The Spanish Armada and Antwerp - Did Zeeland doom the Armada before it even sailed? 

What submarine has sunk the most tonnes of ships and cargo

Just how lucky was I-19s torpedoing of USS North Carolina.

How did Chinese junks of the time of the Spanish armada stack up to British and Spanish galleons?

I seem to remember hearing some time ago that there was government appointee whose sole assignment was to watch for the Armada. The position was not officially eliminated until well into the 20th century. Is this a muddled memory or was there actually such a position?

Can you please cover William Adams' voyage to Japan in 1600? (I'm gonna ask 'til ya tell me "no." LOL)

Yes, Prime Minister.

We went into the common market to create a disunited Europe... Yes Minister "The Writing On The Wall."

My ❤ thoughts and memories, exactly!

Not new. Divide and conquer. Latin: divide et impera

fighting eachother if need be

I believe there will be a part 4 too. If I remember correctly from the end of part 2.

@@darkhorse989 “at least two more” I just finished the last video 😊

It’s what day? Hmm. Ohhh. I’m using the old calendar. Add eleven. It’s Tuesday?

Agreed, this is one of the best channels out there for actually learning about naval (and other) history. I'm always looking forward to the next video.

As someone from Poland who's understanding of the Armada just 3 weeks ago was: Spanish had ships with short range guns and wanted to board, English had long range guns, guns win cause Spaniards couldn't close in, thank you from the bottom of my heart for this series, it's so interesting and so enlightening!

Knowing his actions at Nieuwpoort, he should be just as well known as Drake. His obscurity might stem from the fact that he later fell from grace in the republic due to a fake surrender at the long siege of Oostende. Nevertheless, his brother Horace continued to serve the republic, and the new model army was directly based on the states army.

Not least, though considerable later, the basing of the British India company on the Dutch East India company; the very heart of the British Empire ;D

The Cloggies are almost English, they taught them how to make steel and other technologies. The Dutch banks financed their wars.

Whether the Dutch and British are allies or enemies historically, is one of those questions you can answer with 'yes'.

@@paulstewart6293don’t insult us, we do not even speak the same language, our harts are totally different.

**cough** cared so much in 1839 it also forced neutrality without guarantees onto Belgium.

The Treaty of London 1839 was itself the guarantee - it's why the British joined WWI in 1914 after the German Empire (the successor to the signatory state of Prussia) violated Belgium's borders as part of the Schlieffen Plan.

First, I cannot find any English translation of the Treaty of London of 1839 where any guarantee is made to Belgium, only that it requires Belgium to remain neutral. Second, even if there were it is not why Britain went to war. At best it was an excuse to join a war they wanted to be involved in. Britain wanted to go to war, to aide in a victory for the Franco-Russian alliance and to knock the growing German power down a peg or two was why Britain went to war in 1914.

After the age of sail perhaps the strategic significance of the low countries was not so much.

@@88porpoise thanks for the backup. It's surprisingly hard to convince people that Belgian neutrality wasn't by choice.

I agree, but Drach has to keep a world wide audience happy. So the next extended series will probably be in the Mediterranean, Pacific or something the Yanks did.

@@Dave_Sisson well, the Anglo-Dutch Wars had some pretty big implications for the rest of the world as well, like the Dutch giving up New Amsterdam and gaining a foothold in South America, which as far as influence goes one can argue still exists. But we'll see what he has in store for us!

Dutchy here, (irrelevant) we never destroyed each other nor had a total war. Because deep inside, we were and still are, intellectual partners of free market and thought. We needed each other more than we had differences over which we fought. I love these English knubs.

Yes and perhaps do that series in the Rijksmuseum, lots of paintings there, as well as the preserved stern decoration from the Royal Charles

watch Defragged History It's a 15-20 hrs doc on the 80 years war ( with a lot of humor as well)

The problem there is that you needed to have up to date knowledge of where those channels were. The currents keep moving those sandbanks which is why Brugge lost its position as a major port. These day the channels are buoyed, of course, and dredged to keep them open, but in 1588 that wasn’t the case

@@frankteunissen6118 Brugge lost its position as a trade port because its connection to the sea silted up, to the point it literally didn't have a port anymore and became landlocked. And these sandbanks in front of the coast don't shift, there are very detailed depth charts of the 19th century and they're still in effectively the exact same place to this day. It's inside of the Schelde estuary where shifting sand banks were a problem for foreign sailors.

@@asuka7309 yeah, those 19th century charts are still good. You’ve heard of dredging, have you? And Het Zwin (you might want to Google that) silting up is exactly one of the things that is associated with wandering sandbanks. /smh

​@@frankteunissen6118 You are not seriously arguing that we're artificially keeping our sandbanks in the position of an 1866 map through dredging. If they wandered they wouldn't even have been in the position of the 1866 chart I am referring to by the time large-scale dredging operations began in this country lmao. And no, the silting of het Zwin had fuck all to do with sandbanks. That's just the tides depositing sand in an inlet that had no outflowing water to flush it back out. Got to love it when people on the internet are confidently incorrect and then start grasping at straws to defend their claims.

​@@asuka7309 Your issue is your arguing with someone who allready accepted they are right and your wrong

Fascinating! Genuine question, as I've just realised I don't know the answer: where did the Romans land?

The first landings by Caesar in 54 and 55BC were in the Pegwell Bay are of north Kent. The successful Claudian invasion in AD 43 I believe was in the area of Lympne, Kent (Portus Lemanis) but that is disputed I think.

@@danielpankhurst3195 I decided not to include the Romans (and Julius Caesar did not conquer Britannia so it doesn't count as a success anyway). However Claudius' conquest of Britannia did start from Bolougne and MAY have landed in Kent although that is under debate by Historians who also think that the area around Portsmouth and the Solent River was also a likely landing point. Maybe he did both which puts him in both camps.

@@Chewiebakke Julius Casar landed in Kent but didn't conquer Britain. Claudius invasion in 43 AD did succeed but Historians arent sure whether he landed in Kent or in Hampshire around Portsmouth (or both) so I suppose his invasion, as it did succeed, could be put in both camps.

Yes. This. And Monty in his hybris wanting to paradrop into Arnhem in september 1944 while the port of Antwerp couldn't be used until november/december....Even if Market Garden would have succeeded, it would have been a logistical nightmare for the allies.

Philip F was a fanatic and hoped that the two armadas of medina sedonia and parma would be united by divine providence.

The US Navy now has reversed those things...

@@jwenting so did the Japanese.

The English have the island. In 1588 Spain was invading Germany. In 1589, Drake's Invincible Fleet was destroyed, losing 80 ships. Elisabeth was so angry that she condemned Drake to be a lighthouse keeper. In 1590 Spain invades Paris, forcing the king of France to accept Catholicism as the official religion. It was in the Tudor era when the Spanish fleet of the Duke of Alba transported Philip II to England, to become king, marrying Mary Tudor, half-Spanish queen of England. If they had had a child. Spain sent another 3 invasion fleets to England in 1596, 1597 and 1718, each with more than 100 ships. All three were stopped due to storms. A sunny day... Between island, abortions and storms... The English would have to put 3 monuments to that in Trafalgar Square. Again in 1779-81, the Spanish fleet made a naval blockade of England, capturing two British fleets of 24 and 55 ships, which sank the London Stock Exchange. The idea was to invade England, but the French allies were not so convinced of being able to support the invasion with infantry, artillery, cavalry...

You didn't mention Singapore, probably more important than many of the others.

There's a reason for the Falkland Islands as well, and south africa. Global pinch points

In the Europa Universalis game which is global. I add Muaritus, and several other sets of Islands - that often includes 1 of the Cannariers or Azores (I usually can't get both), Cape Verde Islands to. This gives agreat chain to hope from to reduce the vile risks of long sea voyages and storms. This also helps explain St Helena and Tristran de Cunha. Very useful intermidiate points. Look up the photos of the fotifications on St Helena - truely impressive

what gold pieces, they weren't on board. No idea what you are talking about sir (shifty eyes)

Storms are not really a victory .the english navy barely made a dent in the armada when they did fight them .

Well, in 1588 Spain was invading Germany. England is an island. Spain defeated Drake's invincible fleet in 1589, sinking 80 ships. Elisabeth condemned Drake to be a lighthouse keeper. When she forgives Drake, he loses 5 battles in the Caribbean and dies. Spain invades Paris in 1590, forcing the king of France to accept the Catholic religion as the official religion. Spain sent another 3 invasion fleets to the British Isles in 1596, 1597, 1718. All three were stopped by storms, with the Royal Navy completely lost as to the location of the Spanish ships. In 1597 and 1718, 500 and 600 Spaniards landed on the English coast, causing a little chaos there. Spain made a naval blockade of England in 1779-81, capturing 2 British fleets of 24 and 55 ships (including 39 frigates). That sank the London stock market. The objective was to invade England, but in the 18th century, such an amphibious invasion was very complicated, and the French advised against the invasion, because they could not transport support troops of infantry, artillery and cavalry.

Often from those fleets' own choice. They figured it was better to fight from a picked defensive position than to risk an open-water battle with the RN.

IJN: write that down, write that down.

@@chrissouthgate4554 Exactly, if they won't come out and fight then you have to go in after them.

Len Deighton made that point in "Blood Tears and Folly".

@@richardbennett8522 That may be where I got it from.

Remember, anglicanism was not Calvinism. Eliz had real problems with extremist protestants coming back from Europe pushing the English settlement further towards the "reformed" end of the spectrum, which didn't respect the Anglican arrangement.

Hense the battle of the bulge and battles of zeeland in 1940 and 1944 .

Defraged history great channel tons of sarcastic humor as well .

@@marcusfranconium3392 Seems to be a trademark there.

Apologies but it's Southwark (area south of London Bridge) not Suffolk (county north of London)

@@tonyvancampen-noaafederal2640 Sorry my naive are you saying she was wrong in her documentary about the 80 year war ???

Thank you for the correction - I was indeed cutting corners on that bit :)

It was typhus and typhoid that did the killing rather than Zeeland malaria in 1809 - which was debilitating and aggravating but rarely fatal on its own - 40,000 men living in their own faeces with inadequate fresh water was a recipe for an epidemic - tellingly only 3% of the officers died, which shows it was more about living conditions than airborne disease This was nowhere near as bad in 1585 because the English troops were always cycling through Walcheren and there were far fewer of them - a lot less fatal mass living in poo going on It was rumoured that the Earl of Leicester, the English Commander, died of malaria in September 1588 though - which would have been from Zeeland - but cancer is a more likely cause of death, with malaria just an aggravating factor / unpleasant addition

@@inventingvictory Same with Many spanish troops and commanders that died of zeeland fever . As the combination of this disease and of other infectious diseases. Is lethal . Most of the dutch and belgian country side was swamp land in those days. And nordic malaria is much deadlier than the tropical malaria types.

The Germans needed to be cleared from the forts so the port could supply the fighting for the Western Front WWII end game in Europe.

And if the Canadians had just kept driving, or Montgomery had told them to keep driving, they had absolutely nothing in their way for several days. The Germans escaped to Walcheren Island starting several days after Antwerp was captured.

Ties in with the very common misconceptions about "Port Cities" is that they must be coastal, where more than a few are indeed actually many kilometers/miles up large rivers, bays, and/or estuaries. Thus, controlling the port requires controlling a large amount of land between the port and the sea.

The pattern for dominate cities is that they are most often located on large rivers in the area where ocean going ships cannot go any further inland. This is where inland traffic needs to go onto ships and where incoming traffic needs to off load. The N. American coast was a problem for ports as there are no rivers that reach very far into the interior except for at Chesapeake and the Hudson at New York.Neither place is prime as the rivers all narrow quickly as they leave the coast but at least they provide good anchorage. This was why the Erie Canal and the Potomac Canal were among the first built. Without the Erie Canal and the rise of Rail transport the Saint Lawrence and Great Lakes would have been of greater significance. Canada's loss. @@genericpersonx333

Both Parma and Montgomery took Antwerp, but neither realized in time that they also needed to control the Scheldt.

Around this historical fact, UK has built its own patriotic Disneyland with approximately the same historical rigor as the original that we can enjoy near Paris. In any case, an amphibious operation on this scale at that time, even being able to avoid the randomness of the storms, resulted in tremendous military and logistical difficulty. As the English themselves were able to see firsthand the following year.

It's not impregnable, but the terrain allows for huge defensive multipliers, hence why most armies tend to avoid the area. Air power, indirect artillery and amphibious vehicles lessen this but don't eliminate it.

Agreed. I think the other point is that England wasn't that protestant at the early part of Eliz I's reign. The Articles of Association show the lack of certainty that the county establishment would back the crown and resort to private networks.

Admiral Lumey also known as Willem II van der Marck . was lets we say a bit more brutal and vengefull than ordinary sailors captains or admirals. He could or would have been the leader of the dutch republic as he was stadholder of Holland and zeeland. William II de La Marck William II van der Marck Lumey Capture of Brielle, 1 April 1572 (Frans Hogenberg) William II de la Marck (Lummen, 1542 - Bishopric of Liège, 1 May 1578) (Dutch: Willem II van der Marck) was the Dutch Lord of Lumey and initially admiral of the Watergeuzen, the so-called 'sea beggars' who fought in the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), together with among others William the Silent, Prince of Orange-Nassau. He was the great-grandson of an equally notorious character, baron William de la Marck, nicknamed the "wild boar of the Ardennes". On 1 April 1572 - the day of the Capture of Brielle - the Sea Beggars were led by De la Marck, and by two of his captains, Willem Bloys van Treslong and Lenaert Jansz de Graeff.[1] After they were expelled from England by Elizabeth I, they needed a place to shelter their 25 ships.[2] As they sailed towards Brill, they were surprised to find out that the Spanish garrison had left in order to deal with trouble in Utrecht. On the evening of 1 April, the 600 men sacked the undefended port.[3] A Calvinist, who opposed Catholicism, on 9 July 1572 he had executed the Martyrs of Gorkum, 19 Dutch Catholic priests and religious who were ultimately canonized in 1865. Their crime was their refusal to abandon their belief in the Blessed Sacrament and in papal supremacy, even under torture. Lumey's action was contrary to orders he received from William the Silent.[4] He also played a part in the murder of Cornelis Musius. Having conquered South-Holland and controlling North-Holland and Zeeland, on 20 June 1572 Lumey was appointed stadtholder of Holland and consequently Captain General, i.e. military Commander in Chief of the conquered territories. It has never been evidenced that Lumey recognized either the authority or the seniority of the Prince of Orange, who was eventually recognized as the leader of the Low Countries' uprising against the King Philip II of Spain. In 1576 Lumey was banned from the Netherlands, either by the States of Holland or the Prince of Orange. He is said to have participated in the lost Battle of Gembloux against the Spanish. He went back to his homeland, the Bishopric of Liège, where on 1 May 1578 he died in his residence on Mont-Saint-Martin. There are two different accounts offered for the circumstances of his death, one that he died of the bite of a mad dog or that he was poisoned while in prison.[5] There is evidence that the earthly remains of William van der Marck are stowed away in a casket, that is bricked up in the Arenberg-family crypt under the former Capuchin Monastery Church at Enghien, today located in Belgium

A very good point and well made.

Well the brits didnot have the best of times at walcheren in the 16th century or the napoleonic wars. just like the spanish of Swamp fever or Zeelandic fever also known as Malaria . Zeeland fever The Zeeland fevers were a moderate form of malaria that occurred on Walcheren and in many cases proved fatal in combination with contagious infectious diseases. Of the 40,000 English soldiers who invaded Zeeland in 1809 during the Walcheren expedition to attack Napoleon Bonaparte in the back and threaten strategic Antwerp, 13,000 fell through this disease within a few weeks. That is why the Grote Kerk of Veere was arranged as a lazaret as much as possible. That same year, 1809, the English troops withdrew. They had not been defeated by the French, but by the mosquitoes. In the Grote Kerk of Veere, 1427 men died in nine months. It is estimated that 4,000 men among the English troops died from the effects of the Zeeland fever. Fewer than 50 English men died in combat.

The Dutch fleet and army was nevertheless bigger than the Spanish armada.

Indeed, it was the other way around. the Thirty Year's war was an extention of the Dutch (and Czech!) revolts.

Except Bazan wasn't very good at logistics, getting the Armada actually ready to set sail. It was Medinia Stdonia's oganisational abilities that actually had the the Armada prepared for going to sea.

@@neilbuckley1613 let us think of the possibility of Alvaro de Bazan being the fleet admiral and Medinia Stdonia being his logistics officer. Would that be a team that could over come the premise that Paul Leyland has presented.

Spain only has,ONE!!!! efficient admiral at that time ???

No, but Medina Sidonia was the next in the rank.

@@ionaguirre No, that was not the reason the reason why Pillip II chose him was because he did a good job in organizing the recovery of Cadiz after Drake's sacking in 1587 The fanatical king thought how he did well in Cadiz, he could do the same by commanding a fleet. Sidonia himself told the king that he was not suitable for that task but the King told him that it was a command ¡¡¡from God!!!.

Actualy Drake was playing gold of croquet or something in the south of england and saw the armada sailing up the channel . he finished the game and went to his ships having ample time to react.