The Strangeness of Quark Stars - Ask a Spaceman!

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How does degeneracy pressure work? What kinds of particles exist below the level of neutrons? Can they hold up a star against gravity? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!
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Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE!
Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G., Matthew K., Kevin O., Justin R., Chris C., Helge B., Tim R., Nick T., Lars H., Ray S., John F., , Anilavadhanula, Mark R., and David B.!
Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain.
Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session, Greg Mobius for producing, and Cathy Rinella for editing.
Hosted by Paul M. Sutter, astrophysicist at The Ohio State University, Chief Scientist at COSI Science Center, and the one and only Agent to the Stars (www.pmsutter.com).

Опубликовано:

8 сен 2024

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Комментарии : 141

@lindsayforbes7370 5 лет назад

Thanks Paul. How did I miss this video? Been thinking about this stuff lately and you've filled in a lot of stuff. Inconsistencies are always interesting and that gap between 2 and 3 solar masses, between neutron stars and black holes needs filling in. It's going to be a long dog walk this morning. Expect more questions soon. You're the man.

@Sold_a_dummy 6 лет назад

I feel this work needs more shares. Personally I'm hooked. I've been listening to your first podcasts now on Ask a Spaceman. More about Chandrasekhar please.

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Glad you like it, I appreciate it! And I'd be happy to do an episode on Chandra...stay tuned!

@kodiak2fitty 6 лет назад

Please do a show on Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar :)

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

It's on the list!

@coopergates9680 5 лет назад

@@PaulMSutter Do you think that stars in the mass range of 7-10 suns might be able to fuse carbon but not neon and end up producing oxygen-neon-magnesium white dwarfs? Most WDs floating around these days are carbon-oxygen.

@Fwr942 3 месяца назад

Good LORD I love the way you describe this stuff!!!!!! More please!!!

@Gustavo-lz5mi 6 лет назад

Thanks for this amazing video! It is for me such a pleasure to watch your videos because you have a very special way to explain these hard concepts.

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Thank you, I appreciate it!

@mal2ksc 6 лет назад

If I had to take a wild-assed guess, I'd say you could get your strange quarks from the binding energy that the gluons provide to the neutrons. That is where most of the neutron's mass comes from, after all. If those gluons have to "go away" to decouple the quarks, that would provide an awful lot of energy that just might manifest as down quarks transforming into strange quarks. Just a guess.

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

You, my friend, are actually on to something. However this Paul totally missed a discussion of gluons.

@MegaBrokenstar Год назад

The counter-theory to this posits that the core of the neutron star consists mainly of QGP, so the gluons aren’t gone but just flying around same as the quarks. The same theory posits the deepest inner core to be so hot and dense as to actually be electroweak. Basically, as best our theories can currently figure, either quark and/or strange stars must exist, or neutron stars essentially become the inverse of the Big Bang as you go through their layers.

@muskyelondragon 6 лет назад

Fascinating subject that leads into hypothetical electroweak burning. Is it a thing? A core the size of an apple in the heart of a neutron star? Moving from one false vacuume to another? Help us PMS!

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

It's on the list!

@poll-lie-ticks1776 6 лет назад

The theoretical problem with quark stars are their cores. Pressure increases drastically as you go into the depths of any supermassive objects like planets, fusion stars and neutron stars. In fact, it may turn out that the cores of neutron stars are held up by quark degeneracy. In the case of quark stars, the pressure of their cores would be far greater than the pressure of their surface. So if quark degeneracy matter formed on the surface, than the core would almost certainly collapse into a black hole and proceed to devour the rest of the quark star in an extremely short period of time. Furthermore, is it possible that the escape velocity of a quark star is greater than C? If so, then wouldn't all quark stars would appear as black holes?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

That is also one of the (many) problems with quark stars. This is all summarized by the statement that we do not know the relationship between density, temperature, and pressure inside these objects.

@coopergates9680 5 лет назад

The core would not collapse into a BH without quantum tunneling, because (despite its even higher density), it extends beyond its Schwarzschild radius. The entire stellar remnant would be more likely to dip below an event horizon if its mass is increased further, rather than just the core. Since the Schwarzschild radius is proportional to mass, but the physical radius is only proportional to the cube root of mass (for the same density), smaller objects need to be a lot denser to collapse to black holes.

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@coopergates9680 where did you get the idea that the core of a NS or quark star extends beyond its event horizon???

@coopergates9680 4 года назад

@@daveanderson718 The core does not extend beyond the potential EH of the ENTIRE star, but it does extend beyond its own event horizon.

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@coopergates9680 ??????????? Sorry, the diploma you got from trump university really messed you man. hope you got your money back.

@abubakryagob 6 лет назад

Thank you so much for your kind efforts and clear explanations : )

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Thanks for watching!

@jhtrq1465 3 года назад

neutron stars are mostly supported by the repulsive effect of strong interaction at very short distances, more than by neutron degeneracy pressure. But very good video ;)

@cdenhartog 6 лет назад

Thanks for your amazing videos. I've been learning a lot!

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Thanks, I appreciate it!

@y11971alex 6 лет назад

Often in physics quarks are described as having no size at all, which seems to suggest an infinite amount of quarks could be piled into a single point in space, because each individual quark has zero size. Hence... a black hole might be made of quarks piled onto the same point?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

A bunch of particles piled into the same geometric point is exactly a singularity :/

@y11971alex 6 лет назад

Paul M. Sutter but since quarks react with the strong force, doesn’t this mean we can interact with a singularity?

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@PaulMSutter Mr. Sutter, I appreciate your video and the fact that you have a ton of queries to respond to. However, you explanations beg further questions, and I hope you tackle them. You can do it. You are almost there. (-:

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@PaulMSutter You may have missed y1197alex's real point: quarks are fermions, not mesons......just saying.

@drex23100 5 лет назад

If quarks are considered to not be particles in the classical sense of the word, but as nodal points in gluon networks, the a theoretical quark star would actually be a white glueball. where the degeneracy pressure of the gluons would collapse to form a colorless core. The gluons are to the quarks what the electrons were to the protons. The glueball, similar to the neutron, would have a neutral electric charge, as well a a neutral color.

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

good try, but no cookie. Actually, a very excellent try!

@nazhatkhan8470 6 лет назад

The video was interesting to know about quark stars whether exist or not.White dwarf supported by Electron degeneracy presure.Nuetron star formed by Electrons reacting with protons and converted in to neutrons by Electron degeneracy presurre of neutrons with the principle of singularity changing in to black holes.Quark stars made from strange quarks may be stable.Thank you Sir for the video.

@RonaldMcPaul 6 лет назад

What about the quarkiness of Strange stars?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

+Ron: Decline to State - Asking the important questions.

@cammus Год назад

Please do more! Make a vídeo about electroweak stars! Greetings from Brazil!

@kyleoneilz 5 лет назад

Too few likes, writing a paper on QS right now keep it up Paul!

@PaulMSutter 5 лет назад

Ha, I appreciate any view I get :)

@dalethorn2 5 лет назад

I like the top down description of levels of compression down to (possibly?) quark stars and black holes, but I'd like to see a description of the reverse processes. Maybe someone already did that. We know that black holes "leak" in certain ways, but what can happen to these various super-compressed stars besides just collapsing into black holes?

@Pyriold 6 лет назад

That ball of electrons would not compress cause of electric charge. You need neutral particles to do that.

@fredfolson5355 2 года назад

I'd love to hear you talk about Dr. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. I consider him one of the top 10 smartest humans to have ever walked the Earth.

@elleshar666 6 лет назад

Wouldn't a "quark star state" be a thing going from neutron stars to black holes? When neutron degeneracy pressure is overwhelmed wouldn't it be a quark star even for a briefest of moments? Why not it doesn't dissolve then?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Maybe, maybe not! I can't stress enough that so much of the physics is poorly understand. Maybe the quark phase is a temporary stop on the road to black hole. Maybe it's a stable stop leading to quark stars. Maybe the collapse happens so quickly that there's no time for even a short stop...

@copperpenny1387 6 лет назад

You are a Quaky Character dude. Thanks for the info, much love. ~Copper

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Thanks, I appreciate that!

@MrFlaviojosefus 4 года назад

Ok, a weak maybe for quark stars. But I remember to have read somewhere (probably in Scientific American) about "strange-matter", that is, matter where one of the up or down quarks were substituted by a strange quark. I read that if you could turn off the gravitational field of the (neutron) quark star, the quark star wouldn't explode, meaning that a piece of strange-matter could exist independently of the (neutron) quark star that gave birth, through gravitational collapse, to this very piece of strange matter. It was speculated that clumps of strange-matter could contribute, at least in part, for the supposed could dark matter in the galaxies. I wonder if a super, super, duper advanced alien civilization could produce this kind of matter and use it to produce megastructures, like for instance, ring-worlds. Could it be possible? Could strange-matter be stable without the gravitational field? Can you, Sir, clear about these questions?

@ravenorion 6 лет назад

Cool video! Do you think it is possible that a Quark Star could hold within itself a unique type of pressure to implode into nothingness or vanish without creating the effect of a black hole? Cool jacket, by the way! =]

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

It's certainly possible for a quark star (if they exist) to spontaneously disintegrate or collapse further into a black hole. Glad you like the jacket!

@ChristiaanCorthals 6 лет назад

maybe a quark pie recipe may explain what these stars are made of

@gravelswitch9697 6 лет назад

In the final collapse of a neutron/quark star to a black hole, is the object thought to undergo a sudden collapse or slow fade to black?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

The collapse happens incredibly rapidly. Once there's nothing left to stop gravity it just keeps going!

@coopergates9680 5 лет назад

The same illusion would happen as dropping something into a black hole. In proper time, it falls in super fast, but it appears to redshift and approach the event horizon to an outside observer.

@solanumtinkr8280 6 лет назад

Couldn't the outer layers of a Quark Stars be neutrons? Crunchy out the outside gooey on the inside :P

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Indeed they very well could be, which makes it even harder to find one!

@nibblrrr7124 5 лет назад

I'm imagining a materials datasheet for neutronium, listing most properties as "unknown", except for "Mouthfeel: crunchy".

@dwayne_draws 6 лет назад

I've always had a difficult time understanding why fermions not being allowed to occupy the same state prevents them from occupying the same space but I think now I kinda, sorta, almost maybe get it on a very superficial level.I probably need to take a couple more runs at this. One thing I still don't get. If an electron is a fundamental particle, and a neutron is made up of 2down and 1up quarks how does an electron and proton make a neutron? Wouldn't that say the electron is a composite particle. or is it simply that the electron is destroyed and the energy turns into something else, like making an up quark into a down quark? Thank-you so much for your show Paul. You have a real knack for making this stuff relatable.

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Hey Dwayne, it's the second: the electron gets destroyed in the reaction and other particles pop out in its place. I know it doesn't make much sense, but particles can be created and destroyed at will, but in fact you're already familiar with this: photons are constantly created/destroyed every time a light flicks on :) Hope that helps, and I'm glad you like the show!

@dwayne_draws 6 лет назад

Thank-you Paul! Yes, that makes sense. As much as particles popping in and out of existence makes sense. In my head I imagine a transfer of energy between or within fields causing excitations, but with rules :)

@gonzogeier 5 лет назад

Doesn't have a neutron star a crust of a few centimeter of iron? Maybe only the core of a neutron star is made from quarks?

@omsingharjit 3 года назад

5:41 but is it not the mean that , the law of quantum mechanics Are violated ? When Electron unable to degenerate the PEP pressure ?

@DaveCompton5150 5 лет назад

@5:40 - 6:00 .... I've never heard of white dwarfs collapsing into neutron stars. Instead, the vaporize into a type I supernova once the Chandrasekan limit is exceeded.

@coopergates9680 5 лет назад

Would two merging WDs still detonate in a Type 1a, or form a millisecond pulsar?

@surrealwombat 6 лет назад

You said that most matter we see is made of up and down quarks, hoever a quark star made of up and down quarks would not be stable. The supposition about a quark star is that the conditions are too extreme to have a neutron star, but not extreme enough to form a black hole, what options are left for the instability to show itself?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

The difference is that quark stars are macroscopic bodies made of a "soup" of quarks. We know that quarks are confined microscopically into protons, neutrons, etc., but we don't know if they can form a large object stable against gravitational collapse.

@lastsilhouette85 5 лет назад

Love the episode...might wanna check your collar next time though XD

@PaulMSutter 5 лет назад

Yeah I saw that....after I published the videos!

@minimale100 5 лет назад

Curious what kind of new particles would be created if two of these collided together :)

@PaulMSutter 5 лет назад

unfortunately just the usual mix :/

@goncalocarvalho4917 6 лет назад

Another great video!

@gangreneday 6 лет назад

Could the inside of a neutron star be strange? Loved the video! Best yet. totally interested in the story you referenced.

@Wave1dave 6 лет назад

I recommend a video named "Strange Stars" from PBS Space Time. You might find your answer there.

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

We just don't know! We're only (somewhat) confidence about the nature of neutron stars on their surfaces and into the middle. It could be that every neutron star has a quark matter core, or only some, or none at all...

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@PaulMSutter be brave and speculate!!

@shaundubai8941 5 лет назад

Sorry - I need visual slides to follow the discussion

@oisnowy5368 6 лет назад

Started the video, clicked "like", heard degeneracy presssure... oh yeah. Obligatory: Chandrasekar? Can we have stories about how he came up with his theories? Didn't he think it up while aboard that brought him to Europe? I'm just going on memory here. How large would a quark star be according to best guestimates assuming they were a thing? Compared to its Schwarzschild-radius?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Nice! And yes, I've definitely put Chandra on the list. As far as we can tell, a quark star would be about the same size as a neutron star - a few kilometers across.

@thomasdoyle4246 6 лет назад

I watched a video about wave particle duality. This video had an animation showing a point going through one slit in a double slit experiment. Then an animation of a wave going through both slits at the same time showing the interference pattern, registering on the detector. Then the animation showed a quantum object. It was wave like, but much more chaotic. the point of particle registration on the detector was a point. The wave had collapsed to a point. Are all particles small energy fields, and the particle is where the energy of the wave consolidates to a point. Is the particle the maximum energy of the wave registering as a point. , but the wave is not energetic enough to be detected as a wave. Do we not have equipment sensitive enough to observe the wave. We just know there is a wave because of how the particle registrars on the detector.

@PelycheeaceRA 6 лет назад

its particles. particles that exhibit wave like behavior. there is no actual wave there (at least not in the standard interpretations of qm)

@Bankrollsleeves 3 года назад

Quark star is put in my the programmers of this universe to end it whenever they want

@zertilus 6 лет назад

The part where electrons are put close enough to protons and a neutron is made out of them makes my mind melt... :/

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Life gets a whole lot more interesting once you accept the fact that particles can change into different particles :)

@mikebartling7920 7 месяцев назад

If quark stars are not made of quarks, because of quarks unstable factor, then what are Black holes are made of? One would assume that quark stars fill in the gap between neutrons stars and Black holes. Or would they?

@BlueNeonBeasty 6 лет назад

"maybe nature just doesn't care about this as much as we do? It's happened before" :D Now I kinda want to know about the other occasions this has happened :D

@connarcomstock161 6 лет назад

Wouldn't it just, for the purposes of calculation, due to heisenberg, just become one gigantic electron? like "they're all over there, in that giant electron.".

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

It would stay a giant ball of quarks because quarks don't decay into electrons.

@connarcomstock161 6 лет назад

I was speaking in reference to when your vid talks about all the electrons being stuffed together. If they're all stuffed together, and you can't tell where any one is, isn't it simpler to just think of it as one giant electron? Like they aren't "things" they're waveforms, so if they're all in a superposition, aren't they all just the same wave at that point?

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@connarcomstock161 nada

@arnoldleaf4521 3 года назад

So doesnt time get dilated around a neutron star , giving all the time needed to produce strange particles ?

@jamespong6588 4 года назад

I hate degeneracy

@Tonyv1951 3 года назад

Paul, thanks for this stuff you are dong. Can you answer a question for me? If supernovae happen when large stars collapse in on themselves, and begin a catastrophic form of fusion due to collapse, why don't black holes explode in catastrophic fusion too? Maybe I am naively missing something, but I can't see why if a several solar mass star collapses into a black hole, it doesn't just go supernovae instead. I'd really like you take on my question, if you can find the time to answer. Thank you.

@scottnorman408 6 лет назад

Would the quarks just succumb to pair production and become a meson star? Wouldn't last very long though.

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Yeah it gets really messy really quick :/

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@PaulMSutter Messy Schmessy. Scott has asked an very intriguing question.

@omsingharjit 3 года назад

Where is the Chandrashekhar limit video

@Milan_Openfeint 6 лет назад

It may be somewhat misleading at 5:00 and 6:20 where you say the degeneracy pressure can be overcome. It cannot happen.What happens is that electrons combine with protons, and then there’s no more electron pressure.You say this but it’s not entirely clear.

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

I wasn't being misleading, and degeneracy pressure can be overcome. This is how Chandrasekhar was able to compute an upper limit for white dwarves years before the electron capture process was discovered.

@Milan_Openfeint 6 лет назад

In that case your explanation of the degeneracy pressure needs some clarification. You (and others) said that the probability of 2 particles in the same state is exactly 0. I don’t see how stronger pressure can overcome that? Zero is still zero.

@MrRandomcommentguy 6 лет назад

A Quark star would be a very thrifty star, which waters down its drinks and over charges for holosuite time.

@MusiCaninesTheMusicalDogs 6 лет назад

Is all that matter that fall into black reduced to quarks? Or not even that? Degenerate matter? Is there such a thing, actually?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Oh yes, ti's reduced to quarks and then....well, we're not quite sure what goes on after that!

@kindlin 6 лет назад

Well, as was described in the video (I think? I couldn't re-find it), the much more dense neutron is able to slow down and densify considerably. The large mass neutron has a weaker interaction with the uncertainty principle and a lower degeneracy pressure, thus much more closely packed. When the neutron, which is 3 very light quarks, tries to "break down," it should fail horribly. And what actually happens here is the million dollar question. Answer this and we may know what happened at the big bang and what (if anything) gravitons are.

@muskyelondragon 6 лет назад

Paul M. Sutter Has to be right? Right... Solar mass black hole has the average density of an atomic nucleus. A galactic black hole has the average density of air.

@larrybeckham6652 4 года назад

Soooo, a Singularity is an orgy of tons of bosons in a pile? No Fermions allowed?

@MrKago1 6 лет назад

This may be a chicken and egg question, but are degeneracy pressure and/or the exclusion principle artifacts of the uncertainty principle or the otherway around, or are they not related in that way and just happen(as far as we know) to seem related?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

You can think of degeneracy pressure as a manifestation of the uncertainty principle. The origins come from a different direction, but they're all different ways of looking at the same quantum puzzle.

@daveanderson718 4 года назад

@@PaulMSutter Dude, I am not going to spoon feed you on this one. Not sure how well your 7+ years of education are helping you now. You need to get serious and get the right answer rather than piddling around on youtube, or perhaps in addition to youtube. Get the qualitative answer correct, then do the more difficult quantitative work. Get off youtube if you think you don't have the time to figure it out.

@diGritz1 6 лет назад

I tried to pretend but a bunch of my imaginary friends showed up and were mad I didn't invite them. So they pretended to be pirates and took the electron cloud and all the women and children.

@alexanderkrizel6187 6 лет назад

Ok, I'm asking, who is he and what's his story?

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Great question, it's on the list!

@Wave1dave 6 лет назад

But isn't matter made of up, down and strange quarks stable? A superfluid possibly making cores in some neutron stars. Atleast that's what I've heard, I'm not a nuclear physicist.

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

It's stable...maybe. It's not known whether the quarks unbind in the core of a neutron star, or stay inside their neutrons.

@bhuvaneshs.k638 6 лет назад

Wht if present character of space can't hold a quark star ..... So whenass of neutron star increases it collapses to Black hole directly..... What if.... In far future when dark energy dominates such tht normal star are unstable.... But the space at tht point in time will be stable...!!?? So tht in far future we will see quark star more often than the normal star....

@alnilam2151 4 года назад

Its not just me then that seas weird & wired gets wider? Hmm ho hum oh please charming indeed! {/}

@Chaosman88 6 лет назад

What if what we call black hole is actually a quark star? And the reason we cannot find anything between the largest neutron star and the smallest black hole is because there is nothing in between, because what we call black hole is a quarks star? :)

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Quark stars don't have event horizons, and their densities and masses are too low to fit ovservations of black holes.

@getoverhere1225 6 лет назад

@@PaulMSutter I just think that our calculations are wrong and black holes are just quark Stars. If they grow then that means that they have a finite amount of matter. If they were just infant Bottomless Pits then they would never grow.

@captainfuckshit1035 6 лет назад

your lack of subscribers is criminal

@Lukexxxxxx 5 лет назад

poor video litered with inaccuracies ... not even sure where to start criticising iit.

@TeethToothman Год назад

🦐💀🦐

@ColinJonesPonder 6 лет назад

Mathematically, would a quark star be smaller than its Schwarzschild radius? Is it possible that black hole singularities are actually quark stars due to quark degeneracy pressure? (I'm aware we don't /know/ but does it fit physics?)

@PaulMSutter 6 лет назад

Anything that compresses below its Schwarzschild radius must become a black hole, so quark stars are larger than that. As to what goes on near a singularity, that's...a tough question :)

@Fornaxfornax1 6 лет назад

criminally under subscribed. Mr Sutter, I hate to say this, but perhaps you could be a little more click-baty in your titles and thumb nails?

@cassianodaniel8897 6 лет назад

Maybe quark stars are black holes and vice versa

@JohnnyAmerique 6 лет назад

Cassiano Daniel No, quark stars appear quite different from black holes, which do not themselves directly emit any detectable radiation. We only detect black holes by the effects they have on their surroundings. Neutron stars and quark stars do radiate, and quite brightly in some portions of the EM spectrum.