for your hard work!

@eduardogonzales6945 Год назад

Great content, I thought I knew about this topic, but there were a ton of things in this piece I had no idea about. Many thanks.

@pathagas Год назад

i’m a math student, and i’ve spent a lot of time learning about/working with fourier analysis. i’ve really struggled to explain to people how important it is. this is a great video to encapsulate everything that’s going on.

@babagandu Год назад

Cool story

@iankrasnow5383 Год назад

I'm a materials science and engineering student. Fourier transforms come up in many different areas we need to be proficient, and yet we never have a class that really teaches what they are or how to solve them. I knew at a vague level what a Fourier transform was, but I didn't know what a DFT was (except obviously being for discrete values) or a FFT, despite learning about various types of equipment that use them. I literally learned more about fourier transforms from this Veritasium video than from 4 years of undergrad engineering.

@Atlas92936 Год назад

I am now convinced all wars are wars of mathematics

@fredwerza3478 Год назад

I wish they taught the importance of Fourier transforms in high school --- it's a math concept that has shaped the modern world

@primenumberbuster404 Год назад

Fourier is one the most influential figure. As a math major when I learnt his contribution which leads to a whole bunch of mathematicians to make integration theory more rigorous and more powerful I was blown away.

@neilsamuel5268 Год назад

You didn't even finish watching the video.

@noname-codm4590 Год назад

@@neilsamuel5268 lol

@primenumberbuster404 Год назад

@@neilsamuel5268 Well, I commented about Fourier and as a math major I know sufficient about FFT. You can easily check the description it's about FFT. You are typing this same comment everywhere. That's sad.

@neilsamuel5268 Год назад

@@primenumberbuster404 As a computer science bachelor I also know about FFT but being on a laptop, it shows the total comments on the top of the comment section and it was already above 100 after 3 mins of posting... I commented the same comment everywhere because most of the comments seemed like bots as not many normal humans would comment before completing atleast 1/4th of the video. But FFT for the win! I hope you've seen the video of Fourier transformation by 3b1b! 🙌🏻

@noob19087 Год назад

My deepest condolences for being a math major 🙏😞

@ateebahmed2237 7 месяцев назад

It is the simplest and most effective explanation of Fourier transform I have ever seen ! Kudos!

@charliemoody7168 Год назад

Enjoyed the vid a lot - but it was the ad for your sponsor that got my subscription. It’s good to see people succeeding at what they want to do, bringing all their skills to bear on a worthy outcome

@Tigrou7777 Год назад

A quick note for the last part: image compression algorithms usually divide the image into small tiles (e.g., 8x8 or 16x16 blocks) instead of trying to compress the entire image. Sine waves are by definition infinite, and taking small parts of the image allows you to focus on a specific part of the signal (instead of trying to compress it as a whole). For example, parts of the image that are blurred and out of focus will likely contain low frequencies and therefore achieve a high level of compression. Wavelets do not have this problem (they can efficiently compress an image without dividing it into small parts). The use of small fixed size blocks is also useful in many other ways: lower memory requirements, parallelism, easier hardware implementation, …

@derrekvanee4567 Год назад

Math... Checks out? I dunno mega over done comment komrad da, you deserve pickles and extra vodka ration.

@synchronos1 Год назад

Also the image compression algorithms usually handle the lightness channel (Y) separately from the chroma channels (Cb and Cr), and not do it on the RGB channels directly (which I believe that multi-colour transformed image was trying to represent). The added benefit of this is that you can just bluntly downsample the chroma channels by a factor of four (at least on high compression), and a human eye won't notice much, if anything, as our vision is way better in discerning brightness differences than chroma differences.

@tristanwh9466 Год назад

@@synchronos1 He mentioned in the video that the color represents phase not image color so what he showed would be the process for a single channel

@awesomegmg956 Год назад

I remember JPG uses DCT instead of FFT?

@mihailmilev9909 Год назад

@@tristanwh9466 thanks for pointing it out. Now only for someone to respond cuz I have no idea what it means anyways lol

@tomburnett3247 Год назад

Thank you this was a excellent description of FFTs. I’m 73 now and my PhD is in theoretical atomic physics. After school I worked for awhile with seismic data processing and we used FFTs extensively in acoustic scattering. This is the best explanation I’ve seen so far.

@Ghxlib Год назад

Do you regret anything in your life

@razgvozd Год назад

The outside is always regretable in any age. Even Christ regrets humans.

@matthewthenerd792 Год назад

Oh thats intresting work. I've been working with acoustic sensors and FFTs for a while now; I'm with you in saying this is really a great explanation of FFTs.

@NOOBCRASTINATOR69 10 месяцев назад

I wish I knew you in my life🌿

@tim40gabby25 7 месяцев назад

Checkout 3b1b on the subject?

@imrannajir9332 Год назад

We had finished the FFT in just few days without knowing the impact and use of FFT. Story behind the FFT is really a treasure for a communication engeneering student like me Thank You for this amazing video.

@Cahangir Месяц назад

Amazing video. Thank you for your efforts.

@shan_singh Год назад

Future education will be inspired by these creators. I am an electronics and communication engineer, no teacher ever taught fft like this. Not even close. This is beautiful

@manjupriya6574 Год назад

precisely my thought

@bishrarar3015 Год назад

This is a great explanation to get a grasp on the Fourier transform, but it would not be sufficient for an engineering student. This explanation (understandably) glosses over a lot of details that are important for engineering.

@panner11 Год назад

@@bishrarar3015 Well of course, engineering courses take months. This is a 26 minute video. Getting a grasp is often the most important part because it provides motivation to dig deeper.

@TheSuperBoyProject Год назад

Do the needful sir

@sachins5784 Год назад

I've never understood the practical use of DFTs until I watched this video.

@justinyang21114798 Год назад

Another reason to why I love FFT so much is that it also happens to help visualize sound waves in ways that better represent how humans hear sounds. FFT is literally everywhere in music and technology.

@yitzakIr Год назад

It also powers reverb, you just multiply two FFT’s together

@Periwinkleaccount Год назад

@@yitzakIr what’s the ‘ for?

@yanicklajoie6237 Год назад

@@Periwinkleaccount Why is the "t" missing?

@warpedspeed4517 Год назад

@@yanicklajoie6237 🖖🤣

@okuno54 Год назад

@@Periwinkleaccount Generally, in (prescriptivist) English, an apostrophe goes between an initialism/acronym and the plural suffix. Personally, I find that rule silly and (marginally) ambiguous, so I also don't the apostrophe, and I'm not the only one to drop it, either. Then again, the only reason I might keep apostrophe in English at all is because double contractions look fun! "you'd've" "hadn't've" &c

@marcopozzo7886 5 месяцев назад

Derek, your videos are some of my absolute favorites, but this one blew my mind. Bookmark material! As a proud geek first, then an electronic engineer, I have dealt with signal spectra and their meaning since always. But how you broke down the complexity of the formula definition into its physical meaning, it's absolutely remarkable. Congrats on all of your other videos, too, and keep up this great work!

@mercismerc Год назад

I appreciate you used the same color scheme and font as @3blue1brown for this video. A nice way to pay tribute to their explanation of Fourier Transforms.

@jhjet510 Год назад

This is a SUPERB video. I’ve worked in Fourier space for over 40 years and this is one of the best explanations that I’ve seen. I was also unaware of a lot of the history as well. VERY well done!!

@mskellyrlv Год назад

You've made some really great videos, but this is your masterpiece (I say that as a retired engineer who studies math and uses Maple recreationally). I knew of Garwin and Tuckey's contributions at the surface level, but the depth of your research was amazing (actually talking to Garwin was really cool). Even more astonishing was Gauss' discovery of the FFT. He is widely regarded as the greatest mathematician of all time, a title disputed by devotees of Euler. Gauss had an aversion to publishing his results until he considered them perfect, and above criticism: his personal motto was "Pauca sed matura", meaning "few, but ripe", describing his publishing habits. Euler, on the other hand, held a record on the number of publications of original mathematics unbroken until the late 20th century. I really appreciate Gauss' amazing contributions in all fields, but think that Euler outperformed him simply by putting forth more material that had never before been conceived. That's a digression, but it does speak to the question of "what if Gauss had published his result?"

@philkarn1761 Год назад

I was pleasantly surprised to see that Garwin is still alive.

@WanderTheNomad Год назад

"Perfect is the enemy of good"

@fredwerza3478 Год назад

Debating Gauss vs. Euler, now we're really getting into the academic weeds --- but I like where your head is at

@michaelsotomayor5001 Год назад

In Spanish it translates “poco, pero maduro” or maybe the feminine version “poca, pero madura” but Spanish is my second language so I may be incorrect

@chrisfuller1268 Год назад

The convolution integral and a radio receiver than scans the RF and IF simultaneously with narrow-band filters predate the FFT and could have been used but the scientific advisors had no practical knowledge, apparently. In fact, the narrowband filter is still superior to the FFT especially for detecting transient events.

@adamtaylor2142 Год назад

This is such high quality math/history content. Such a wonderful story. The history of the idea could fill a book, and it would be a rich and interesting one. You've captured its essence in 25 minutes.

@rudolphscheepers1200 7 месяцев назад

Note: The animation of 80,000 hours (number of dots) is incorrect, only 40 weeks is displayed instead of 50.

@david.kirmayer Месяц назад

I admire the depth of your analyses and how comprehensive you are making them. Thumbs up to 42Ve team

@TheCangar Год назад

As a neuroscientist using EEG I also use the FFT for basically everything I do. I did not know at all the background. Fascinating, thanks a lot for this video!

@teacup2301 Год назад

I did my dissertation on FFTs and I've been waiting for my favourite science communicators like you to cover it - so pleased with what a great job you've done with this video, as always

@tipilot3791 Год назад

this is my new fav video of yours. My jaw dropped when you mentioned Gauss lmao.

@arnsassassiner Год назад

im an electrical engineer in my last semester . This is the best visual explanation of FFT . we use this a lot in signal processing .

@Easi14h Год назад

Yep, in my continuous time systems and signals class right now. It's a pretty big thing

@elliottwarkus8643 Год назад

I still remember when I first learned about Fourier Transforms in college. I was a music theory major who ended up switching to computer science part way through, and coming across something that so elegantly linked those two fields was beyond eye-opening. It was easily one of the coolest things I've ever learned about.

@etiennepons4295 Год назад

I've just started a bachelor's in sound engineering, and having always loved physics and science in general, this video is amazing in showing how close music and physics are linked!

@zohaibnadeem9385 Год назад

I'm not a music theory major but music is my passion and I'm studying electrical engineering going through exactly what you just described and it makes me so happy :D

@pranavtagore Год назад

Fourier transforms was the easiest stuff I could ever find in engineering maths.

@jcolinmizia9161 Год назад

I kind of love how literal the names of the conferences were. You knew exactly what they wanted to accomplish!

@ShannonJacobs0 Год назад

@unliving_ball_of_gas Год назад

Sounds like the names you'd find in comic books

@sinisadovijanic 10 дней назад

Man I love your videos...Respect

@Sietches Год назад

Love this video, simply amazing works!

@ElectroBOOM Год назад

Love the video as always! 2:16 I'm just happy the nuclear fallouts stopped at the Canadian border, otherwise we could have had it bad here too! 😁

@raj-m Год назад

Wow! Electroboom

@RAHULKUMAR-wn8po Год назад

Animator stopped it.

@lekhakaananta5864 Год назад

That's simply an artifact of the border. Upon landing on Canadian soil, the fallout particles said "sorry" and stopped emitting harmful radiation.

@garydunken7934 Год назад

Stop knit picking Derek's video. Any appreciative comments this awesome video on FFT? I guess you still haven't recovered from the fallout with Derek after the 1/c problem video. LOL.. :)

@revo1702 Год назад

Lmao

@oh3991 Год назад

How brilliant was Gauss? He discovered a modern equivalent form of FFT in 1805, which is commonly known as Cooley-Tukey algorithm in 1965. This is 160 years ago. Even more crazy thing is that this also predates Joseph Fourier's publication of Fourier transform in 1822. He discovered this even before the Fourier transform is made.

@aceman0000099 Год назад

If you think that's crazy, Pythagoras actually invented MP3 compression in 266BCE. Wild right?

@pdcx Год назад

@@aceman0000099 eli5. i tried to google search but to no avail.

@Bjowolf2 Год назад

Fourier the plagierist 😂

@user-ln2qr5mn8r Год назад

@@pdcx its a joke haha

@4321jirby Год назад

Did this Gauss also invent the gaussian elimination I learned in linear algebra?

@ricardolandeo2023 Год назад

I wish I had these kind of content while I was studying. I still wonder many other things I had learned but I see no use in my career but now I still find fascinating , how this is (or was) applied in real life. Thank you for the video

@GuidoNeonati Год назад

Let's not forget the big leap that has been done in the didactic field (this wonderful channel is a major example of it). In the mid 80s, when I was first confronted with Fourier and the related analysis, it was explained by the teachers and in the books in ways extremely difficult to comprehend. For me and many other students Fourier, Bode & Nyquist were a trinity of nightmares looming on every test or class exercise. But, thanks to Derek, today's students can finally enjoy just sweet dreams. Or are modern mathematical nightmares now caused by other concepts that still require better explanations?

@sergeymyasnikov736 3 месяца назад

Navier-Stokes equations springs to mind, along with an entire field of physical math equations **shrugs**

@ManWithBeard1990 Год назад

A quick note on image compression: because of the n*log(n) complexity of the FFT it's common to divide the image up into smaller chunks. That's why on poorly compressed images or videos you tend to see blockiness. Now, what's interesting is that when you do that, instead of an FFT it often makes more sense to perform what's called a discrete cosine transform, or DCT, on those tiles. The reason for that is that in less detailed parts of the image, the most prominent components of a tile will be the average colour and an overall colour gradient. In a DCT, that information is mostly contained within the DC component and the first cosine coefficient, whereas in an FFT that information is more spread out. That's why DCT tends to compress a bit better in that scenario.

@natec1 Год назад

So the blocks it divides it into aren't of uniform size? Are the chunks larger in less detailed parts of the image? If so, why does it appear to make parts of the image with little variation in color all one color? Shouldn't it be able to preserve that gradient? Or does it just throw that information out because it isn't very visually necessary?

@Photosounder Год назад

Complexity isn't the reason why blocks are used, blocks are used because there would be little sense in trying to compress a full-image DCT. And the advantage in DCT is in the way the signal loops, it goes back and forth before repeating unlike the DFT which only repeats and thus creates a big jump in values when it jumps which would mess up the spectrum. Which makes you wonder why they don't use Chebyshev analysis instead of DCT.

@meneldal Год назад

@@natec1 Depends on the standard With JPEG and earlier, it was all fixed size. In recent standards, size is adaptative, but you can't put blocks anywhere either, they have to fit in like 64x64 larger blocks that can be subdivided or not. Most encoders will typically use large block sizes on parts where there's less detail because it is more efficient.

@halweilbrenner9926 Год назад

OK No idea

@zackeeu Год назад

Well d’uh!

@Banminator7 Год назад

It's pure genius how you managed to weave this storyline together with the very clear and understandable explanations so smoothly, you are a master at your craft Mr. Veritasium!

@philkarn1761 Год назад

And he only touched the surface of the FFT's applications. I work in digital radio modulation and coding, and the list of applications of the FFT to modems and radio could fill a book. In fact, it does. *Many* books, actually.

@brushstroke3733 Год назад

Clear and understandable? Is everyone who comments here a legitimate genius? I was pretty sharp in school, but this whole presentation flew over my head!

@gururajgawanalli9971 Год назад

You really have a great impact;fan from India!You have to be one among the great explainers .With no background of waves or physics or even proper programming I was able to get the gist and essence of the FFT! Hats off;really continue making impact.

@bradleyodens299 Год назад

I just saw this video and there are few that I feel are must sees. This is one of them! TY

@CTBell-uy7ri Год назад

As a filmmaker, I’ve always been fascinated by video compression such as h.264 and h.265. The FFT is one part of those codecs that I could never get my head around. This video made it clear. Thanks Derek

@adamrak7560 Год назад

I was a bit sad that he did not mentioned that the FFT in h.264 is not a classical FFT but a newer version, which is very significantly easier to implement in hardware. (some places call it HCT) (h.265 may be the same, but I have only read and implemented the h.264 standard)

@CTBell-uy7ri Год назад

@@adamrak7560 Cool!

@pynchon9 Год назад

@@adamrak7560 DCT - discrete cosine transform.

@adamrak7560 Год назад

@@pynchon9 it is not an FFT of DCT, as I have written the coefficients are wrong, that is why some documents call it HCT. (it approximates DCT, but there are some significant differences, so you cannot pair an exact inverse DCT with HCT, the results would be wrong) In practice DCT name is used for FFT of real even-symmetrical inputs, nobody actually computes the cosine transform. FFT is much faster and can do the same with the right boundary conditions as DCT.

@thebooduck Год назад

It never seizes to impress me how you’re able to tell such a good story around a super dry topic like FFTs.

@v44n7 Год назад

yet its the antique way of education that made it dry, you can check 3blue1brown videos and then you realize how wrong we learn stuff or at least, how outdated it is

@ayushgupta-pc9yz Год назад

Agreed! His narration is very good. But only an idiot could say that FFT is a super dry topic.

@Ixs4i Год назад

@@ayushgupta-pc9yz while i agree, for the average person any technical topic like this outside of common knowledge will appear dry without prior understanding of the subject, so i dont blame them for thinking its so hahaha

@C.I... Год назад

*ceases

@Chris-oj7ro Год назад

@@C.I... Bless you!

@alexandrewashington6447 6 месяцев назад

I've said this before, but it bears repeating. This channel has two types of videos: great and excellent. This one in particular will be one of the unforgettable ones for anyone who watches it. Grateful for the attention.

@RobMedellin 3 месяца назад

For me it is just great which is high praise, but I like more many other videos. I think it's too deep a dive for many of us. Of course being too technical helps accentuate just how smart Gauss was, but Derek has made more impact in half the time in other videos.

@philoso377 2 месяца назад

Nice video and presentation. I take this video as the best in this channel. Learn the concept of FFT otherwise couldn’t myself alone. Thank you so much.

@TimothyLim-Roguengineer Год назад

I studied Electrical Engineering, with an innate ability to understand complex math. I have used FFT for 30 yrs, yet seem to lack the ability to transform the concept into words for my family and other laypersons without their eyes glazing over in a minute or less. I am in awe of the rare, talented few like you, that seem to do both. With much excitement, I am going to force my family to watch this with me, and see if they can finally understand! YAY!!!

@user-qy6tu9ip9v Год назад

I dream of becoming a software engineer or electrical engineer but I don't feel that I am smart enough to understand fourier transforms.

@kishoreytc Год назад

🙏🙏🙏 thank you so much, no words, only respect for you brother.

@pramod11925 Год назад

@@user-qy6tu9ip9v Hey it's something we discovered and you can be a teacher in it too always be positive ✌🏼☺️

@bluex610 Год назад

@@user-qy6tu9ip9v don't worry, if Trump and Biden can be president, I think you'll be OK. Believe in yourself 😄

@nicholashowie2829 Год назад

@@user-qy6tu9ip9v I know how you feel. I want to go into physics, but the subject is hard. The truth is though, if it were easy, we wouldn’t be interested in it. We can do it. It may take time, and a little more effort than some of our peers, but we can still get there. We will appreciate it more because we had to fight for it too.

@SilverTear333 Год назад

When I first learned about the fourier transform it literally blew my mind. The fact that you can decompose any signal/function into frequency components fascinated me, especially once you see the value in real life applications. So much so that I now consider myself to have a life before and after I became aware of FT.

@stachowi Год назад

read the book "Pixel: a biography" amazing book....

@Stierenkloot Год назад

Doesn’t it make a lot of sense though? And our ears do this as well? We can tell different frequencies from a single speaker source

@karozans Год назад

I was amazed when I saw that you could use a Fourier series to calculate pi.

@ivanscottw Год назад

Let's not forget the phase.. It is integral part of the signal.. The FT/FFT/DFT turns a signal function into an amplitude/phase over frequency complex function.

@98danielray Год назад

@@ivanscottw the word "component" already implies you quantify their contribution to the system

@tomo1168 Год назад

Another masterpiece from Veritasium. Please never stop making videos :)

@flwi Год назад

Wow - that's truly impressive. I'm in awe by all the geniuses coming up with these algorithms that we take for granted. Thanks for the interesting explanation!

@antonalexandrov4159 Год назад

I love how you have such a wide audience and still are not afraid to delve into the more complicated depths of the topic. I am a little biased, since I have seen most of these things in my computer science degree but I believe this was one of the best ways to explain DFFT. At this point your video and 3Blue1Brown's video are the best way to learn the basis of FFT and get a really good intuition about it, not just a memorization of integrals.

@dangerfly Год назад

Is there a recent departure from simplifying concepts even further for maximum intuition or is it just these concepts are irreducible?

@antonalexandrov4159 Год назад

@@dangerfly In general with content creators or specifically Veritasium? I wasn't really making a comparison with anything, I just haven't seen any huge channels like this that have content that for me seems requiring prior knowledge in maths, physics, etc. Which is why I felt that actually it's just his explanations being so good that even laypeople can get something interesting out of it.

@fear7356 Год назад

As a high schooler, only some parts made sense to me, but his videos inspire me to delve deeper into these stuff

@ToriKo_ Год назад

Have u seen the FFT video made by RU-vid channel ‘Reducible’?

@LuisSierra42 Год назад

Like PBS SpaceTime

@gandalf8216 Год назад

FFT is how I got into programming of visualizations and plugins in for example Winamp, back in the day. Also hobby projects involving sound formats, from recording to playback. It's a glorious algorithm, which mathematically makes the bridge between a wave and it's quantization, something that's truly amazing if one thinks about it.

@youtubeuser206 Год назад

so you're a gay

@ypey1 Год назад

Oh my winamp! Does it stil excist? I made the titanium skin once

@hl6816 Год назад

I first learned about FFT when I was adjusting the sampling rate and type of a de-noising plugin in a DAW. It's really amazing to see how it's shaped everything around us now.

@MationGaming Год назад

FFT got me into cyber security because I was so interested in using them to create quantumn-computer-resistant encryption algorithms

@renaared Год назад

It was when I discovered FFT that I knew I would someday get into DSP engineering

@drewcompston4096 Год назад

This is the most intuitive explanation of Fourier transforms I've ever seen. You're so right that Fourier transforms are everywhere: I use them daily in my work as an electrical engineer of course. Interesting backstory about Tukey I had no idea about!

@bordershader Год назад

Most of this went over my head, but I cancelled out with the bits that went under my head and managed to get a pretty decent signal out of it all. Thanks!

@owencollier1071 Год назад

In my final year of college I took a class on Harmonic Analysis. This is a crazy difficult topic to make intuitive, and you've done a good job. Simplifying the problem by looking specifically at the terms of a discrete fourier transform and how they can be grouped is a great way of taking this complex problem and putting it into terms many people can understand. 👏👏

@matttamal8332 Год назад

Yea not really. 3brown did it better

@TasX Год назад

Ikr? I’m also 4th year physics major and I never intuitively understood Fourier transforms and their algorithms until I watched this video. That’s insane how anyone would be able to figure out this orthogonality property from scratch

@mrtoast244 Год назад

@@matttamal8332 i love 3brown1blue's video because of how concise it is, but this video did a better job in general for explaining the history of the fft and what context it's used in. It's also more entertaining compared to 3browns, which is mostly educational

@fredrodriguez3913 Год назад

Why compare the 2 videos? They are both way more effective at introducing the concept than any previous pedagogical approach. I’m a EE and I learned something new from both

@matttamal8332 Год назад

@@mrtoast244 Mm I agree with you that Veritasium is more entertaining. I figure the balance of jargon in this video is not to my taste. There are ways to explain this concept without it being a complex indepth math lesson. For those, I go to 3brown and pause and absorb the knowledge. Vids like Veritasium don't really flow well if I have to pause to understand since 50% of the vid is not as technical. You have to realize that this is only really okay for people who are pretty familiar with the field and these types of maths. Veritasium is a much more general educational channel, having to remember the rules of sines and cosines that I haven't used for years now is not really as enjoyable as the other half of the video. That said, I did brush up on it and rewatched it and the vid was more enjoyable, but that shouldn't be a prereq to understanding the beauty of the equation

@diptarshi1 2 месяца назад

i can't explain in words the gratitude I owe to this channel. Explained to me FFT like no ever video in the world ever would. You are the GOAT.

@javiercastro8466 9 месяцев назад

I am no longer in the navy, but FFTs were used in sonar analysis. I was self taught mostly as I never received the theory or explanation of my subject. Sadly, I also learned about cavitation not from the navy, but by watching a PBS program on the subject which I aptly then used to train others.

@magicalnoodles Год назад

This is the best video about FFT and DFT I've seen thus far. Others have done similarly professional videos, but they are too focused on the theory. By showing the arms race, and then digging into the math and theory, you have masterfully shown us a practical and crucial application, before actually explaining it. I initially didn't have much of an impression on FFTs (even if i already learned about them), but after this video, it's very likely to stick with me for a long while. An amazing job indeed!

@robbechristiaens6384 Год назад

3blue1brown has a great video series about Fourier, greatly recommend to other viewers who are interested in this

@juan-fernandogomez-molina645 Год назад

great and simple, congratulations! Multiplication for sine/cosine functions, and analyzing areas according to sign laws is a more clear approach that using exponentials and complex numbers! FFT is the discrete-math version of FT, using finite intervals, windows and samples...windowing is key! Please do a video about windows in FT vs. wavelets!

@ZVPieGuy 4 месяца назад

I just love how "Fast Fourier Transform" sounds like a speed running strategy. Feels like I'm watching a Summoning Salt video and he just told us about a seemingly unbreakable time but someone just discovered a faster strat for the Fourier Transform level that cut several seconds off the run time.

@finneganmanthe8984 Год назад

5:05 Ah yes, the CESPDVPASNT. Truly one of the conferences of all time.

@TheClearsky88 Год назад

I studied FFT at uni when I studied Computational Science and Engineering. It is a joy re-learning topics that I forgot long ago. Your videos have just the right amount of detail for that. Thank you!

@juanrossi3 Месяц назад

Thanks a lot for this incredible video, man, great information, I like your way of explaining de FT, and the video production is great too, looks like a lot of hours of work. This is positive impact :)

@ajlp 13 дней назад

Loved this! Interesting and educational.

@trixgames1 Год назад

When I watch your videos I always feel like when I was a child that always wants to be a scientist, an astronaut, an archeologist, etc. The feeling of discovering things that will solve the questions in life. I always wait for your uploads just to feel like I'm a part of a group of scientist. Even tho when you are explaining the equations, I only understand a little of it but for some reason I completely understand the entirety of the topic. Thank you!