The Spread of Writing: Every Year 

@@papazataklaattiranimam Yes, that's why you don't see a separate colour for Persian.

pogs in the chat

Mistakes or not, I love this videos and wait for them, great job Ollie.

​@@OllieBye Is there any chance that up to the year 850 CE 6:22 that you could zoom further in on Eurasia so that Iberia and Morocco are only barely included within the left margin? We can exclude Iceland up to that point and you already include Central America as a separate diagram overlaying Sub-Saharan Africa, which we can certainly exclude up to the 11th Century CE. It's just that in the earlier years, it gets really hard to see the detail and read the words, even on a full screen view on a desktop. There's a whole lot of room in the Atlantic Ocean and Sub-Saharan Africa that we can miss, in order to fit the key in. Thanks.

@@Banana_Split_Cream_Buns It's kind of beyond the point where it can be edited at this point, but thanks for your thoughts.

You mean the Semitic Phoenician alphabet?

@@jasonbourne9819 the big difference is that the Greek alphabet is still alive today, 3000 years later

@@jasonbourne9819 Phoenician alphabet is what the Greek alphabet is based on, but it is quite different in a number of ways. Interestingly the original "Greek" script, the Minoan one, that predates both by 1000 years, is still not deciphered.

@@GeorgeDenis. There was also an innovation between the Phoenician abjad and the Greek alphabet, vowels. While between the greek alphabet and the latin/cyrillic alphabets, no such change happened, only phonetic details and how it looks. And to the defense of the ancient Greeks, another big difference is that alphabet was the least of their numerous and various achievements. It's hardly possible to think of an equal during antiquity in terms of mathematics (maybe Babylon ?), science and philosophy. In terms of literature and architecture they were also amongst the top tiers. But granted, regarding their alphabet, and also their knack for colonizing across the seas, they were inspired by the Phoenicians.

I mean, come on, inventing an alphabet is not rocket science. I'm Greek.

A few additional notes vis-a-vis Africa and writing: 1) I don't know that ancient south Arabian or ge'ez were spread as far south into ancient Ethiopia as is depicted on the map; on the other hand there were many important sites on the Eritrean coast (IE: Adulis, the premier entrepot of the aksumite empire), which bear inscriptions and which should be depicted as "literate". 2) while I don't know what criteria, exactly, are being used to determine "literacy" in an area, there are multiple ancient Greek inscriptions in ports down the coast of Sudan and Eritrea (grace a Ptolemaic trade centered expansion along the red sea). Kosmas Indicopleustes records one of these, also in Adulis, in his Christian Topography. 3) Old Nubian "split" from Coptic, as far as I know, earlier than ~930Ad. 4) again, don't know how you're qualifying "literacy" in a language, but Greek was used for a period in aksum as a trade language, and many inscriptions feature Greek prominently. 5) There is a conspicuous lack of Tiffanigh on this map. The script was used pretty consistently from the ancient era by the Tuaregs in particular, even if in sand and thus non permanent. There are, however, a good amount of funerary inscriptions and devotions of love which survive to the present. 6) there should be some penetration of Arabic onto the Madagascan coast grace a Swahili traders, and Arabic should be spread across the entire Swahili and Somali coast during the medieval period.

@@hiddenhist spot on you mentioned everything i wanted to mention

@@hiddenhist I'm guessing it only counts it if the people themselves use it and its the official language not just traders, I have no clue

I want to also add that Pallava script was used throughout Indonesia, and scripts like Khmer, Kawi, Old Mon, Cham etc evolved from Pallava script. So Pallava should have been shown in Southeast Asia and Tamil Brahmi was different from Brahmi script used elsewhere from the very beginning.

Abydos? So our writing came from the Goa’old?

In Tamilnadu, india. We found book called "silapathigaram" 5000 ago with grammatic version.

@@mixxy8953 sangam literature even older than this.. It's a poem and mix of tamil and malayalam

Stop lying and embarassing the whole country Silapathikaram is not 5000 years old ​@@mixxy8953

​@@mixxy8953 sillapathikaram is not 5000 years old it is only 2000 years old its not fully in tamil its in a mix of old tamil and old malayalam dont say wrong

Nah Vedic guys didn't write anything. Brahmi script came after Vedic period was already over and it was used to write Prakrit/ Pali

Arabs love to destroy other people's language cause that's what quoran ask them to do

tell that to those who use the same arguments european colonialism uses to justify their colonialism which is '' oh there was nothing here before us ''.

Exactly

Everything Africa has is because of colonialism. Africans are happy substance farming and living in poverty like their ancestors.

Stil proud of my native language Tamazight

Mongolian Empire 2.0? Hmmm?

@@nightraven2975 It's partially because of the effect of China's repression of ethnic and cultural minorities (which has been getting worse compared to before), especially the Mongol minority living in China's Inner Mongolia province that this triggered Mongolia, the country, into finally doing that 2023/07/16 EDIT: Ya be, it seems I have unexpectedly started a comment war down here with my remarks.... oh well, I have no intention of giving out false info, but i did my best to provide the best info i have with my knowledge. Oh well.... If my information makes you feel uneasy feel free to either confirm/debunk me, but the best way to figure things out for yourself is to do your own research. Research the extremes both sides say and draw your own conclusion. I have my own.... "very strong" opinions on China, and have already made my stance clear to myself, but I do my best to make sure I'm well informed of the truth as closely as possible. Also if you're one of those people who talk rudely on the internet or just troll for the sake of trolling.... you're not going to get anywhere trying to convince me that your words is correct. I have a natural skepticism to strangers I have no relationships with, and have a very strong incentive not to believe anything you say. That applies, whether you're on China's side, or not. Why don’t, you for one, provide actual information debunking me instead of acting like an idiot? (And I address this directly to the toxic nationalistic idiots, the types that would get upset at people for absentmindedly calling Taiwan a country. To my eyes you are no different from the fools whom you claim to "support American imperialism" or support whatever unjustified Western-backed action or whatever anti-Western nonsense you guys complain about.) I impulsively posted a long thread of comments replying to some of y’all, but I may or may not reply back. I’ve been undergoing some severe life changes which includes how I must evaluate how I handle my online presence, and dealing with the idiocy that plagues humanity. But good heavens, many of y'all reek of internet cancer.

@@boaoftheboaians Why you are so brilliant to see that?

@@yufengyue7100 not sure tbh, I just randomly picked it up at some point while following news from China But it might also have to do with the fact that I’m from the Philippines and am someone who actively promotes reviving Baybayin (one of the major Suyat scripts mentioned in the video), so I see Mongolia in a similar situation with us except they’re the ones who are ahead of us in taking action to revive their traditional writing

@@boaoftheboaians Hasn't Inner Mongolia been using the traditional script and preserving it more than Mongolia itself which used Cyrillic? The Mongols of Inner Mongolians are effectively bilingual unlike Mongolians

Yeah maybe it would work if you showed individual areas instead

@@based4560 or over lapping shading?

@@tommy-er6hh that would work but look really messy if there were many of these and there is only a select number of distinguishable colours one can use

Runes were used in Älvdalen until the early 1900’s

Yes, I did consider that, but I was also worried about the video becoming too hard to follow. The approach I used in the end also has drawbacks, but hopefully is understandable at least.

There is a mistake, cyprus have greek as the main language

Korean hangul has north and south korea. Sinic is three countries, china singapore and taiwan

Ethiopic is 2 countries Ethiopia and Eritrea

Greek is 2 countries Greece and Cyprus

malysia Chinese uses sinic

@Joël We zijn Germanen geen vikingen

hungarian runic 7000 years ego....ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-AbuvEgN9n9U.html

Bahasa Indonesa is written in Latin letters, that's a fact. Nobody uses ancient letters anymore

I heard you use Arab writing system ❤

​@@xavallokiyoSome hobbyist who doesn't want other to read their notes do! Like I am with Hanacaraka and Pégon

Very similar to Balinese and Javanese, with only some minor differences.

I love Indonesia. Salaam from France

Unsurprisingly before the explosion of modern technology, humans were pretty picky when it comes to habitable terrain. good weather, reasonable temperature, arable soil, reliable water source, etc.

Think about how would you make this video yourself. You probably would draw lines around borders of known civilizations and empires, right?

Hello ! May Allah protect and guide you to his light and happiness in this life and the hereafter, God bless, Ameen. Excuse me for giving a little presentation of Islam, because it is very misunderstood nowadays, especially on those « Antichrist's » times, where media and politics are mixed to distort history and truth. And terrorists (puppets of the Antichrist) who misinterpret verses, out of ignorance and political motivations, and take them out of historical context (just like radical atheists do by the way), don't help either. Thank you very much for your time. Islam is an arabic word that means the Surrender to the One and Only God, our Creator, Protector, Provider, who gives us life and all that we have, we are safe and sound by his will and grace, we are His and to Him we return, and we have to thank him in this trial life by submitting to him by our free will, or later in the Day of judgment when it's too late to save our own skin. Islam was the original Religion descended to earth from heaven with Adam and Eve (peace and blessing be upon them) in the beginning of humanity. and was passed to people with the succession of the 124 000 prophets and 315 messengers of God to all nations and civilizations since, passing by Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Ismaël, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, Joshua, David, Solomon and Jesus (Peace and blessing be upon them) during the history of mankind, the last replaces and completes the previous, until the succession of the last messenger of God fourteen centuries ago, Muhammad (Peace and blessing be upon him) to complete the noble morals of all mankind, to bring humans and jinns out of darkness into light, and to purify people's religion and belief from corruption and polytheism, and return it to purity and true monotheism, like it was in the times of the prophets (Peace and blessing be upon them). Many Religions that we know nowadays, at their beginning were true and under Islam, initiated by one of the prophets of God, but their original teachings, history and scriptures have been corrupted over time with falsification and polytheism, or lost and replaced with false ones. That's why Islam is the only Religion accepted by God nowadays, which consists in bearing witness that there is no god besides Allah (God in Aramaic, the original language of Jesus and the Gospel), and that Muhammad is His servant and messenger, just like Jesus and Moses and others are His servants and messengers. Never a messenger of God said he was God or literally son of God, it was the people after him who changed the words of God and corrupted the Religion. God is unique and absolute, He does not need to have a family and sons or to associate anyone else with His kingdom, He can simply create whatever He wants, everything belongs to Him, and to Him everything will return. Allah said in Surah Al-Mu’minun : “God has never begotten a son, nor is there any god besides Him. Otherwise, each god would have taken away what it has created, and some of them would have gained supremacy over others. Glory be to God, far beyond what they describe. The Knower of the hidden and the manifest. He is exalted, far above what they associate. (91-92 / Translated by ITANI). Allah means the one and only God, the God of all prophets and creatures, the creator of the universe and mankind, and the Master of the Day of judgment, where our destiny, Hell or Paradise, is decided based on our faith and deeds in this trial life, and above all, Allah's mercy. Allah said in Surah Al-Ikhlas : In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful. Say, “He is God, the One. God, the Absolute. He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none comparable to Him.” (1-4 / Translated by ITANI). Allah said in Surah An-Nisa : O FOLLOWERS of the Gospel! Do not overstep the bounds [of truth] in your religious beliefs, and do not say of God anything but the truth. The Christ Jesus, son of Mary, was but God's Apostle - [the fulfilment of] His promise which He had conveyed unto Mary - and a soul created by Him. Believe, then, in God and His apostles, and do not say, "[God is] a trinity". Desist [from this assertion] for your own good. God is but One God; utterly remote is He, in His glory, from having a son: unto Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth; and none is as worthy of trust as God. Never did the Christ feel too proud to be God's servant, nor do the angels who are near unto Him. And those who feel too proud to serve Him and glory in their arrogance [should know that on Judgment Day] He will gather them all unto Himself: (171-172 / Translated by Muhammad Asad). Allah the Most Merciful said in Surah Ali-Imran : Behold, the only [true] religion in the sight of God is [man's] self-surrender unto Him; and those who were vouchsafed revelation aforetime took, out of mutual jealousy, to divergent views [on this point] only after knowledge [thereof] had come unto them. But as for him who denies the truth of God's messages - behold, God is swift in reckoning! Thus, [O Prophet,] if they argue with thee, say, "I have surrendered my whole being unto God, and [so have] all who follow me!" - and ask those who have been vouchsafed revelation aforetime, as well as all unlettered people, "Have you [too] surrendered yourselves unto Him?" And if they surrender themselves unto Him, they are on the right path; but if they turn away - behold, thy duty is no more than to deliver the message: for God sees all that is in [the hearts of] His creatures. Verily, as for those who deny the truth of God's messages, and slay the prophets against all right, and slay people who enjoin equity - announce unto them a grievous chastisement. It is they whose works shall come to nought both in this world and in the life to come; and they shall have none to succour them. (19-22 / Translated by Muhammad Asad).. Salam (Peace) ----------

Yes when a society becomes larger and larger and more complex it needs writing for e.g. taxes bill loans relegion

@@maktiki Yes, from the beginning of antiquity you will find out more quickly how many cows an average person had than about the system of the state in which he lived. Taxes first.

ᄛ ㅱ ㅸ ㅿ ㆍ

韩语的发明算是一种必然，毕竟中韩口语的语法结构是不一样的。

The invention of Korean is inevitable. After all, the grammatical structure of spoken Chinese and Korean is quite different.

​@@HotKimchi-co9vr We still don't know how they were pronounced, right?

@@basura4136 Although the exact pronunciation is still unknown, linguists have agreed upon a rough estimation; ㅸ sounded similar to the V sound in modern English, ㅿ corresponded to Z, and ㆍ sounded similar to ㅓ in modern Korean. Both ㅸ and ㅿ were mainly used to transcribe the gradual weakening of some former ㅂ and ㅅ sounds, which later completely disappeared. e.g. Old Korean Syerapel(徐羅伐; capital of Silla) → Syepel(徐伐) turned into Middle Korean Syevul(셔ᄫᅳᆯ), later becoming Modern Korean Seoul(서울). Similarly, Old Korean Chesem(初叱音) turned into Middle Korean Chezem(처ᅀᅥᆷ), which later became Modern Korean Cheoum(처음).

Hello I'm Russian, there was a attempt to use glagolitic (on Russian it's called glagolitsa) in Rus'.

Ⰶⱁⰲⱁⰸⰰ Ⰳⰴⰰⰳⱆⰴⱁⱌⰰ

@@debian1500 thats it name yes cyrlic is based on it

Ah, but you missed Lake Chad, which has gone through a similarly horrible demise. But heck, this is about written language, yet, these details aid in understanding how and why language migrates. Good on you!

It makes sense. That area went from "fish" to Cyrillic :)

timestamp?

@@intolerablescamp1436 the fishes in pacific ocean communicate in the auszronesian pacific islander language. Like that: Humbakaka Humba bunga!

they weren't in isolation they had an entire 2 continents of native cultures to interact with from the Inca, maya, Nahuatl, to the plains of north America

@@Lordkrillin21 What I mean by that is that the spread of ideas and trade didn't happen on the scale as it did in and around Eurasia. Maybe I should have specified.

@@WildsDreams45 Yeah, North and South were conected but its a really narrow space and the climate was really diferent since you had to travel north to south or viceversa, menaing the climate changed far more

They built great cities and pyramids. Meso-American civilisation developed independently and was one of the six main cradles (Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Mayan, Inca)

Japan before influence from China either through Korea or directly was literally dirt country.

yeah though tbh I'm a bit disappointed the map doesn't show the new native american scripts and african scripts which have popped up recently. We're in a golden age for new writing systems and the video completely misses that.

lol those are hardly writing systems, nobody cares about 3 tribes who painted clay on the walls, were talking about things that matter here @@doigt6590

@@doigt6590 I think it's because it only shows the ones that are predominant. That would also explain why nu-Tifinagh is not shown despite being very very relevant in Algeria Basically this video really needs hatches. and I also wish it went into more detail with Chinese scripts but I guess documentation is lacking

@@abarette_ it shows a couple of non predominant ones too, but even if that was the case, it should say so otherwise we are lead to believe that the video is going to be exhaustive when it isn't.

​@@doigt6590No it doesnt, those scripts are not official or even widely used

Thank u 🇬🇪🇬🇪🇬🇪

I think there's been a mistake Because Georgian was created in BC, not CE. But I couldn't Agree with you more 🇬🇪

This video os incorrect. Georgian writing was in use since 7 bc , it is earlier than armenian in this video it’s other way around…

​@@demetrenikabadze5468 No the video is based on FACTS. There is no scientific edvidence that georgian script existed back to 7 BC. It`s just your story about king Parnavas, but we armenians have similar stories aboout existence of alphabet before Mashtots. But the facts are cruel and today the first scripts for both armenian and georgian track back to 5 centuary AC. (BTW I believe that our nations had alphabets before christianity)

@@georgeevernight2814 1. I am not devaluing armenian culture i am georgian we share a lot of shit we are like brothers kind of… 2. Oldest armenian surviving documents are dated from 9th-10th century but at that point it was fully developed, since it takes time to develop grammar and shit it is agreed that they had it from at least 5-6 countries 3. Oldest georgian surviving script os dated at 5 th century but was already fully developed -> applied same logic as to armenian or any other writing and it is agreed that it should have been developed far earlier so about 7 bc is agreed since it corespondens with history too It is not a competition… we used greek for w long time and to this day have a lot of greek words :) my point was about accuracy of video not about devaluing other cultures !

The Eurasian steppe is full of runic writing, why didn't you include it? In Hungary, until the 1600s, the Székely - Hungarian runic script was used mostly in Székelyland, but also elsewhere. There is overwhelming evidence for this... The Székely-Hungarian runic writing did not live in the Carpathian basin for a short time, but before that in Etelköz, Levédia, Magna Hungária, etc. The other thing is, how can the runic writing that came from the steppe show almost identity with the Germanic runic writing that came from the west? You don't need to be a brain surgeon, just type the two articles into google and marvel at the identical characters.....

Elmebeteg leányka: Four scripts played a decisive role in the development of the early Steppe writing: Imperial Aramaic and its two descendants, Károszti and Parthian, as well as Turkish pictographs. Of these, Imperial Aramaic influence was by far the greatest. Among the steppe peoples, the Jüec Empire was the only one to adopt the imperial Aramaic script in BC. in the 2nd century, so this can be considered the beginning of early steppe writing. Among the descendants of the early Steppe writing are members of the runic family (Carpathian Basin Runic, Steppe Runic, Székely-Hungarian Runic) and the Türkic script. The end of the early steppe script can be placed in the 7th century, when the Turkic script was developed in Central Asia.[2] The relationship between the runes from the early Steppe script and the Turkic script can be seen in the figure below.

No hard work only practice

I've noticed one detail besides the written language evolution itself: Aral Sea shrank in the 2010s.

Bro he even shown the Aral sea shrunk at the end 😭

fake history

You just ask few old profesional historians, they'll tell you the dates and regions and than just make a video for it. Its one day job at max.

@@ps4games164 Make one on languages, I'm expecting it on your channel tomorrow smart guy

1066 the Norman Conquest of England and the beginning of middle English.

10:11 - Armenian Genocide

@@arro2546 Damn that's a scary sight

6:08-charlamagne's conquest and christinization on the germanic pagans 6:25-byzantine monks saints saint cyril and methodius develop the first slavic script, the glagolitic in great moravia 6:33-the bulgarian empire develops cyrillic as a result of great moravia expelling the disciples of saint cyril and methodius 6:50- christinization of kievan rus I think those are pretty important too Not to mention your medieval section is very empty

@@arro2546 a beautiful lie

Didn't Fraktur get used all the way until WWII, even as part of the Nazi propaganda?

@@LucarioBoricua Yes, certainly, it is even maintained today on some street signs, decorative writing, etc. Unfortunately, after initially supporting Fraktur quite extensively, the Nazis banned the script because they thought it came from Hebrew, and the contemporary German left also dislikes it for being traditional. Thus WW2 was tragically the script's last major period of use.

@@Livinivs well I think it's good to have a more universally understandable writing system

@@eVill420 But it makes pre-1945 literature more or less ilegible for the average german.

@@Aligartornator13 I can easily read handwriting of US or Western European people where thay write every letter straight and separate from others, but found it's difficult for them to read a Polish handwriting where we connect all letters in one word and write with cursive, also adding more tails and rounds to the letters.

Check a map, India is a big place with many diverse cultures, it's rather unsurprising really.

@@AwesomeAsh99 Diversity came along with time new philosophies different from Vedics arose, but still they are united because of dharmik practices.

@@AwesomeAsh99 Actually India is smaller than China, America, Europe, central Africa etc - yet linguistically it is far far more diverse. It is indeed surprising that so many different writing systems would continue to develop in an area which already had established writing systems.

@@iaf010 Many Religions, Many Local Empires that's why Many Writing Scripts and hence Many Languages

it is a good thing for the cultural diversity, but a disadvantage for standardization, if all indians use a same offcial writting system, it could have become the 7th official language for United Nations,

别的地方我不清楚，但是中国的人口每个时期都有官方统计。除了整个国家的史书外，国家之下的各个城市甚至是一些村庄也有记载当地历史，人口，重要事件，自然灾害的史书叫做。

He said only areas with high population would be shown, showing every single language would clutter the map.

@@tetraxis3011 This video unfortunately creates the impression that a lot of areas that did have writing didn't though. The framing of the video should be entirely different if they're going to decide not to include a bunch of writing systems that were around.

Jawi still exists and is still taught in Malaysia (though it isn't really used much in the more populated areas). Jawi is most prominent in Kelantan, where alot of the signs are primarily in Jawi.

Exactly! ❤ from Thailand 🇹🇭

@@1000g2g3g4g800999 this video has a very Eurocentric perspective

The nordic runes are totally missing...

Ethiopian Christians believe in Tawheed? As in one God, rather than the trinity?

It evolved front sebean alphabet from Yemen habesha where In Yemen before they entered horn of Africa sebean is influenced by both Egypt alphabet and Greek the same Greek that converted Ethiopia to Christianity but building church.

Their painting in Yemen every writing, pagan statue the same one but older excist with habesha painting saying saba Queen of South.

@@aboyaq7259 Is Jesus God?

@ICTOAN☦️ That is very illogical to me my brother. That is all.

You don’t know about the ancestral unity of the Tibetans and the Cree, cringe

Why It coloured same as tibetian? and it also classified with tibetian. I know these have no relationship. Is this just error?

Im not sure why its on the map tho because more canadians speak english and french tho so surely it should be latin

@@namename3130 This is true for most provinces but in the northern territories and northern Quebec (where it shows on the map), majority of the population is Native, and at least some of them use the Cree writing system (or have used it in the past) along with the Latin alphabet. Might not be *that* widespread though, I'm not an expert. Its use has definitely been decreasing in the last couple of decades - spoken Cree too, I think, in favor of English.

@@namename3130 its because canada is a leftist dystopia

@@humonculeverotostre6804 It's standard for most varieties of Inuktitut in Nunavut, Nunatsiaq (Northern Quebec) and, unless I'm mistaken, in Labrador as well. It's also widely used in a "western" version, with special diacritics for final consonants rather than simple superscript ‹Ca› letters, alongside Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) for Plains (y-dialect) and Woods (th-dialect) Cree in the Prairie provinces, and in Moose and Swampy Cree in northern Manitoba and Ontario, as well as for James Bay Cree in an eastern version more similar to that used for Inuktitut.

It's actually what wizards and the Egyptian priests were using. Magic was literacy.

Personally i believe, because i have no evidence of it, humans were capable of inventing written language whenever the need for it arrived. So as population grew and the need for keeping record - language was found there. The need for a written language seems very low if we are talking tribes of 50-200 people. Also with all the cave paintings all around the world (not in a singular location), it shows we are pretty creative and in the end if you are creative enough yourself, you could probably invent your own language without any influence from previous writings.

@@Munchausenification You bring up a good point! Tons of societies created what could be called a system of "proto-writing" to record information. What makes them different from true writing is that they are not sophisticated enough to communicate complicated ideas.

@@noaht6338 oh thats very cool, i have to read about these proto-writings later. Always nice to learn something new

Only English native speakers cares about Shakespeare 🥱

Lmfao i mean without writing much of what we do would've been impossible to achieve or replicate 😂 so youre not wrong its just an important part of what makes or breaks a civilization

because it's revisionist apologia (somehow) derived from white guilt over genocide you would be right to dismiss the so called """cree""" script given that it has little basis given the incomplete and decayed structure of the cree language or languages, even while ignoring that the script was invented by whites in the first place

@@brendon1689 please do go on! I’d like to know more. I know for instance that most American Indian languages (540 or so documented) are extinct, and most of the remaining ones are critically endangered, with very few native speakers of anything left, and even the languages that are still frequently spoken have a heavy overlay of English, much smaller vocabularies than in olden times, and are in pretty bad shape. For instace, when they shot Dances with Wolves they decided all the Sioux dialog would be in Lakota only to discover that barely an Lakota spoke barely any Sioux, and that was kind of on a limited level. So they ended up hiring linguists from some universities who studied native languages, and had them teach Lakota to the Sioux for the movie. This led to a mini renaissance in the language, with a lot of them learning it, but I don’t know if it lasted.

@@brendon1689 It is quite widely used, especially among Cree who have continued to use and pass down the language through the generations as their first language. Younger generations, especially in the western provinces, may tend to use Standard Roman Orthography (SRO), but that is if they already know the language well enough. Syllabics are generally felt to be the most authentic means of writing the language, to the extent that a widespread legend has come into being some time during the past several decades whereby it was "given" to a chief named Calling Badger (English version of his name) in a dream. I'm not sure what you mean by "incomplete and decayed structure of the cree language or languages". Cree (in its various regional forms) has a complex and highly developed structure, a "polysynthetic" type quite different from what we're used to in most languages of western Eurasia and Africa, including a distinction between primary and secondary third persons and "direct" versus "inverse" verb marking to indicate who is subject versus object rather than specific subject and object markers or case markers as in most other languages of the world.

Hello ! May Allah protect and guide you to his light and happiness in this life and the hereafter, God bless, Ameen. Excuse me for giving a little presentation of Islam, because it is very misunderstood nowadays, especially on those « Antichrist's » times, where media and politics are mixed to distort history and truth. And terrorists (puppets of the Antichrist) who misinterpret verses, out of ignorance and political motivations, and take them out of historical context (just like radical atheists do by the way), don't help either. Thank you very much for your time. Islam is an arabic word that means the Surrender to the One and Only God, our Creator, Protector, Provider, who gives us life and all that we have, we are safe and sound by his will and grace, we are His and to Him we return, and we have to thank him in this trial life by submitting to him by our free will, or later in the Day of judgment when it's too late to save our own skin. Islam was the original Religion descended to earth from heaven with Adam and Eve (peace and blessing be upon them) in the beginning of humanity. and was passed to people with the succession of the 124 000 prophets and 315 messengers of God to all nations and civilizations since, passing by Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Ismaël, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, Joshua, David, Solomon and Jesus (Peace and blessing be upon them) during the history of mankind, the last replaces and completes the previous, until the succession of the last messenger of God fourteen centuries ago, Muhammad (Peace and blessing be upon him) to complete the noble morals of all mankind, to bring humans and jinns out of darkness into light, and to purify people's religion and belief from corruption and polytheism, and return it to purity and true monotheism, like it was in the times of the prophets (Peace and blessing be upon them). Many Religions that we know nowadays, at their beginning were true and under Islam, initiated by one of the prophets of God, but their original teachings, history and scriptures have been corrupted over time with falsification and polytheism, or lost and replaced with false ones. That's why Islam is the only Religion accepted by God nowadays, which consists in bearing witness that there is no god besides Allah (God in Aramaic, the original language of Jesus and the Gospel), and that Muhammad is His servant and messenger, just like Jesus and Moses and others are His servants and messengers. Never a messenger of God said he was God or literally son of God, it was the people after him who changed the words of God and corrupted the Religion. God is unique and absolute, He does not need to have a family and sons or to associate anyone else with His kingdom, He can simply create whatever He wants, everything belongs to Him, and to Him everything will return. Allah said in Surah Al-Mu’minun : “God has never begotten a son, nor is there any god besides Him. Otherwise, each god would have taken away what it has created, and some of them would have gained supremacy over others. Glory be to God, far beyond what they describe. The Knower of the hidden and the manifest. He is exalted, far above what they associate. (91-92 / Translated by ITANI). Allah means the one and only God, the God of all prophets and creatures, the creator of the universe and mankind, and the Master of the Day of judgment, where our destiny, Hell or Paradise, is decided based on our faith and deeds in this trial life, and above all, Allah's mercy. Allah said in Surah Al-Ikhlas : In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful. Say, “He is God, the One. God, the Absolute. He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none comparable to Him.” (1-4 / Translated by ITANI). Allah said in Surah An-Nisa : O FOLLOWERS of the Gospel! Do not overstep the bounds [of truth] in your religious beliefs, and do not say of God anything but the truth. The Christ Jesus, son of Mary, was but God's Apostle - [the fulfilment of] His promise which He had conveyed unto Mary - and a soul created by Him. Believe, then, in God and His apostles, and do not say, "[God is] a trinity". Desist [from this assertion] for your own good. God is but One God; utterly remote is He, in His glory, from having a son: unto Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth; and none is as worthy of trust as God. Never did the Christ feel too proud to be God's servant, nor do the angels who are near unto Him. And those who feel too proud to serve Him and glory in their arrogance [should know that on Judgment Day] He will gather them all unto Himself: (171-172 / Translated by Muhammad Asad). Allah the Most Merciful said in Surah Ali-Imran : Behold, the only [true] religion in the sight of God is [man's] self-surrender unto Him; and those who were vouchsafed revelation aforetime took, out of mutual jealousy, to divergent views [on this point] only after knowledge [thereof] had come unto them. But as for him who denies the truth of God's messages - behold, God is swift in reckoning! Thus, [O Prophet,] if they argue with thee, say, "I have surrendered my whole being unto God, and [so have] all who follow me!" - and ask those who have been vouchsafed revelation aforetime, as well as all unlettered people, "Have you [too] surrendered yourselves unto Him?" And if they surrender themselves unto Him, they are on the right path; but if they turn away - behold, thy duty is no more than to deliver the message: for God sees all that is in [the hearts of] His creatures. Verily, as for those who deny the truth of God's messages, and slay the prophets against all right, and slay people who enjoin equity - announce unto them a grievous chastisement. It is they whose works shall come to nought both in this world and in the life to come; and they shall have none to succour them. (19-22 / Translated by Muhammad Asad).. Salam (Peace) ----------

I enjoyed the music also!

​@@islamisthetruewaytogod6812who asked for that, why are you pushing your nonsense to others, just stop please

El mapa no incluye las islas del Pacífico.

@@andonibisama5080 oh ok

es el Aradir :0

Ostras no me esperaba para nada al Aradir comentando en este video.

Just see my comment. I am not a scientist. But notice what I see.... - other african syllabic alphabets and hieroglyphes...

I feel like the Gicandi (which was created allegedly around 3,000 BC), Lusona (About the 1st century BC. It’s more ideographic but it’s so interesting I just had to add it), Nsibidi (Anywhere from 2,000 BC and 400 AD) and Vai (Some time after the 6th century BC but WELL before any year in the AD range) scripts could’ve been covered. Also just to let you know if you search up the Vai Script it’ll say it was invented around the 19th century but that’s actually false. Maurice Delafosse was a French Scholar who lived in Africa talked with many native people who wrote in Vai who said the script was actually ancient. He of course didn’t believe this and did some searching around. He came upon inscriptions and it turns out that they were right. Vai was actually much older than originally thought. I believe it has a connection with either the Libyco-Berber or Proto Saharan script I can’t remember. If you google his name it’ll pop up. Libyco-Berber (which came about in the 1st Millenium BC) probably should’ve been mentioned aswell. African history outside of the Nile is VERY underestimated/overlooked.

@@HiddenPulse04 Hello. Thanks. I think Vai has to be compared to the Kromanti and other systems employed by some Marroons ( both Nengue and Saramakka ) in Suriname. 45 years ago I saw the Vai, and 15 years ago the Kromanti, and I thougth immediately it is the same... If "officially" it has the same pretention as being discoverder thanks a dream end 19th century... one did say me it wasn't true, it came from Liberia...confirming what I was thinking. Adyaki Basiton Benti should have been an African, first enslaved in Jamaica, where he learned to write a few english . Later sold in Suriname, became he a main leader of the Nengue-rebels and developped a strategy to inforce an agreement according freedom to his allies. I suppose that they did remain some connections and that those having the secret decided to make it known ( opposed to the "idea" that " whites only did know to write" ........Question of self-esteem necessary for mental freedom....°. But I forgot the name of ... Vai... And couldn't find it back.... Thank you very much.

@@HiddenPulse04 Could you source the inscriptions on Vai he found ? I wasn't able to find any . also ancient to us might have a different meaning to them , as time is procieved different To us Ancient typically means thousands of years back while to them it could mean 50 -40 years .

I've been to Sichuan China, I saw a different writing like almost sign in the street they used it and have a translation of Chinese character in bottom. I was thinking how they learn it. It's so crazy

A lot of this video seems to be just prettily animated guesswork

Bro he has no idea of scripts used in indian subcontinent, funny how he simply misses out major old scripts of india and simply terms them all as devnagari which is like a much younger script. In bihar alone there were like 4-5 different scripts in use untill last century, of which 3 still remain, namely, devnagari, tirhuta and kaithi.

@@adityadraws9535 You're right. South Asia in general is really the most diverse and rich in terms of the history and variety of scripts, and it's all glossed over with devanagari. Feels kind of colonial to me.

@@ShakuShingan not exactly colonial....its more like fault of our own leaders in past who failed to promote their own regional scripts and ended up using devnagari. No one forced devnagari except our own local leaders, coming from bihar, a state that has 5+ distinct languages and 3+ scripts (originally) i know what it feels like. My native language maithili had a script of its own called "tirhuta", just like bhojpuri has "kaithi", but the bihar govt ignored all of them and imposed adopted devnagari for some reason. Tirhuta is Still pretty much alive thanks to the maithil Brahmins who passed it on to their next generations and made sure there was someone in a group of 10-20 people who knows the script.....but kaithi has almost gone extinct. Tho both of them can be made alive again but yeah it would be hard to replace devnagari now.

@@adityadraws9535 Yea, I don’t see an issue with multiple scripts being used. They all have the same abugida base so it’s not as if people are going to be illiterate in Devanagari just because they can read another in addition. I feel like part of it is trying to erase local identities and create a homogenous Indian identity.

Although not used in formal occasions, Hangul was widely used in the Joseon dynasty among women and the lower class. There are also evidence of Hangul being widely used among royals and aristocrats. Hendrick Hamel, a Dutch merchant that lived in Korea for over a decade recorded that Koreans use three types of writing system, including Hangul. Also, King Sukjong wrote to his relatives using Hangul.

That's like not acknowledging medieval French as the alphabet system as the widely used one in France because the medieval French highclass used Vulgar Latin instead.

While the transition certainly was not as quick as shown in this video, it was widely used by the lower class and sometimes even by kings. The first issue of The Independent (Korea's first modern newspaper, founded in 1896) was written in Hangul, and explains that this was done so that anyone, regardless of background, could read it. This suggests that Hangul was mainstream by the end of Joseon.

Japanese encouraged Hangul usage

@@fisheye9559 That's outright false. Have you ever read anything about Sōshi-kaimei(forced usage of Japanese alphabet names).

Do you mean that half of the Berbers do not know how to write their language, right? Because the percentage of speakers does not exceed 30%

Its more than than 80% of Amazigh in Morocco they dont know how to write with Tifinagh Script , But speaker are between 35% and 60% some of them natively , Even you if you are Moroccan you already speaks 20% of the language vocabulary and accent

@@Sceptrumy What is this exaggeration? There are only about twenty words. As for the Moroccan dialect, it is a mixture of classical Arabic, French, and Spanish. The dialect is even closer to classical Arabic. I think the opposite is true, because Berber is the one in which all modern and contemporary vocabulary is taken from Arabic. I am a Moroccan from the city of Fez. Just so you know, I did the genetic analysis(J;74%) because you like to challenge lineages🙄

@@user-gs7xq6lm8f It seems like you are proud of your Arab heritage. That's cool but being Arab doesn't mean you are better than anyone else + Moroccan Darija is influenced by the Amazigh language, especially in how people talk and pronounce words. When you say I did the genetic analysis (Middle East DNA), it feels like you are not Moroccan anymore like an invader who came from Middle East if i was you i wont be proud of it , Sorry never mind, but you should know tamazigh languages are actually older than Arabic. And yaay it is official language in Morocco. Some public schools are already start teaching it from 2017 , I hope by 2050 everyone in Morocco will be speaking it fluente. 3wacher Mabrok khoya Arabi maghribi

@@Sceptrumy It's strange what you say when someone says I'm better than anyone else.???? Secondly, I am Moroccan of Middle Eastern origins. I did not say I am Middle Eastern, even though Berbers have Eastern European origins. As for dialect, the fact that you do not know Arabic is what made you think that it is influenced by your language. If you are proficient in Arabic, you will know the Arabic dialect closest to classical Arabic. There is no influence that you need to mention or teach people about at all, some twenty words and nothing more. The influence of the Latin languages on classical Arabic in contemporary times is even more than the influence of one or two words from your language, and most likely they are names of vegetables that were not present among the Arabs and animals that were not in the peninsula, so it is natural for them to call them by the names of those who know them. As for pronunciation, it is completely different. The reason we pronounce it this way is because we wanted to use melodious Arabic, which is why there are many sukoons in it. On the contrary, your language is influenced by Arabic. If I automatically turn on the Tamazight channel now, I'm sure it won't be two minutes before I hear an Arabic word. As for teaching your language, I assure you that it is completely ineffective. All members of my family study in private schools where it is not taught at all, and even in public schools there are professors who understand, and I know them, who do not do anything in the Berber class because it will not benefit the student in any way, and teaching it is a waste of time. Arabic is our mother tongue and the language of the Qur’an, religion and Islam. French is a language imposed on us because of colonialism. English is the language of science. I do not find a final reason why we are ignorant. We study a language that has nothing to do with us. I am speaking about non-Berber speakers. As for you, you can do as the Kurds did, which is to teach your language only in your regions. Despite what you said in the end, I bring tears to my eyes because I see how 12 centuries of coexistence between Arabs and Berbers was lost because of a few thousand electronic flies.

Hello ! May Allah protect and guide you to his light and happiness in this life and the hereafter, God bless, Ameen. Excuse me for giving a little presentation of Islam, because it is very misunderstood nowadays, especially on those « Antichrist's » times, where media and politics are mixed to distort history and truth. And terrorists (puppets of the Antichrist) who misinterpret verses, out of ignorance and political motivations, and take them out of historical context (just like radical atheists do by the way), don't help either. Thank you very much for your time. Islam is an arabic word that means the Surrender to the One and Only God, our Creator, Protector, Provider, who gives us life and all that we have, we are safe and sound by his will and grace, we are His and to Him we return, and we have to thank him in this trial life by submitting to him by our free will, or later in the Day of judgment when it's too late to save our own skin. Islam was the original Religion descended to earth from heaven with Adam and Eve (peace and blessing be upon them) in the beginning of humanity. and was passed to people with the succession of the 124 000 prophets and 315 messengers of God to all nations and civilizations since, passing by Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Ismaël, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, Joshua, David, Solomon and Jesus (Peace and blessing be upon them) during the history of mankind, the last replaces and completes the previous, until the succession of the last messenger of God fourteen centuries ago, Muhammad (Peace and blessing be upon him) to complete the noble morals of all mankind, to bring humans and jinns out of darkness into light, and to purify people's religion and belief from corruption and polytheism, and return it to purity and true monotheism, like it was in the times of the prophets (Peace and blessing be upon them). Many Religions that we know nowadays, at their beginning were true and under Islam, initiated by one of the prophets of God, but their original teachings, history and scriptures have been corrupted over time with falsification and polytheism, or lost and replaced with false ones. That's why Islam is the only Religion accepted by God nowadays, which consists in bearing witness that there is no god besides Allah (God in Aramaic, the original language of Jesus and the Gospel), and that Muhammad is His servant and messenger, just like Jesus and Moses and others are His servants and messengers. Never a messenger of God said he was God or literally son of God, it was the people after him who changed the words of God and corrupted the Religion. God is unique and absolute, He does not need to have a family and sons or to associate anyone else with His kingdom, He can simply create whatever He wants, everything belongs to Him, and to Him everything will return. Allah said in Surah Al-Mu’minun : “God has never begotten a son, nor is there any god besides Him. Otherwise, each god would have taken away what it has created, and some of them would have gained supremacy over others. Glory be to God, far beyond what they describe. The Knower of the hidden and the manifest. He is exalted, far above what they associate. (91-92 / Translated by ITANI). Allah means the one and only God, the God of all prophets and creatures, the creator of the universe and mankind, and the Master of the Day of judgment, where our destiny, Hell or Paradise, is decided based on our faith and deeds in this trial life, and above all, Allah's mercy. Allah said in Surah Al-Ikhlas : In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful. Say, “He is God, the One. God, the Absolute. He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none comparable to Him.” (1-4 / Translated by ITANI). Allah said in Surah An-Nisa : O FOLLOWERS of the Gospel! Do not overstep the bounds [of truth] in your religious beliefs, and do not say of God anything but the truth. The Christ Jesus, son of Mary, was but God's Apostle - [the fulfilment of] His promise which He had conveyed unto Mary - and a soul created by Him. Believe, then, in God and His apostles, and do not say, "[God is] a trinity". Desist [from this assertion] for your own good. God is but One God; utterly remote is He, in His glory, from having a son: unto Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth; and none is as worthy of trust as God. Never did the Christ feel too proud to be God's servant, nor do the angels who are near unto Him. And those who feel too proud to serve Him and glory in their arrogance [should know that on Judgment Day] He will gather them all unto Himself: (171-172 / Translated by Muhammad Asad). Allah the Most Merciful said in Surah Ali-Imran : Behold, the only [true] religion in the sight of God is [man's] self-surrender unto Him; and those who were vouchsafed revelation aforetime took, out of mutual jealousy, to divergent views [on this point] only after knowledge [thereof] had come unto them. But as for him who denies the truth of God's messages - behold, God is swift in reckoning! Thus, [O Prophet,] if they argue with thee, say, "I have surrendered my whole being unto God, and [so have] all who follow me!" - and ask those who have been vouchsafed revelation aforetime, as well as all unlettered people, "Have you [too] surrendered yourselves unto Him?" And if they surrender themselves unto Him, they are on the right path; but if they turn away - behold, thy duty is no more than to deliver the message: for God sees all that is in [the hearts of] His creatures. Verily, as for those who deny the truth of God's messages, and slay the prophets against all right, and slay people who enjoin equity - announce unto them a grievous chastisement. It is they whose works shall come to nought both in this world and in the life to come; and they shall have none to succour them. (19-22 / Translated by Muhammad Asad).. Salam (Peace) ----------

SCHIZO MUSLIM ABOVE

Burmese script IS Mon script. In the same way Hebrew script is Imperial Aramaic

Odia also came from.eastern nagari and punjabi (gurumukhi) is based on sharada script

@@surajitmondal823 Odia script looks like a combination of Eastern & Southern variants of scripts, although Eastern influence seems stronger. I feel Odia script may be born out of either a much older form of Eastern Nagari script or both Eastern Nagari script & older form of modern Odia script could possibly be sister scripts with a common ancestor possibly Siddham script.

Just saying, shahmukhi is also used in panjabi, its gurmukhi the name of script

@@nirbhaukhosa2 Yes that's right. But Shahmukhi is still a form of Perso-Arabic script used for Punjabi while Gurmukhi is a unique script among the Brahmic scripts.

देवनागरी script is much more logical

Plainly Wrong. Brahmi and Kharoshti are born out of Aramaic script. Then from Brahmi came Devanagari and other scripts.

Implementing change in such a populous country such as India while being an enormously small minority ruling caste is extremely difficult. And fortunately India’s many different rulers didn’t really care much as long as they got taxes and wealth from the region. It’s honestly a miracle that the Muslims and later the British were able to conquer India at all given the large numeric inferiority of invading armies.

@@_Ugrahvagh no script is logical in that sense

North India 🤡 call it gangadesh or Gangetic plains, because India is the land that's around the Indus river which is called Pakistan today, decendants of Indus people write in persio arabic script now, it's you gangadeshi's who are still using the script Indus people imposed on your ancestors during the invasion of vedic tribes to Gangetic plains

I too was surprised when I did not see any mention of the early Malay and Indochinese scripts. There were definitely scripts used by the people before Arabic Jawi arrived.

In the Philippines too... The earliest written document in the Philippines is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which was written using the Kawi Script. It was dated to be from around 900 AD. There are also other artifacts, such as coins which are known as (Bulawan) or (Piloncitos), the Butuan Ivory seal and the Butuan silver strip that also show Kawi letters or inscriptions etched on them.

Idk if it's correct or not but when I was scrolling through Twitter I saw some similar words betweet my language Assamese(it's an Indian Language)and Javanese(that's what people said there when I replied) so my language's script was taken from Magadhi Prakrit . Like the word "itu" In your language is known as "eitu" In my language, and there are some more words I got like "asli" "Apa kabar " And here it is called as "ki khabar".I was shocked when I got that.

I've mentioned some scripts that weren't shown in the description.

@@OllieBye Nobody read the descriptions. Another video disregarding history of others.

Nsibidi is considered proto-writing. Including it would also require the inclusion of the Neolithic symbols of China and Europe, earlier stages of Sumerian Cuneiform, the Khipu of the Inca Empire, etc.

@@locoluis1978 Thank you for explaining.

​@@locoluis1978Then it's weird to include the Indus valley script since it's currently believed to be proto writing.

Currently used in the Amharic, Tigrinya, and Tigrayit (though sometimes Arabic script used) languages.

@@ibrodinho هذه اللغات تنتمي لعائلة اللغات السامية/لغات العرب

Ethiopia is one of the greatest empires !! I'm extremely proud of my ancestors

In the Romanian teritory as well, but they are not included on the vid

What is the pinyin of the characters at the end of first sentence??

@@minera7595kǎi shū

@@jianqiaocao2446 Thanks

Chinese looks like I could stare at it all day.

@@Aman-qr6wi Especially Traditional Chinese, it look so charming

Ok bro. We get it. Tamizh is the oldest most based, sigma, world conqueror, scientific, spiritual, universe best,, star wars winner, alpha, masculine, and the most powerful language in the world. Every language is derivative of Tamil.

Okey

@@rishabhjain7543 why are you gæ

@@rishabhjain7543 Lol

@@rishabhjain7543 even Jesus was tamil🙏🙏🙏

Did Norte Chico has its own Quipu？

@@mikema1910 Yes, evidence has been found that Quipu was indeed used back in the Caral/Norte Chico times. Obviously this was a rather rustic and basic use, which later on expanded into a whole writing system. Described by Spanish conquistadors as the way Inca wrote history, business and conducted administration of their vast empire.

@@suikamanti9131 Oh，this might be the oldest recording system

@@mikema1910 it could be. the problem lies in how unconventional it is. no one has been able to desipher it and therefore it is imposible to note exactly when it became a full body writting system rather than just a numerical record as it was at the begining. and unfortuantely due to its nature, being organic dyed threads most of it has been lost to time....

@@suikamanti9131 Yo si puedo ayudar. Well, Kipus were a system and yes it registered information, appart from accounts. But it wasnt the only system. According to William Burns Glynn studies, the Killka (wich means paper, writing or mail) it used to have 10 types of symbols with different colors, each one represent a consonant. Inka urku NK RK RK NK (Imagine NK and RK are symbols) Two simbols, that represent each one a word. Ordered like before. Im not good in english, so maybe i can clarify more in spanish.

Do you mean kawi or javanese script? Most of script developed in sumatra are descended from kawi, so I guess you said about the modern javanese script.

@@davidivory3234 Kawi & Javanese script are different although they're related. Sumatra is labelled as Javanese here, not Kawi

Kesultanan Banjar di taklukkan & masuk Islam karena demak di Jawa , jadi mereka juga yang pakai kawi

Yes, both are in the this videos accompanying spreadsheet, which should be in the description.

Hello ! May Allah protect and guide you to his light and happiness in this life and the hereafter, God bless, Ameen. Excuse me for giving a little presentation of Islam, because it is very misunderstood nowadays, especially on those « Antichrist's » times, where media and politics are mixed to distort history and truth. And terrorists (puppets of the Antichrist) who misinterpret verses, out of ignorance and political motivations, and take them out of historical context (just like radical atheists do by the way), don't help either. Thank you very much for your time. Islam is an arabic word that means the Surrender to the One and Only God, our Creator, Protector, Provider, who gives us life and all that we have, we are safe and sound by his will and grace, we are His and to Him we return, and we have to thank him in this trial life by submitting to him by our free will, or later in the Day of judgment when it's too late to save our own skin. Islam was the original Religion descended to earth from heaven with Adam and Eve (peace and blessing be upon them) in the beginning of humanity. and was passed to people with the succession of the 124 000 prophets and 315 messengers of God to all nations and civilizations since, passing by Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Ismaël, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, Joshua, David, Solomon and Jesus (Peace and blessing be upon them) during the history of mankind, the last replaces and completes the previous, until the succession of the last messenger of God fourteen centuries ago, Muhammad (Peace and blessing be upon him) to complete the noble morals of all mankind, to bring humans and jinns out of darkness into light, and to purify people's religion and belief from corruption and polytheism, and return it to purity and true monotheism, like it was in the times of the prophets (Peace and blessing be upon them). Many Religions that we know nowadays, at their beginning were true and under Islam, initiated by one of the prophets of God, but their original teachings, history and scriptures have been corrupted over time with falsification and polytheism, or lost and replaced with false ones. That's why Islam is the only Religion accepted by God nowadays, which consists in bearing witness that there is no god besides Allah (God in Aramaic, the original language of Jesus and the Gospel), and that Muhammad is His servant and messenger, just like Jesus and Moses and others are His servants and messengers. Never a messenger of God said he was God or literally son of God, it was the people after him who changed the words of God and corrupted the Religion. God is unique and absolute, He does not need to have a family and sons or to associate anyone else with His kingdom, He can simply create whatever He wants, everything belongs to Him, and to Him everything will return. Allah said in Surah Al-Mu’minun : “God has never begotten a son, nor is there any god besides Him. Otherwise, each god would have taken away what it has created, and some of them would have gained supremacy over others. Glory be to God, far beyond what they describe. The Knower of the hidden and the manifest. He is exalted, far above what they associate. (91-92 / Translated by ITANI). Allah means the one and only God, the God of all prophets and creatures, the creator of the universe and mankind, and the Master of the Day of judgment, where our destiny, Hell or Paradise, is decided based on our faith and deeds in this trial life, and above all, Allah's mercy. Allah said in Surah Al-Ikhlas : In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful. Say, “He is God, the One. God, the Absolute. He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none comparable to Him.” (1-4 / Translated by ITANI). Allah said in Surah An-Nisa : O FOLLOWERS of the Gospel! Do not overstep the bounds [of truth] in your religious beliefs, and do not say of God anything but the truth. The Christ Jesus, son of Mary, was but God's Apostle - [the fulfilment of] His promise which He had conveyed unto Mary - and a soul created by Him. Believe, then, in God and His apostles, and do not say, "[God is] a trinity". Desist [from this assertion] for your own good. God is but One God; utterly remote is He, in His glory, from having a son: unto Him belongs all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth; and none is as worthy of trust as God. Never did the Christ feel too proud to be God's servant, nor do the angels who are near unto Him. And those who feel too proud to serve Him and glory in their arrogance [should know that on Judgment Day] He will gather them all unto Himself: (171-172 / Translated by Muhammad Asad). Allah the Most Merciful said in Surah Ali-Imran : Behold, the only [true] religion in the sight of God is [man's] self-surrender unto Him; and those who were vouchsafed revelation aforetime took, out of mutual jealousy, to divergent views [on this point] only after knowledge [thereof] had come unto them. But as for him who denies the truth of God's messages - behold, God is swift in reckoning! Thus, [O Prophet,] if they argue with thee, say, "I have surrendered my whole being unto God, and [so have] all who follow me!" - and ask those who have been vouchsafed revelation aforetime, as well as all unlettered people, "Have you [too] surrendered yourselves unto Him?" And if they surrender themselves unto Him, they are on the right path; but if they turn away - behold, thy duty is no more than to deliver the message: for God sees all that is in [the hearts of] His creatures. Verily, as for those who deny the truth of God's messages, and slay the prophets against all right, and slay people who enjoin equity - announce unto them a grievous chastisement. It is they whose works shall come to nought both in this world and in the life to come; and they shall have none to succour them. (19-22 / Translated by Muhammad Asad).. Salam (Peace) ----------