A really interesting video, Abraham. I really enjoyed watching such a well researched video. Just one point, and someone may already have pointed this out. You mentioned some research from the 1980’s by Kenneth “Barclaw?” I suspect that the gentleman’s name is Baraclough which is a typical name around Sheffield. It’s actually pronounced “Barracluff”. We Brits have some pretty strange family names and the pronunciation isn’t always obvious. Try to attempt pronouncing Featherstonehaugh. I’ll lay money you won’t get it! 😂 It’s pronounced “Fanshaw” 😂
yeah this was a very good balanced video ,very informative without getting boring , this was the first video of yours i have ever seen and it will not be the last
I was just at the Hawley Collection in Sheffield last week! I really enjoyed your video, and am looking forward to the newsletter. One subject of particular interest to me is the story of Henry Sorby, who inherited a lot of money when his father died (also Henry, the H in I&H Sorby tools from 1829-1844) and used it to do microscopic analysis of steel, among other things. There's a microscopy lab dedicated to him at the University of Sheffield, and--as I understand it--Bessemer et al were very dependent on Sorby's analyses for the development of mild steel.
A very interesting - and decently researched video, completely new to this channel. Im a Sheffield chap, not living there any more but I grew up there, was born in chesterfield(next door) have family there and I went to uni there. I can assure you that despite the massive layoffs in the 70's through 90's the production of Sheffield crucible steel is more than what it was historically - so it absolutely has been HEAVILY automated. Sheffield steel is now owned by a dutch/norweigan company which also owns the mines in northern Europe as well as the mines in Sheffield and its surrounding areas. In addition to still producing more crucible steel than it ever has, Sheffield also produces a hell of a lot of electric furnace steel and iron along with various alloys. Sheffield and its surrounding towns also contain multiple competing companies and have since the 2n'd world war, these days the universtiy owns most of the land these companies operate on and they supply the high tech industry that the city is known for today - making steel/iron/alloys for satellites, aerospace, military, medical etc etc. My father was one of the most renowned metallurgists in the nation, frankly in the world, worked in both Steel industry and Iron Industry, I worked in the aforementioned high tech industries supplied by the steel industry. The phrase by the locals is "Shit in, Shit out" and that phrase is still used today, something my dad applied to more than just steel production - often applied to business and politics. If you have any questions Im happy to answer them.
Totally. I normally get bored with long format videos where someone is just staring at the camera talking, but he did a great job of staying interesting and never rambling.
yeah this was a very good balanced video ,very informative without getting boring , this was the first video of yours i have ever seen it will neither be the last
I used to go to Sheffield with my father in the early 1980's, he would carry steel billets made in Brymbo Steelworks (Near Wrexham in North Wales) to a Massive forge in the industrial area. These billets were forged into crankshafts for petrol/ diesel engines for the car industry. I used to be overawed by these massive machines stamping up and down shaping out the parts. Thanks for the video, I really enjoyed it, and I think others may well have enjoyed also.
Great presentation - my knowledge of cast steel was rudimentary (like many was under the impression its production phased out in the mid-1800s) and this helped a lot to understand the process and history. Would really like to see more presentations like this
Thank you for sharing! I have about twenty one years as a cnc machinist. Your lesson in the history of great metals has always fascinated me. Also wood crafting is always more fun when with each cut I can appreciate the passed down passion and wisdom in my tools edge. This content is greatly appreciated!
Charts Aren't boring! I really appreciate the effort you put in to this video, all the research and clearly laying out the time line of cast steel. Thank you so much!
Great stuff! I’ve been a professional craftsman for more than 40 years, a big fan of history, and still learning all the time. My youngest daughter has just finished up her third year studying materials engineering - I love sending her stuff like this, as she enjoys learning the history of the processes that have brought us the great tools we use today, with an eye on what the materials used to make those tools are evolving into for the future. Your presentation style and content are both informative and engaging, thank you for your effort, and all the best in your work!
You pushed all the right buttons in this video: Old tools, history, woodworking, metalworking, and books. Fascinating history lesson about steel and tools. This is the first video I have seen from your channel and I was blown away. Great job!
Thank you very much!! I took several decades to study how naval face-hardened side armor of cruisers and battleships was made from the middle-1890s (Krupp Cemented nickel-chromium armor steel in several varieties made by manufacturers in several nations (US, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan). I had to develop several parameters that isolated different steel properties from one-another to decide which were contributing to which final result, good or bad. The last WWII armor of this type used a standard 1.00 for their general steel "quality" prior to the processing of the steel into the final heavy armor plates, which were sorted by me into various levels of how good the armor was under various conditions. I used US nickel-chromium average armor-class steels made by the US firms of Midvale, Bethlehem, and Carnegie-Illinois in WWII for that part of the steel and then sorted out what was done to these steels (used for tank armor and the other softer armor class naval steels, too). Older WWI-era steels of this type were somewhat inferior, as can be imagined, due to the lower metallurgical expertise back then, as I found (with a couple of exceptions). However, as I said, I carefully sorted out each important parameter as to its effects on the final tested product and, for example, found some WWII Japanese experimental face-hardened armor (never used on a ship) to have the WWI-era steel quality but still ended up the best plates ever tested by the US or Britain after WWII (they never figured out why, to my knowledge!). The baseline steel quality of British face-hardened side armor used in its new WWII largest warships only came to 0.93, significantly lower than the US average 1.00 for steel quality, but the British armor turned out somewhat better than the US armor of this kind due to variations in the things like hard face thickness that the British did a better job exploiting. Thus, steel "quality" is more than just the internal metallurgy of the metal itself, but how it is processed to make the final product, which can make somewhat inferior steel give superior results, anyway. My phone number is 1-805-649-4952, if you are interested in my take on this huge topic.
@@-IE_it_yourself I started this hobby to make the armor rules in a miniature ship naval wargame based on an expanded version of the 1930s Fletcher Pratt Naval War Game designed by Ivan Travnicek as THE GAME OF ADMIRALS in the early 1970s. Good miniature ship game but had poor information on armor penetration rules. I had a GIGANTIC amount of luck on this and was able to more-or-less solve most of it, the face-hardened armor part all by myself since I found it had never been done by anybody in all of those huge navies, with they only knowing pieces of the puzzle.
As an interesting side note about Japanese steel from WW2, their Arisaka bolt action rifle was mocked by everyone as being junk made from inferior steel. In the 1950's an American gunsmith by the name of P. O. Ackley ran a series of tests on many military bolt action rifles to see which ones could withstand the most pressure before failing. Most actions would ultimately fail in various ways due to severe overloaded cartridges. However, the Arisaka action was the only one that remained intact and was returned to service by simply changing the barrel. No matter the overload the barrels would fail before the action could be destroyed, Ackley even used special high strength barrels but the Arisaka action did not fail, it was the strongest bolt action that Ackley ever tested.
I knew most of this already because I was lucky enough to know people in aerospace and toolmaking who were huge history nerds. Good concise coverage here. What caught my attention was the old photo at 8:27 showing cast steel propellers for ships. On the left, is that one of those “new” toroidal-blade props?
Fantastic video !!! I'm a blacksmith by trade and all of what you've presented here has been of importance to the restoration / reproduction part of my work over the past 50 years. There are so many twists and turns in this history. Like the fact that one of the most important things in the cast steel process was being able to produce crucibles that would withstand the temperatures required for the process. Early cast steel crucible clays were natural bodied clays. By a fluke of nature deposits of a clay which could stand these temps was near by Sheffield. These clays not being found anywhere else stifled other manufactures ability to produce cast steel. Your interest here stems from would working and plane irons. Another interesting associated history is Disston and his search for steels for saw blades
Thank you for a very good video and a nice overview of the processes. I am a metallurgical engineer working in the forging industry for the last 20 years and have been a blacksmith/bladesmith for 25+ years. Within the last few years I have spent a great deal of time researching this very topic and found the same information and references you did, though I have not seen Mr. Barracluagh's thesis, which I am looking forward to reading. There are a few details that might be worth clarifying: The Bessemer process was normally used to make low carbon steels because there was not much control over the process. Initially it was monitored by eye without any special instruments so if was very hard to stop the oxygen blow at just he right time to hit a desired carbon content. Converting 10 tons of pig iron into low carbon steel took about 10 minutes. The Siemens method was much better for fine tuning compositions because it took several hours or more and there was plenty of time to sample the liquid metal and make adjustments before pouring the steel into a mold. The method of melting blister steel was replaced much later by melting iron directly with a carbon source, but this practice was not adopted in until quite late. Harry Brearly, who was another instrumental Sheffeild steel man comments on this in one of his autobigraphies (he wrote 2) and notes that the blister steel would melt at a lower temperature than pure iron with a seperate carbon source like charcoal. This made it easier to achieve the desired melting temperature than to use the method that skips the blister steel. One final point of interest come from the book "The Arms of Krupp". The English really had a lock on the production of cast steel until the 1830s. At this time, Napolean sponsored a prize of 4000 Francs to whoever could replicate the English process. A member of the Krupp family was successful in doing that in the mid to late 1830s, but up until that time, pretty much all the cast steel in Europe and the US came from England.
This was amazing! Please do more. Subbed! If I'm not mistaken, the primary issue with the cast steel made from Bessemer's steel (that had been carburized) turned out actually to be embrittlement from phosphorus. The reason the Swedish steel performed so really due to the lack of impurities in the ore.
I've never seen you before. I came here for the history lesson. You did a good job. Not to long. Well paced. Do more. Hopefully you will get rewarded by the YT algorithms.
Hmm - did a detailed look into the references you provided - you certainly did a lot of research to produce this video, much appreciated - you have me hooked now
Glad to see a new video on your channel. I've watched all your previous videos and have enjoyed them all. I've been on the hunt for decent wooden planes but they are either way too expensive or not worth having, in my area. I'm sure something will turn up sooner or later. Congratulations on the new set. Looks like a different location too. All the best 👍😎🤠🇺🇸
It's an interesting perspective. As an Australian tool collector (Mainly made in England), this has been an obvious joy to watch. I have a MASSIVE antique hand cut rasp, over 2' in length, and a simlilar sized engineers screwdriver. I was walking towards the gate of the show where I bought them at, and a friend I know who was at the gate from a distance (Who also knew I was into medieval reinactments) thought I was dual wielding two short swords :) He freaked out until he came closer and realised I wasn't :p
AWESOME HISTORY! 30+ year woodworker now just getting into hand tool wood working. I've have collected several early Stanley planes, 2 late 19th and a dozen or so from early 20th. My favorite is a 1899 Type 8 hand plane,: a light strop on the blade w/ compound and I'm back making curly shaves.
What Rex Krueger says. Just came across this as I am just getting into making a Viking tent using hand tools for the first time. I decided to jump into the rabbit hole and I'm glad I did. This was both entertaining and educational. More please!
I’m an electrical engineer with no knowledge of steel or it’s history. You told this tale as if you were there, with nuance often missing from history texts. Fascinating insights into how human nature often bends technological innovations. Thanks for your excellent contribution .
just stumbled across this. rekindled an interest in my pittsburgh family history. my great-great-granddad (robert sleeth) came over from ireland and worked in the steel industry. we were always told that he and his partner, siemens, were pivotal in developing the steel industry in iron city. our family certainly provided enough hot air...
Absolutely wonderful video. Videos on historical moments and the evolution of woodworking tools and practices are probably too few and far between; I loved your video on the Ohio Tool Company as well. This was a wonderful condensation of, what appears to be, a good amount of research. It reminds me of a lower division lecture. Kuddos. I look forward to more.
Great video and very interesting. My maternal grandfather worked in the steel industry for many years making pig iron in South Wales. Years later I was a field engineer responsible for the ongoing maintenance of many of the Yorkshire steel companies' computer control systems including the bar mill at Thrybergh near Sheffield. That plant was using a process called concast (continuous casting). Steel was cast in a continuous flow from the furnace through a massive, water cooled "casting" tube that needed thousands of gallons of water a minute to ensure that by the time the steel bar exited the "casting pipe" it had cooled sufficiently to be able to be run out onto the cooling grid. The bar had to be robotically cut in a very short time as it reached the end of each loading rail. The multiple acetylene torches took sub second time (they had too) to cut the bar on the fly and liquid steel could then be seen running out of the "hollow" bar. Fascinating and mesmerising to watch but a realtime programming nightmare. Also the only time preventive maintenance could be done was during furnace reloads after all the steel had "flowed" out to form hot bar with a liquid centre AFAIK this process could be used to produce any kind of "cast" steel bar from mild steel to special steels but I have no idea of the detail on that.
Thanks to a personal interest in the history of technologies, I had known __some__ pieces of this (the developments of blister steel, crucible steel, the Bessemer process, and the open hearth process), but you filled in a lot of gaps in my understanding. It hadn't quite occurred to me until you pointed it out that the Bessemer/open hearth processes and the cast crucible process actually complemented each other, filling the niches their counterpart left empty. I'd also gotten an inkling of Bessemer's ... personality ... previously, but I hadn't realized he was quite that cutthroat! Thank you for this fascinating video!
With a lifelong interest in history, and some interest in metallurgy I was pleased to stumble onto your channel. Your storytelling skill make this subject very interesting to many. I agree the chart was informative. Ill' be checking out your playlist. thx
I was the NDT inspector for one of the last steel, hand-fed, rolling mills in the world back in the 1970s. Perhaps, you could do an episode on rolled (and drawn) iron & steel?
This was the first time I’ve seen one of your videos in my algorithm. I’m encouraged to watch some restoration videos now. Thanks for being so insightful.
What an outstanding video! It’s truly brilliant, Abraham. I would LOVE to see more vids like this. Thank you very, very much for the time and effort you put into your research to make these presentations possible. Bravo!
That was, without doubt, one of the best videos on RU-vid. I come from one of the steel centres of the world, Middlesbrough in Yorkshire, home of Dorman & Long and worked there many years.
I found your video by doing a random search, and found you talk to be very interesting and quite informative. The reason I was looking for an article like this, was that someone, in a recent conversation with me, had made a derogatory comment about cast steel, and although I knew what he was saying wasn't true, I couldn't explain to him exactly why he was wrong. This video has explained the history well enough, that wit this, and some other information, I was able to go back and amplify my arguments well enough to "educate" him on the benefits of cast steel. Stop apologizing for doing a good job..... :-)
RU-vid just served this up to me, and I loved it! You're gonna get some subs from this one! Restoration is one thing, understanding the thing you're restoring is something else (and that's what makes it interesting!)
that's my main reason why i'm on youtube! please more of it and don't worry about the length- it's all really worth knowing points and now I have the opportunity to brush down a few people I know
Having been a toolmaker/fabricator working for the UK Admiralty Research laboratory. There is mild steel which is weldable without heat treatment. Car bodies etc are made from it. There is high Carbon steel known in the engineering stores as silver steel. Used for surfaces prone to wear. Knives are made from High Carbon steels. Damascus steel is layers of mild steels with High Carbon steel forged together. Cast Iron is a high Carbon steel cast. Which is not easily weldable. As it becomes hard as it cools. It is possible to weld cast iron with nickel as nickel is not affected by carbon. But the cast Iron around the weld is almost not machinable as it is so hard. Heating the Cast Iron to red heat and allowing it to cool down slowly in the furnace overnight will make the cast iron machinable after welding.
I've never heard of your channel, but it came up on my feed. You told a fascinating historical tale very well and I loved it. Incidentally, charts are NOT boring if used well. Keep up the good work. 👍
Well done! Here in UK Bessemer was a hero when I was at school in the 50s and 60s (Britain did everything best, so we were told), so it was fascinating to see it from a different perspective. I thought your presentation style was excellent, and having spent my career teaching and researching in University, and being on BBC TV programmes, I understand the special skill you have. Did you use a teleprompter, or was this from memory? However, I am impressed.
Definitely do more videos like this, not just because the algorithm seems to like it; I've been interested in the history of metalworking and how it turned from an art to a science, and this kind of content is always nice to see. It's good to learn something new on the topic, and your exposé was great!
I have a casual interest in steel and metallurgy. This video was outstanding. Didn't get into the weeds. I think you did a great job for the Every Man viewer.
Amazing video! I was making a mauser 98 in the backyeard,mostly by forging, milling,turning,etc..till there was some pieces which were definitely cast steel.I was amazed to find out about how perfect and high quality work they were able to do.They were real magicians .
Excellent video & content. Appreciate the deep dive into the finer aspects of things that we just take for granted that make things work like we expect them to. I only discovered your channel and Substack a few months back, and enjoy the content and education you give. Thanks
Great video. Very watchable. We all learn and from the comments there may be a couple of minor things for you. No matter. Suggest (in the steel story) you look at the history of Swedish steel based in Gallavare (pronounced yallivare). I visited the town (in the Arctic circle) and the museum. They had a mining pan about 450mm wide and lifted from the sides (no long handle) The sign invited people to lift it. It was full of unprocessed iron ore. I tried and instantly thought it was bolted to the floor. With a little more oomph I managed to move it a little. The ore had a very high iron content so was bloody heavy! It was so valuable the first ore was taken out by dog sled! Then the British build a railway and then a port in Narvic, Norway, to ship it out (ice free) to Sheffield. The full history is fascinating. Must look at your videos on how to use your planes. Many thanks.
Living as I do about 20 miles North of Sheffield, and an engineer, I really liked you insight into the steel industry. Thank you Sadly now more famous for its supply mall than its steel industry, but then again the air is a lot lot cleaner
This was a great watch; FWIW, you are really good at this! I'm a metallurgical newbie and this really helped. The way the history, the processing technology, the economics, the big names, and the products intertwine is fascinating. I'm still not clear on the difference between "tool steel" and "cast steel for tools" however! Oh, and by way of gentle advice, I grew up between Manchester & Sheffield in the UK and Mr Barraclough's name is pronounced "Barracluf"......I know, it's weird, and you're of course free to pronounce it however you like but I thought you'd like to know!
Great video, but do you have any more info on the image at 8:26? I believe those are 1890 Myers toroidal propellers which I was unable to find a picture of, got any source info so I can try to add it to the wiki page?
The photo is from a promotional book that Firth and Sons put together in the late 1890s. Unfortunatly, there's no info about the propellers, not even a date when it was taken archive.org/details/thosfirthsonslim00firtrich/page/78/mode/2up
Very interesting video! Especially the account of Bessemer- I worked in Bessemer,AL for several yrs, and I’m sure it was named after him. You described a narcissist and they have been around for a hot minute! Thanks for sharing.
Well I wasn’t expecting to be watching a video on the steel made in Sheffield, the city I was born and raised in and still live there. My father was in the steel industry all his life. Great the hear so much about what went on here.
Liked and shared. My little river town lived and died with the steel industry. A lot of us developed an interest due to this regionality of the metal, it's economic potential, and the change in the American Way.
It is also a fact that Herr Krupp played a personal part in investigating Bessemer steel for his own process. The matter was to some extent made available because of the properties of the coal used in the process.
You cannot use coal to make steel. The sulfur in coal contaminates the steel. You can turn coal into coke and make steel though. But that took a surprisingly long time to discover.
@@1pcfred I don’t disagree with your science. I was making the point in short form that the coal of Britain and that of the Ruhr differ and that is in the sulphur content. It was not until the coking process was eventually undertaken as you describe that Krupp began to further his industrial career which until then had been promoting the manufacture of cutlery by form of rolling presses if my memory of his history is correct.
Being an avid reader, I have read many times over about these processes. I did not read about the personality’s involved which gives better insight. My own blades are made of Top Sheffield quarter inch thick stock. Amazing steel to work with and to process that keep a remarkable edge. As for your video? Captivating!!!! Excellent presentation with command of the subject as well as a smooth easy tone. Thank you for your excellent work. Greetings from the high plains of Texas.
Very good video thank you . I used to have quite a bit of blister steel . I used for making tools, hammers and such . Sold it on a few years ago when I retired . Anyone that wants to make good whittling knives ought to keep a eye out for rusty old table knives , they’re sometimes stamped cast steel . Incidentally , there is a video on British Path channel , of a man making a crucible for cast steel production 1949 . I don’t think he went to the gym after work , just to the pub .
Very interested video. I don't know much about the steel industry so this was very interesting. Thanks for taking the time to make the video and bringing us this infomation
This is the first video I've ever seen of yours and I think it was one of the most informative videos I've ever seen in my life I like how well you go into detail you should make more videos
I am a welder, blacksmith, and machinist. Metallurgy has been part of my life since I worked with my Grandfather in the 1950s. Good history here! Thanks!
I am a machinist- toolmaker. I have worked mainly at manufacturing steel parts for/and\or machinery made out of steel. The first information I learned is that Iron is very soft, maleable, easily bending so it could not be utilized for related to machinery purposes. Thousands of years ago humans noticed that after wildfires occurred in their area that some substances were produced that were as hard as stones , but they were sort of shining , that made the humans know that if they would utilize fire and sort of burn stones and ea rth/soil/sands they could produce those substances that were as hard as stones but they were different than stones. It was the METALS that were discovered by the very ancient humans. And as the time went on they discovered significant differences in the metals , as Copper, Lead, silver , gold, tin , zinc, iron etc. The humans realized that Lead was very soft, copper was a bit harder, iron was somehow harder that copper, but they noticed that when they tried to make copper, a metal with a lighter rather yellowish colour was produced that was somehow harder than copper, being Bronze or Brass. So by that time the humans were producing some rudimentary tools, cutlery and weapons. But some other humans started using Iron metal for cutlery, tools & weapons. Some of the humans noticed that when Heating Iron Ore some of it became harder when they "QUENCH" it with water in order to cool it down for handling , and some of them being right beside the Sea-beaches had to use Sea-water for cooling the Red-hot Iron in order to Handle it with the result that this Batch of Iron became harder. Then some Humans started experimenting , with longer Heating and Shaping the Red-hot Iron numerous times in order to get it as compact as possible, and that resulted in a product that it was harder than Iron, and not malleable , and that they used to substitute the previously Copper based Tools, Utensils, & weapons which was STEEL. What they did not know at the time was that by Heating / Burning the poles of Stones/Earth-Ore , where forcing the burning Carbon that was present in the tree'branches used to light-up the fire to infiltrate and embeds itself into the Iron, this creating CARBIDE molecules scattered within the Iron molecules, resulting in achieving making STEEL. Next in some areas the aboriginal inhabitants noticed that the Steel that were making was much Harder & Tougher than on other areas but they did not know that this was due to that in their area the ORE contained metal's that I.E. made the HARDNESS PENETRATION DEEPER by inclusion on this ORE of MANGANESE, and/or of inclusion of other METAL -ALLOYS as they are called also suc
Bravo!!! My first time viewing this channel, and for my opinion, if all your content was research based, I’d spend a lot of time here. I can see in your face and hear in your voice that you love what you’re talking about. You’re a great storyteller! Please do more.
Very interesting video. I live in southern new England. All of this is so historic. There's a strong woodworking presence in my family. I have inherited odd pieces of Edge steel. I have a new appreciation for them! Thanks again and call me a new subscriber!
I heard a story about Carnegie spreading a rumor about a competitor’s steel not being “homogeneous “. The rumor spread, the steel’s quality was doubted, sales dropped off, the company began to fail. Andrew bought it and adopted their process. Nasty hardball.
Interesting video. You mentioned Siemens open hearth furnace, but seemed to have eluded that it just made "mild steel" of similar quality to the Bessemer process. The open hearth process made higher quality steel, and many different grades of steel well beyond what the Bessemer converter could make. The one advantage the Bessemer converter had was speed versus the open hearth process which took a very long time to refine each heat (probably 8 to 12 hours or so). The electric furnace was indeed used to make smaller tonnages of specialty alloys, and tool steels. The Bessemer converters were kept around to make steels for simpler products such as steel pipe, but eventually were phased out entirely.
Don't know when they were phased out but I was a 19 year old at RTB Llanwern in its' construction phase, about 1961/62, and they used bessemer type converters using oxygen as did its' twin plant at Ravenscraig. In 1962/63 I was at Consett Iron Works adding waste heat boilers to their bessemer type converters. The 'phasing out' must have been part of the de-industrialisation of UK starting circa '80's. Both Llanwern and Ravenscraig were doomed to failure because MacMillan (PM at the time) insisted that there be two plants, instead of the one large one envisaged, for political reasons; neither plant was large enough to compete with european steel makers.
I have a receipt / letterhead from March 1911. 'Seebohm & Diekstahl Ltd, Manufacturers of every description of cast steel. Crucible steel for tools' on the same billhead it mentions the following, Forgers and Rollers of Bessemer and Siemens Martin Steel. They also supplied Shear Spring & Blister steel, Saw files Hammers and so on. can't post a picture of it here otherwise I would have. Very interesting talk sir, Hats off to you from Cornwall UK
I've been researching this for months now and I have more specific info to ad. 1. The Siemens process wasn't a method of introducing carbon to steel but rather melted "cemented iron" to homogenize it efficiently. Nordic steel also has little phosphorous and sulphur, so no fluxing would be necessary. 2. By intruducing hot air, brittle nitrides formed in Bessemer steel, so even if it had been cemented, it couldn't be used in the Siemens process. This Was ultimately replaced with the basic oxygen furnace that would also provide greater control of the carbon content.
Excellent video! Yes keep doing this!! I have some antique tools with Cast steel plane irons always wondered what the story was behind that.... and so refreshing not to have irritating sound effects or music in the background
I know NOTHING about steel and metallurgy I'm sitting here in Birmingham, AL, however, whose 20th- Century history CENTERED on iron and steel So I need to study up ! I'll look further in your channel Thank you for this interesting, nicely produced video !
