There’s Something Weird About Neandertal DNA And It Might Be Our Fault

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Maybe it’s a little self-centered that we can be pretty focused on the DNA that we got from Neanderthals - but we shouldn’t forget that gene flow goes both ways.
Thanks to Julio Lacerda ( / juliotheartist ) for the excellent reconstructions featured in this episode!
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19 июн 2024

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Комментарии : 2,7 тыс.

@thel33tpenguinftw40 Год назад

I have a bio-anthropology exam tomorrow focusing on human evolution and I can't tell if watching this is procrastinating or not lol

@madcow3417 Год назад

If you're looking at the latest in scientific research and news then you're going to do so bad on your exam :p Your book was probably written 10-20 years ago with only minor updates for a new publish date.

@vestafreyja Год назад

Some column A and some column B.

@Styphon Год назад

Sounds like studying to me

@claudiostudios9002 Год назад

Tell how was the exam when you finish

@oldenoughtobeyourmom221 Год назад

@@madcow3417 Science is ever changing I don’t understand why school don’t focus on the current discoveries as well as the past theories and studies.

@TheMotlias Год назад

My cousin did a DNA test the other month and was embarresed about having a much highter amount of Neandertal DNA than the average european, but I told them about all the cool things I learned about them on this channel, like they were intelligent, and looked after the sick and it made my cousin feel a lot better about it.

@nmarbletoe8210 Год назад

the oldest known musical instrument on earth is a neanderthal flute :)

@___________________________000 Год назад

You're the real MVP

@CorwinFound Год назад

Ack. A new form of racism emerges. "Your neanderthal DNA is *how* high? Wow. How unevolved of you." I'd be thrilled to learn I had a higher percentage. I grew up reading the Jean Auel books in the 80's and even convinced my friends to play Clan of the Cave Bear with me. Many of the ideas of the books haven't held up to modern research but she was one of the first to popularize the humanistic depiction of Neanderthals.

@edwardfletcher7790 Год назад

Did you tell him that he's more likely to be stronger and have thicker bones and joint surfaces too ? That should appeal to a guy 😁

@Lazerecho Год назад

@@CorwinFound likely be the other way around when you account for the African sentiments.

@Renwoxing13 Год назад

I don’t think people really realise how closely related we are to each other. The fact that we could not only mate and produce viable offspring with them, but that those kids could go on and continue the breeding speaks volumes about how closely we were related !

@7inrain Год назад

Be careful. The ability to produce viable offspring between two closely related species is not an on/off switch. It is gradual. Even with mules, ligers or tigons that usually are thought to be infertile you get animals that can reproduce. Very rarely but those cases exist. As long as we don't know how reproduction rates were between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis I don't think we can make any judgment just from the fact that they had viable offspring.

@brucewelty7684 Год назад

@@7inrain You are basing your argument on "VERY RARELY". Now how often is very rarely?

@mlt6322 Год назад

Don't forget most of the freaks in jars at a Ripley's Believe it or Not exhibit are from Texas ranchers molesting their sheep when drunk.

@M5252email Год назад

@@yvonneplant9434 Yes. And you are always welcome to ignore what anyone writes in the comments.

@M5252email Год назад

@@yvonneplant9434 You can't avoid thinking that if Hollywood wanted to do a remake of Quest for Fire, John Fetterman could go to the casting call. The guy has a massive head with brow ridges and a neck that just blends into his shoulders.

@Dcain2 Год назад

I wish there were more visuals (movies /animation) on early human like species. Its fascinating to imagine people roaming, surviving and encountering “others”

@yupok318 Год назад

There are no humanlike species

@hvermout4248 Год назад

I presume you would like the visuals to show them interbreeding, right?

@johnnyllooddte3415 Год назад

didnt happen

@danquaylesitsspeltpotatoe8307 Год назад

@@yupok318 What do u mean?

@danquaylesitsspeltpotatoe8307 Год назад

The problem is the person doing this video has no idea about the subject! NEANDERTHALS DID GET THEIR Ys FROM HUMANS THEY GOT ALL THEIR DNA FROM HUMANS! Humans never passed it on to them they always had it from they where humans!

@KimberlyGreen Год назад

So instead of a cleanly branching tree, we have branches intertwined around each other like some trees & shrubs.

@terdragontra8900 Год назад

the branches themselves are really a bundle of threads, formed of individuals and their offspring, splitting and remerging into groups within groups as humans spread around. if we could see that whole web it would be absurdly and beautifully complex

@nao_chan_ Год назад

everything else Ive seen though is that for the amount of neanderthal dna we have, there was very little actual intermixing. some did occur, but it seems like it affected them much more than it affected us. the vast majority of neanderthals remained a seperate species that went extinct (most likely by being outhunted or directly hunted), they did not simply merge into the homo sapiens species.

@ingoseiler Год назад

@@nao_chan_ h. sapiens had a much larger population, lived in larger groups and reproduced quicker, so the % of remaining Neanderthal DNA matches at least the order of magnitude of population size difference

@sophierobinson2738 Год назад

kudzu.

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

@@nao_chan_ - Not so little: 2.4% (typical, it may be higher in some populations, even slightlyy above 3%) means the equivalent to a great-great-great-grandparent. It was selected against in some aspects (reproductive ones especially) but for in some others, notably a variant for keratin, which is probably behind straight hair, as the ancestral type in H. sapiens is clearly the African and other tropical "woolly hair" or thinly curled hair. That means that, if you have straight hair (and surely also wavy and even widely curly hair like mine), you owe that to that "great-great-great-grandpa" (or "grandma") Neanderthal. There's even one X-chromosome haplotype, the B006, which is probably of Neanderthal legacy.

@m.m.i.9586 Год назад

I wonder if way back, some very small bands of early humans, exploring Eurasia, fell on hard times in the unfamiliar territory, and got “adopted” into the local groups of Neanderthals for survival, eventually taking brides and husbands, and changing the Neanderthal genome forever. 🤔

@Zaxares Год назад

It's certainly possible. There are many stories of lost or struggling colonists in the Americas or Australia getting adopted into local tribes/clans and eventually becoming part of the society. The indigenous Ainu people of northern Japan are similar, having a DNA mix-up consisting of genes from Eastern Asians, Pacific Islanders, and even from later Dutch colonists.

@EnigmaticLucas Год назад

@@Zaxares Isn’t that the prevailing hypothesis about Roanoke now?

@melodi996 Год назад

@@Zaxares but neanderthals were much harsher on each other than we are, their family groups weren't friendly to each other, killing and eating together when meat was scarce, so it must be something truly unique to have groups collade and not end up in massacre, I'd say a regular female stealing would make some sense.

@Zaxares Год назад

@@melodi996 Not necessarily. Eons recently did a video about this showing that there was evidence Neanderthals did actually have fairly complex social lives and structures and they did care for sick or handicapped individuals. I'm not sure if there's solid proof showing that they were far less friendly to rival families or clans (although it's certainly likely. Homo Sapiens certainly have a long and infamous history of doing some very nasty things to rivals), but my guess is that Neanderthals were very similar to us in terms of temperament. Some tribes were friendly and welcoming, others were harsh and cruel. It would be unfair to label all of them as being barbaric or savage any more than it would be to label all modern humans as being greedy and warmongering. @GPlumbob It is, yes. I don't know if we've yet found conclusive proof of it, but that is the prevailing theory.

@MannIchFindKeinName Год назад

@@melodi996 That notion of brutal neanderthals comes from the way higher testosterone. Like, its not totally off the roof, but it was enough to make basically any neanderthal bulkier than any "normal" homo sapiens, and jeah, well, we do have our conceptions of the testosterone riddled part of "man"kind :P If you ever grew up or were part of a highly toxic, male centric group, you know its not impossible to be "adopted", its "just" rough af. But jeah, just some more stuff added to what @Zaxares said :D

@michaelprice9053 Год назад

Coprolite might not be my favourite fossil but it's a solid number 2.

@petuniasevan Год назад

Clever 💩

@frankhooper7871 Год назад

@@petuniasevan But lost on most people, who have no idea what coprolite is (there's a Coprolite Street in my town).

@cathjj840 Год назад

@@frankhooper7871 Let me guess - it's the sh.ttiest part of town?

@NinjaTyler Год назад

@@cathjj840 it's marred by skid marks all up and down the lane

@CD_Character Год назад

I'm definitely stealing that. I may not get an opening to use it right away, but I will use it. edit: I've used it. Thanks Michael!

@Andy_Babb Год назад

It’s wild how modern humans are kind of a genetic mosaic of all of our ancient ancestors… like we didn’t so much as “beat out” other populations of humans as absorb them, so to speak.

@kittyelgato4246 Год назад

Just like Svante Pääbo said

@Andy_Babb Год назад

@@kittyelgato4246 lol who?

@caldoreo Год назад

@@kittyelgato4246 he won the nobel prize this year

@newq Год назад

Honestly, if you put any evolutionary transition under the microscope as much as we've done to our own recent evolutionary history, you'll probably see similar patterns as the boundaries between populations blur over time. It's just that we're paying a lot of attention to our own history, but also all this happened so recently that it's still very well preserved in the fossil record. At the end of the day, though, it's probably just what it looks like when two species split. There's some interbreeding during the split before the two populations fully diverge. It's to be expected.

@Gabryal77 Год назад

@@Andy_Babb I like how you asked instead of I dunno, doing a google search

@Darkmattermonkey77 Год назад

What we don’t know about the history of humans could fill several hundred large books. So much is lost and unknown, undiscovered, and/or forgotten. To say we know the history of humans is akin to saying, “we know all there is to know about what conditions are beyond the edge of the universe”.

@robotboy719 Год назад

That cover picture is too funny. 'It was a forbidden love, a love between two species. In the forest their eyes met and a fire blazed. They both knew it was wrong but nothing could keep them apart. 'No. Stop. I have to go back to the cave and gnaw on hides.' 'I jus' can't quit you, cave-cave-girl.' Their doomed romance would change the course of evolution.'

@margaesperanza Год назад

When two species fight for the genus Homo, two lost souls learn to love and eventually spook unsuspecting future Homo Sapiens who bought a DNA kit

@raeelsley2984 Год назад

Robot boy..I’m just wondering if you read a lot of romance novels……

@galenbjorn443 Год назад

We get the Neanderthal DNA from the men, not the woman. So it is much more likely that the neandertal men took or ''won'' over the Homosapien woman. As we know, Neandertals were much more adapted to the European climate and were much bigger in body, stronger, and probably smarter. The oldest tools, instruments, paintings, and much more were made by Neandertals. So I would be more like, 'come into my cave, djungel girl'

@douglasdavis8395 Год назад

@@raeelsley2984 - I was waiting for a torn-shirt Fabio to look off into the distance while the wind fluffs his hair.

@jamesprather2946 Год назад

Caucasians all have neanderthal genes. Explains why most of them have a subconscious fear of melaninated people

@matthewtanner7511 Год назад

Sounds like we both came from the same ancient species and each went their own way for thousands of years only to meet up later after each had started to evolve differently

@georgesheffield1580 Год назад

Exactly

@ThinkingDoesMakeMeImportant Год назад

Yawn......

@robertgotschall1246 Год назад

Yeah, that was what Darwin was saying in the Origin of Species. All humans, archaic humans, and all apes evolved from the same ancient individual.

@matthewtanner7511 Год назад

@@robertgotschall1246 is that book still worth a read even with how much more we know compared to then? Another words does it feel dated

@wildfire9280 Год назад

@Andrew If he doesn’t want it, I’ll take it.

@earthknight60 Год назад

Just a point on terminology; Neanderthals, Denisovans, and a lot of other species are 'human', so it's not that 'human' chromosomes and DNA were shared with Neanderthals, it's that *H. sapiens* chromosomes and DNA was shared with other human species, in this case that other human species being Neanderthals.

@Ekaustonian Год назад

They are both "homonids". Neanderthals may have had "Human - as in Homo sapien" characteristics, but are not themselves Humans; they are Homo neanderthalensis.

@earthknight60 Год назад

@@Ekaustonian Within anthropology, it's generally considered that everything from *Homo erectus* to us is "human". Indeed, *H. erectus* is commonly referred to as, "The first human." What defines a 'human' is a set of physical and behavioral traits, not what specific species it is. It used to be though that *H. sapiens* were the only species to have these traits, so we defined 'human' by them, but we now know that Neanderthals, *H. erectus*, and others exhibit these traits. This led to two options, one was to redefine what being 'human' meant, but that would go against the long history of using these traits and measures, so the second was adopted, including all of the *Homo* genus species that demonstrate these traits under the 'human' umbrella.

@nealjroberts4050 Год назад

@@Ekaustonian Based on how Homo was originally set up, "hominin" should be used synonymously with "human". Edit: replaced hominid with hominin as the former is used for family Hominidae not genus Homo!

@patrickhackett7881 Год назад

@@Ekaustonian Neanderthals are considered to be human. Some consider the early **Homo** species like **H. habils** to be the first humans. Most consider **H. erectus** to be human.

@markward3981 Год назад

Agreed 💯 they are interpreting this in a way to support their theory . This actually supports the fact that we are all humans with some separations and misunderstood genetic patterns .

@alioramus1637 Год назад

Interaction between closely related human species is so interesting. There is even a ghost lineage that started the hypothesis that an archaic human lineage interbreed with the ancestors of west africans. I am from Somalia, a country in the horn of africa so i often wonder if this is the case for myself.

@kevinsuggs1 Год назад

My wife is from a N African country. Her whole family thinks they are Arab. She took a DNA test and is 98% N African..... People kill each other over racial violence over there but everyone looks the same.... Makes me wonder how many people are actually Arab and N African.

@gaetanramos7903 Год назад

@@kevinsuggs1 Maghreb as a whole is about 80% North African, so there is probably very few people who are actually Arab.

@jonahlefholtz8219 Год назад

@@kevinsuggs1 my wife is Libyan and her father's DNA is similar to your wife's - and he still lives in Libya and doesn't tell anyone about those results because he is very proud of his Arab heritage and really bigoted.

@petersmythe6462 Год назад

My understanding is that the most non-Sapiens descended population can be found in some villages in the west and that is highly local. But then again there could be data missing in some countries. Morocco is like 6% ghost lineage and some villages are more like 20% IIRC.

@antiisocial Год назад

Very cool. Ty

@crisrose521 4 месяца назад

If I learnt anything from this , it’s that they really loved that sketch of the male and female youngens looking at each other

@TheMagicalFrogYT Месяц назад

It's a great sketch

@TheMongolianMage Год назад

I think of Out of Africa not so much as a few waves but more like a river that opened/closed every few seasons

@reuireuiop0 Год назад

Yeah, like, every generation had it's Mozes, treading in to the Red Sea and stretch out his hand to split the waters - though not mentioning the Egyptians, as the pyramids were still another 100k yrs away. Seriously, much depended on how friendly the environment close by and on the Arab land bridge was to migrating early humans. Without suitable prey or food plants, or vegetation unsuitable for hunting & collecting, they wouldn't go. Plus circumstances for home land source populations had to be pretty favourable so that a certain level of overpopulation could grow to fuel a migration flow.

@jacobrogers2906 Год назад

I was thinking the same thing watching this.

@bell4902 Год назад

Please, please, please release more episodes of the podcast. I would listen to these on my daily walks and I’m missing them.

@JacquesMare Год назад

Yes..... I thought I was the only one. Please your podcasts make working a godawful job bearable..... no... actually enjoyable.

@cayhill1311 Год назад

It's understandable why palaeoanthropologists compare pre-Holocene human existence to Star Trek instead of something more familiar like Middle-Earth. Humans kept boinking the unfamiliar people right off the bat. LOL

@akechijubeimitsuhide Год назад

Ancient homo sapiens meeting other humans: "We'll bang, okay?"

@NotMe-ej9yz Год назад

@@akechijubeimitsuhide from my understanding of animals and ancient humans, that "Okay?" part probably wasn't necessary....

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Tolkien was raised in Apartheid South Africa. He had some biases...

@badfairy9554 Год назад

You nailed it my friend. some talk a bout war and football. War is new and foot ball very new. High five my friend.

@Anuchan Год назад

If that's true, then why don't we see all these William Shatner offspring throughout the universe? Or do we need to wait a few more millennia until our timeline catches up to his?

@vladimirlagos2688 Год назад

Human evolution is such a messy affair. I increasingly believe we may never fully sort it out.

@huwhitecavebeast1972 Год назад

DNA will sort it out. But people need to stop spreading debunked discredited theories like out of Africa.

@TheCoon1975 Год назад

It's all just academic constructs anyway, all the labels we apply to hominids are just sloppy ways to try to label people that are all closely related and all of it is still rooted in really nasty eugenic theories of the 19th century.

@kyrab7914 Год назад

That is the wonderful thing about science- there's always more questions

@eljanrimsa5843 Год назад

We have just developed the tools necessary to research ancient gene flows. We already know that repeated waves of migration seems to be our thing, leading to complicated genetic mosaics instead of orderly clearly delineated gene pools. Give us a couple of decades to figure out the details.

@vladimirlagos2688 Год назад

@@eljanrimsa5843 Yeah, the problem is that genetic markers can get us just so far. Most hominid fossils have no reliable DNA traces of the living creature, and using genetic regression can only give us clues about our direct ancestors and not about any parallel branches that might have existed out there.

@erickatsikaris314 Год назад

I absolutely love the human evolutionary "tree" sciences. Certainly hope to see more!

@evanstential Год назад

why "tree"? What you implying?

@bvtnFutureCorpse Год назад

Anyone else ever get a little bit sad when, at the end of the list of pateons, we don't hear, "and Steve!"

@ninomcterenceyaco7344 Год назад

*sad Steve noises*

@CL-go2ji Год назад

Yeah ...

@LimeyLassen Год назад

This absolute Gigachad had a one night stand and replaced the Y chromosomes of an entire species

@RodrigoOswego Год назад

all of his sons were gigachads as well

@xa-xii7981 Год назад

Better conqueror than even Genghis Khan.

@purpleemerald5299 Год назад

@@xa-xii7981 *Neandhis Khan.*

@andreanarine8179 Год назад

Sounds quite ridiculous. The more reasonable explanation is that homo-sapiens adapted in temporary isolation and they aren't different species.

@ooi97 Год назад

@@andreanarine8179 it does sound strange, doesn't it? If the two populations had the same Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA, why do we consider them separate species in the first place?

@wiseguy240Winston Год назад

0:55 Gigachad is that you!? 😭

@bruhman5385 Год назад

Yesss Gigachadis Antecessor Do not mistake with Gigachadis Moderni, the one we know today

@D1noPalaeo 3 дня назад

@@bruhman5385yyyehegegegsss

@alicecain4851 Год назад

The information from Eons just keeps getting more interesting. Thank you and keep it coming!

@FerrariKing Год назад

I always wondered how well our ancestors and other humans got along

@richie_0740 Год назад

well apparently well enough that they start shagging each other

@Thleta 6 месяцев назад

There was probably a lot of friction lol but obviously they worked through it.

@theghosthero6173 Год назад

Im glad you showed the homo sapiens with dark skin. So often we see fair skin in illustrations showing ancient homo sapiens, when If I remember correctly it only became a dominant trait in Eurasia between 12 and 8 thousands years BC.

@charlesspeaksthetruth4334 Год назад

You said it before I did Lol. According to physical remains, according to genetic DNA. The first modern human beings aka Homo Sapiens came from Africa and they would have had dark skin. So Yes! I would appreciate it more if they were represented more in that way. Absolutely.

@hellomyfriends9740 Год назад

Seen thumnal had to click. Hue man.

@fightfannerd2078 Год назад

@@charlesspeaksthetruth4334 they were not modern

@brian0902 Год назад

I have lit never seen 1 example of early humans with light skin idk where you be looking at though

@MisterDutch93 Год назад

@@fightfannerd2078 modern humans aka Homo Sapiens.

@bbirda1287 Год назад

I always wonder how much of this is sampling bias, that we just got a local group that happen to have more human Y chromosomes. It could also be that as the Neanderthal died out the surviving remnants were surrounded by more H Sapiens and therefore had more contact.

@abydosianchulac2 Год назад

They don't explain how many of the Neanderthal remains we've recovered have been sequenced, but at 5:57 he says that this doesn't appear to be limited to just a few lineages in a few places. So we must have sequenced samples from distant-enough locations to make sampling bias unlikely.

@charlesspeaksthetruth4334 Год назад

@@abydosianchulac2 Facts.

@kattkatt744 Год назад

Most samples of sequensed genome for Neanthertals are from indiviulals that would not have been living at the same time. The samples are also from locations as fare apart as what is today Spain and Russia. This means that when we find something that is consistant in all the samples it means it was widely distributed over time in the populations.

@ricardobrands9736 Год назад

Yeah you are kinda right. I would love to know what the locations of the used skeletons where at where they where found.

@adambruha4258 Год назад

0:32 "because the best preserved remains just happen to be female" hit me as something that's maybe worth looking into. Like if there is some relation between specimens dying in places with better odds of fossilising well and their sex. May be a fun study

@cryptvortex2882 Год назад

Humans might have just killed the Neandertal-men which may explains few fossil remains. Where as Neandertal-women mated with Humans and were buried more carefully. An even more plain explanation could be different burial ceremonies of Neandertals by sex. But very difficult to find evidence here to get beyond fantastic Archeology.

@jamestang1227 Год назад

Its certainly possible but I would caution that, like many cases with the fossil record, sample sizes are so small that random chance is a likely factor.

@burger-jd8cx Год назад

childbirth probably

@Tjalve70 Год назад

I'm guessing this can be because men die while hunting, and their corpses may not be recovered. While women die in childbirth, and are probably buried in the caves where they lived.

@screwyourhandle Год назад

@@Tjalve70 Hunting and also fighting as well. They were probably way more likely to be out in the open, doing stuff that could get their bones broken or eaten by wild animals. Whereas women, even if they survived childbirth, would have spent a lot of time taking care of the kids, and may have been more likely to die of disease than injury.

@PlainsPup Год назад

All this hybridization between humans and Neanderthals back then reminds me of hybridization between wolves and coyotes today: closely related species, whose hybrid offspring are nevertheless fertile, and go back to leave gene introgression in their parent populations. You see the same thing with bison and cattle, too. Might even be adaptive. So interesting!

@minutemansam1214 Год назад

@Cancer McAids We don't know how easy sapiens and neanderthals reproduced. We just know that it was possible, but many offspring might have been infertile, or had other health issues.

@laprankster3264 Год назад

@@minutemansam1214 it’s possible that Neanderthals and H Sapiens would’ve been right on the borderline between whether they were different species or not. Maybe some Neanderthals had just enough genetic similarity to create fertile offspring with Sapiens, but others were too genetically different to do so.

@dougsmith3499 Год назад

@@cancermcaids7688 depends on the species concept that you're using... the common one we learn at school is this, but there is also the the genetic species concept which can still potentially interbreed, and a morphological species concept, which again can potentially interbreed

@danielbickford3458 Год назад

If I recall correctly, I seem to remember that there are some parts of the world that can have as much as 5% of their genome being made of Neanderthal or denisovan. My question is is how much of the Neanderthal or denisovan genome exists within the human genome? Like for example if you took a gene sample of every single human on the planet and picked out the Neanderthal and or denisovan bits could you in theory reconstruct an entire genome?

@nmarbletoe8210 Год назад

i have heard 30% and 60% recently

@danielbickford3458 Год назад

@@nmarbletoe8210 nifty

@bemusedbandersnatch2069 Год назад

There's no point Jurassic Park-ing it up like that when we already have some complete genomes from fossils (since hominids lived so much more recently than dinosaurs). Look up "the Neanderthal Genome Project."

@rateeightx Год назад

My question is with all the Neanderthal DNA we can get, Both from fossils and preserved in modern human DNA, Could we make a whole Neanderthal? Even if we don't have a complete genome, Surely we could substitute missing parts with Homo Sapiens DNA, Considering we're similar enough to interbreed with them, Or atleast were some thousands of years ago.

@petris90 Год назад

@@nmarbletoe8210 that sounds absurdly high, could you tell me the source?

@AO-qy8fp Год назад

The Mitochondria is the power house of the cell.

@fieldandstream9362 Год назад

ATP

@mretlan8528 Год назад

True

@therecombinant6215 Год назад

It’s also the genetic ghost of maternal bloodlines.

@bbirda1287 Год назад

It is a separate life form that drives multicellular animals around like a mech suit.

@fieldandstream9362 Год назад

@@bbirda1287 cell phones... cellular organisms

@altontacoma Год назад

It's amazing what we keep learning, thank you for sharing this with us, great video!

@fionagibson7529 Год назад

I was taught in biological anthropology class that both Homo sapiens sapiens and the Neanderthals (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are subspecies of archaic Homo sapiens, so perhaps the amount of interbreeding that happened isn’t as much as people think.

@AlexandruBurda Год назад

Neandertals were humans too. So to say "humans and neandertals" is kind of misleading. It should be "sapiens and neandertals" to be precise and fair. The same goes with the denisovans.

@charlesspeaksthetruth4334 Год назад

They weren't modern humans though like homo sapiens. There is a difference.

@Ekaustonian Год назад

They are both "homonids". Neanderthals may have had "Human - as in Homo sapien" characteristics, but are not themselves Humans; they are Homo neanderthalensis.

@AlexandruBurda Год назад

@@Ekaustonian they are hominids indeed. Scientifically speaking. And while they were Homo Neandertalensis, our direct ancestors were Homo Sapiens (we ourselfs are Homo Sapiens Sapiens). So if we use the colloquial term "humans", it should apply to both our ancestors and neandertals. If we use Neandertals for them, then we should use Sapiens for our direct ancestors. Let's not confuse everyday talking with scientific terms. 🙂

@AlexandruBurda Год назад

@@charlesspeaksthetruth4334 Homo Sapiens were not themselves modern humans. We are and our scientific denomination is Homo Sapiens Sapiens. And the differences between neandertals and sapiens weren't such as to justify calling us "humans" and them not. They were humans. Wether we like it or not.

@AlexandruBurda Год назад

PS: it is funny that our ancestors the Sapiens had no problem in seeing the neandertals as humans and interbreeding with them, while us the Sapiens Sapiens, try to find all kind of semantics to distance them from us. Although the neandertals are our ancestors too. Rejecting our own "parents" because they did not look exactly like us... 🤔

@Andrea-rw9tf Год назад

Wow, this explains the “muddle in the middle”!

@julesgosnell9791 Год назад

Fascinating - Now I shall have to put down the the thing I was all fired up about and think about this for the next half hour ! Grrrr...

@Macaronyman17 Год назад

Amazing how such a "tiny" discovery might possibly change our whole evolutionary timeline. Great work on this video, as always!

@jaydonbooth4042 Год назад

That's the perfect stereotypical paleontology professor blazer, I love it lol.

@edwardfletcher7790 Год назад

Needs patched elbows 👍🏻🤣

@anguselliott8986 Год назад

A sample size of 3 is a pretty weak basis for "all Neanderthals"

@0HARE 5 месяцев назад

Super interesting content. It’s a mind stretch to think about those very long spans of time, and the small changes that brought about significant changes in the human population.

@arthursamuel301 Год назад

I'm still heartbroken over not hearing "Steve" at the end of the list of patrons.

@flightographist Год назад

Top shelf presentation of the current state of rapidly evolving context!

@thomasraywood679 Год назад

Rapidly evolving context. I like that.

@claireemilycook Год назад

just wrote my dissertation on neanderthal/amh interactions in mid-upper paleolithic europe 😊 love to see more discussion on the topic!

@kivunature 2 месяца назад

Why do Neanderthals show no sapien DNA but sapiens have neanderthal DNA?

@hkumar7340 Год назад

Astounding information... The plot thickens with each new discovery! The Nobel prize for medicine this year -- which went to the great Svänte Pääbo -- was awarded none to soon!!

@fadillangston9797 Год назад

*too soon

@JamesCrosby-tx8bh Год назад

Just asking, but could it be that Denisovans were the original Neanderthals and what we have been calling Neanderthals all this time have been an ongoing hybrid species of Denisovans and Homo Sapiens?

@ucrjedi Год назад

Those were my exacts thoughts! I’m surprised that this theory was not addressed in the video. Seems kind of obvious.

@nealjroberts4050 Год назад

I suspect there could be differences between Denisovans and Neanderthals that aren't due to Sapiens interbreeding.

@ucrjedi Год назад

@@nealjroberts4050 It would be wonderful if the video addressed any of this. I've been curious about this theory for years now.

@iamcleaver6854 Год назад

I doubt it, because if that were the case it would be pretty obvious from DNA. I assume the reason they say "denisovan-LIKE Y-chromosome" is because it is not the denisovan Y chromosomes, but instead a version that is as similar and different to the denisovan chromosome as you would expect.

@beefarren Год назад

My understanding is that we have enough DNA for fairly solid estimates of the time frame for the splits between Homo sapiens/Neanderthals/Denisovans, and H. sapiens diverges hundreds of thousands of years before the other two diverged from each other. I don't think there's any evidence for the kind of ongoing, consistent gene transfer that would be needed to classify Neanderthals as a hybrid species rather than their own distinct group. They would have been interbreeding amongst themselves most of the time, with only very occasional contributions from related human species. With that said, recently some evidence has been found of yet another human group that's genetically partway between Neanderthals and Denisovans. We have no identified fossils, but we have some genetic evidence in certain human populations. The current (very tentative) theory is that this group lived in and around the Indian subcontinent, and H. sapiens picked up some DNA from them during their migrations around the coast of the Indian Ocean. RU-vidr Stefan Milo just did a video on this called "The crossroads of human evolution" if you're interested.

@Daisy-vg4fu Год назад

Loved this episode! I'm often wondering about the interactions between human populations before the Neanderthal/ Denisovan extinction. How did Neanderthal groups differ from Homo sapiens? How different were their languages/ dialects? How did two or more groups overcome the barriers of culture/language that had been established? So many things yet to discover :)

@silverbackag9790 Год назад

Easy enough: “Ayla” *Neanderthal Standard Sign Language for f$cking*

@krishadyn5211 5 месяцев назад

Clan of the Cave Bear is a torrid romance novel series, but its well researched and offers a reasonable picture.

@KSL042 Год назад

Interesting I love this channel !!!!! Knowledge is infinite

@pumpkinheadzj-o437 Год назад

Everything we know is “way earlier than we thought”….

@Dystisis Год назад

We "met" Neanderthals? We ARE them. Many of us, at least.

@SweetGoddess420 Год назад

When you're here because 23&me said you had Neanderthal DNA

@down-to-earth-mystery-school Год назад

Same - 5%

@SweetGoddess420 Год назад

@@down-to-earth-mystery-school im 2%

@Articulate99 Год назад

Always interesting, thank you.

@bokimalou Год назад

I'm really vibing to the music used in this video.

@ColocasiaCorm Год назад

imagine meeting a similar hominid species and thinking... "I'd tap that."

@smurfyday Год назад

They were much more alike back then, and yeah, many people are happy to tap, tap, tap...

@TragoudistrosMPH Год назад

@@smurfyday they would be less alike, if they hadn't interbred, yet. Humans are curious, and something new vs more of the same? :P

@kellysouter4381 Год назад

How did aids enter the human world?

@Bialy_1 Год назад

@Beef Supreme Unrealisticaly small estimaion... people were traveling all the time back then...

@therat1117 Год назад

@@kellysouter4381 Blood to blood contact with SIDS-infected apes during hunting. Your insinuation is insipid.

@TheArtisticBiker 10 месяцев назад

Why wouldn't a simpler answer be that all Neanderthals were the result of crossbreeding the Denisovans with Sapiens?

@jenniferlevine5406 Год назад

Fascinating! Thanks for this.

@garymacmillan 10 месяцев назад

Denisovans : 5 very small bone fragments found in a Siberian cave have morphed to a claimed broadly ranged human cousin. This illustrates just how hugely assumptive the art of anthropology is.

@palindrome. Год назад

Random question spurred by some of the graphics used in the video - is there any evidence to suggest that neanderthals, or any other hominids beside anatomically modern humans, wore clothes? I read that humans first started consistently wearing clothes about 40,000-170,000 years ago, which we (think we) know because that's roughly when headlice and pubic lice diverged into two species.* Given that Neanderthals existed for much or most of that time, I would love to know whether they adopted clothing before us, at the same time as us, or after us - perhaps even because of us. *Some people think that humans wearing most or all of the time might coincide with a major global cooling caused by the eruption of a supervolcano ~70,000 years ago, but obviously a lot more evidence is needed to establish that claim. If true, then it would certainly make it a lot more likely that other hominids, like denisovans and neanderthals, would've had to adapt similar practices.

@jonni2317 Год назад

Ive heard people say that even with their adaptations they would not have survived the cold without clothing, also I belive they have also found secondary evidence for clothing like leather scrapers but i'm really reaching far back into my memory and could be misremembering sorry this probably didnt help you at all lol

@Dunkle0steus Год назад

The denisova cave contained the oldest known sewing needle, and its associated with the Denisovan population. It was dated to 50 kya, so that's recent enough that they could've picked up the skill from ancient human populations, but if I recall, there was no noticeable homo sapiens DNA found in the remains there. That's obviously not conclusive, but it does seem more likely that there would be cultural flow between the populations much more readily if the groups were inter-marrying than the idea that ancient humans would take the time to teach clothing-making to our other ancient relatives but take no action towards coupling with them.

@TragoudistrosMPH Год назад

No evidence, really... it all decays... I wonder if humans and clothes are an instinct for decorating the body as a primary drive. Nest building is an ape instinct (beds/nests), so could clothes be a decoration instinct? Clothes can be tools or decorations. Weather changes, and humans in hot environments (tropical or dry) often might wear clothes, but all humans have some for of body decoration. (Fun hypothesis I've played with but not tested)

@jesseyules Год назад

Yes, Neanderthals had a similar dress / culture to other hunter gatherer humans. They made art and tools. They dressed in skins ect.

@martinhughes2549 Год назад

@@jonni2317 Well there is some indirect evidence from study of parasitic insects/ eg Fleas, Lice( which live in clothes) headlice and pubic lice. Its a different angle, a bit gross though. According to a study in Nature, head lice diverged from body lice 170,000 years ago. Thus you can infer clothing began to be worn at that time, possibly.

@traildoggy Год назад

We're barely able to overcome perceived 'racial' differences well enough to not kill each other, but these guys could look at a hottie from another entire species, put on a Marvin Gaye CD, and say "Baby, let's get it on." 🥰

@winterroadspokenword4681 Год назад

Mate, if you’ve lived all your life In a greater tribal population of 150 people...Any new incomer is gonna look like gold dust to you no matter their not before seen darker skin colour, especially with their trendy short skirts and narrow waists they brought from warmer climes. Not to mention their exotic language sounds!

@melchiorvonsternberg844 Год назад

@@winterroadspokenword4681 Of course! Just as we Europeans were impressed by the first Arab conquerors when they put the first boot on European soil more than 1300 years ago. And we've been dealing with them ever since. It took us 700 years to reconquer Spain. It may be that simple biology plays a role, but whether the culture of the locals also allows it is a completely different question. With a lead of 200,000 years, it is very likely that the Neanderthals probably developed music and other cultural things such as jewelry and the like earlier than we did. And that's why a much more developed social order could prevent something like that. And something else is added. Children of mixed breeds would be very easy to spot and could very quickly be eliminated from the reproductive process.

@kudjoeadkins-battle2502 Год назад

Racism is fairly new. Less than 600 years old.

@kudjoeadkins-battle2502 Год назад

@@zxcbxfjyj423 I teach history. Tell me where I’m wrong?

@MrChickennugget360 11 месяцев назад

@@kudjoeadkins-battle2502 No its not. We literally have historic sources as old as detailed writing that are racist. Clearly you are a poorly educated teacher. Its sad that people like you are teaching young people that racism is "600 years old" Clearly you never read Herodotus.

@LolUGotBusted Год назад

We need an episode on the Cerutti Mastodon Site!

@NGAFBlackJesus Год назад

I be waiting for yall to post a new video Like I be waiting for my pay check every 2 weeks

@gyozakeynsianism Год назад

Another excellent episode!

@davemaximo9952 6 месяцев назад

Annunaki modify those genes

@davidparker2173 Год назад

A little hard to follow, but wow, digging up the past can blow your mind. It would be intriguing to live outside of time, and to overcome what may be it's merely superficial sequence.

@DipityS Год назад

Fascinating video - thank you.

@evanwetzel8641 Год назад

This is mind blowing 🤯

@ZOGGYDOGGY Год назад

The earliest fossil evidence for homo sapiens in Africa that I know of dated to 315,000 years ago. Those remains were found in what is now, Morocco. This find would seem to indicate that homo sapiens go back further than 300,000 years. Is this a correct assumption?

@nyang.00000 Год назад

Wow, that's so cool! We've all really all just been walking around a ton

@charlesspeaksthetruth4334 Год назад

Walking around a ton and doing a whole lot of mixing lol.

@cathjj840 Год назад

Got to every corner of Earth except Antarctica well before even agriculture. Mostly on foot, sometimes on rafts or tiny boats.

@RJCE420 Год назад

Hancock's shirt was right, "stuff just keeps on getting older".

@ignaz3254 Год назад

I always wondered if the extinction of the neanderthals is not really just a matter of admixture and genetic loss due to smaller and more fragmented populations. When populations are separated, they start to diverge. Wenn they are getting into contact again (connected by the more mobile and numerous h. sapiens groups), the accumulated genetic specifities are likely to be sorted out again.

@johankarlsson6 6 месяцев назад

And what happened to Homo heidelbergensis? Like neanderthals they were adapted to the cold climate in Eurasia. And possibly they lived in Africa too. So the oddities found in neanderthals could be explained by their predecessors.

@YoungLakesMischa Год назад

I love this point of view!

@MaryAnnNytowl Год назад

This seems like a very interesting study, thanks! (Fixed error)

@grovermartin6874 Год назад

I was surprised to find this PBS segment unsatisfactory, for several reasons. One has been mentioned, that we were all the same species, which is why we could interbreed. It isn't that hard to say "modern human" in recognition of that. Also, our Neanderthal cousins were around for WAY LONGER than we modern humans thus far. They must have had some significant evolutionary advantages to survive ice ages and climate change. To assume that their smaller populations (as far as we know so far) resulted in their disappearance is one possibility. Adverse geological or climatological changes or a killer virus or bacterium are possibilities that were not considered. This just felt neither very deeply researched nor assembled. Disappointing.

@bjboss1119 Год назад

Now I just need X and Z and I can locate the stronghold

@labadal 7 месяцев назад

One thing I wonder is, did those ancient neanderthals, denisovans and sapiens realize that they were different kind of human? Like, was their behavioral and outer appearance different enough for them to assume that they were not the same?

@xminus5561 3 месяца назад

I mean for some time we humans couldn't do it to ourselves

@gailaltschwager7377 Год назад

Thank you!

@naomilu9910 Год назад

I did a DNA analysis a few years ago, and one of the sites I uploaded my data to showed that not only did I have an extraordinarily large percentage of Neanderthal DNA, but also Denisovan DNA. This piqued my interest in this whole study of ancient humanity. Otherwise, I am 100 percent Northern Hunter/Gatherer. My blood matches up with most archaeological digs in Europe, and for some reason, one of the archaeological sites in Argentina has DNA that matches up with mine. I guess my people tended to get around!

@tohaason Год назад

I wouldn't trust the commercial for-fun (because that's what they really are) sites as authoritative. If you find something interesting there and you really want to know you should get a real lab to do a test, which of course will be very expensive - because it *is* expensive to do the job right.

@naomilu9910 Год назад

@@tohaason Any particular reason you feel this way?

@kincaidwolf5184 Год назад

I wouldn't believe commercial tests lol. If you went back 30 generations (1000 years) you would have 1 billion ancestors. And double that each generation.

@Titancameraman64 8 месяцев назад

@@kincaidwolf5184ok what does that have to do with anything?

@krishadyn5211 5 месяцев назад

Denisovans mostly show up in East Asian descended groups. There was an additional cross in southeast Asia that many Pacific groups are descended from. These are also the ancestors of many native American groups. This is why there is a theory that South American natives came from Pacific ocean crossings, rather than the Bering strait.

@ruyfernandez Год назад

How to be sure that the whole Y-chromosome pool was replaced in Neanderthals? According to the paper (at least the abstract, I don't have access to the whole paper) only 3 Neanderthal samples were studied. Maybe, this replacement cannot be considered to be significant at the species level. In fact, considering that only 2 Denisovan samples were sequenced, I am not even convinced that such a replacement did not happen in Denivovans as well.

@joelucas7052 Год назад

Anybody else reminded by Sam O Nella’s “Sexy Neanderthal Theory”?

@bonniehoke-scedrov4906 Год назад

Great video! Thanks!

@TheParadoxGamer1 Год назад

I wonder what Neanderthal culture was like, Gods what id do to study that.

@LuisAldamiz Год назад

Prehistory. Most of what you want to know is the Mousterian culture, which is basically the same for a very long time. It's all stone tools, local variants but very similar. However there're some more interesting details. For example in Italy it has been documented that they removed the nicest feathers from some birds (eagles and crows I believe) surely to use as decoration. Odd that we don't see many depictions of Neanderthals wearing feathers because they did. Also they seem to have used magnesium based body paint (grey color). Most intriguing is when they were influenced by Sapiens-made Upper Paleolithic tech and some of them shifted to it but in their own unique style: the Chatelperronian.

@nmarbletoe8210 Год назад

The earliest known musical instrument, a flute, was made by neanderthals

@galenbjorn443 Год назад

we know there worshipped the cave bear, so the oldest religion in the world is from the Neanderthal.

@Tyler_Lalonde- Год назад

Let's get it on Ah, baby, let's get it on Let's love, baby Let's get it on, sugar Let's get it on, woo hoo

@IllegalC4 5 месяцев назад

They didnt wanna pay taxes

@theregularfolks1723 Год назад

Everybody’s invited to the cookout!!!🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉

@dragonfox2.058 Год назад

That's crazy....so they really WERE humans if the offspring were fertile they were human

@kippesnikkel5217 Год назад

I think you meant Midichlorians. Sincerly, Qui-Gon Jinn

@mahfugga Год назад

It will always be case, the more we learn the les we will know.

@rainerderreimer4369 Год назад

Can you guys make a video about Endler Guppys or Livbearers in Generell?

@DragonFae16 Год назад

I'd been wondering why no European men alive today had inherited the Neandertal Y chromosomes. I never considered this could be the answer.

@PINEFAWKINTREECUNT Год назад

So cool ‼️‼️🐫

@raykeller6693 Год назад

Dude…we’r SURROUNDED BY THEM!

@McBeatha Год назад

Explaining the asymmetrical introgression is going to be a lot more complicated than differences in population size.

@UdderlyEvelyn Год назад

Kinda wondering if the other species died out or if they all just kinda became indistinguishable and those of us with more Neanderthal or Denisovan DNA are what is left, not just Sapiens gene pool "contamination" (I do not mean that in a negative way). Probably reasons that is wrong but I wish I knew them if so.

@thewho5786 Год назад

Other human specie died out maybe because of breeding with us, maybe our gene is much stronger. If you notice when they examine our DNA there is stil traces of other human species in our gene today.

@katm9877 Год назад

I always believed that the reason why so few hybrids were found (and that we eventually replaced the Neanderthals) was a mule kind of a situation, that female Neanderthal x homo sapiens male gave offspring that was more or less predisposed to live than male Neanderthal x sapiens female. But with BOTH mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome DNA coming from modern humans, that little theory of mine goes out of the window....

@makeitpay8241 Год назад

you may be onto something

@grimnir8872 Год назад

Yeah the discovery of more than Mitochonrdrial DNA shows the interbreeding was very much two way.

@vinay7397 Год назад

Ancient homo sapien girl like Neanderthals, there was a saying "once you go Neanderthal you never go back"

Год назад

Selling puzzels is a cool idea!

@kellybronner4031 Год назад

Shouldn't we be referring to the modern humans as specifically "modern humans" or "sapiens" so that we don't imply that Neandertals weren't human?

@Ekaustonian Год назад

They weren't Humans. They are both "homonids". Neanderthals may have had "Human - as in Homo sapien" characteristics, but are not themselves Humans; they are Homo neanderthalensis.

@martijn9568 Год назад

@@Ekaustonian I believe the discussion is more about if we should call Neanderthals humans because we wouldn't see them as different from humans if we saw a Neanderthal in real life.