This star almost broke Bohr's atomic model

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Story of the mysterious spectral lines of Zeta Puppis, a star that seemed to challenge the atomic model proposed by Niels Bohr. Bohr cleverly solved the issue and turned the observation that nearly dismantled his revolutionary model into a successful prediction.
[Related videos]
How Niels Bohr created the quantum atom • How Niels Bohr created...
Playlist video series on Quantum Physics • Quantum Mechanics
[Affiliate links (may earn a commission)]
∘ D. Sobel , "The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars" amzn.to/3WgS80y
[References]
∘ N. Bohr, On the constitution of atoms and molecules, London Edinburgh Philos. Mag. & J. Sci. 26, 151: 1 (1913) archive.org/de...
∘ N. Bohr, On the constitution of atoms and molecules (part 2), London Edinburgh Philos. Mag. & J. Sci. 26, 476 (1913) archive.org/de...
∘ E. C. Pickering, Stars Having Peculiar Spectra. New Variable Stars in Crux and Cygnus, Harvard College Observatory Circ.12, 1 (1896) ui.adsabs.harv...
∘ E. C. Pickering, The spectrum of zeta Puppis, ApJ 5, 92 (1897) ui.adsabs.harv...
∘ A. Fowler, Observations of the Principal and other Series of Lines in the Spectrum of Hydrogen, MNRAS 73, 2, 62 (1912) doi.org/10.109...
∘ A. Fowler,Nature 92, 232 (1913) www.nature.com...
[Credits]
Niels Bohr, public domain
Emission spectrum, by Almuazi under CC BY-SA 4.0
Constellation Puppis, by Bronger under CC BY-SA 3.0
Zeta Puppis, Second Digitized Sky Survey (DSS2), NASA/ESA under CC BY 4.0
Henry Draper, by W.R. Howell, public domain
Henry Draper's telescope, National Museum of American History, public domain
Orion nebula, by R. Hess www.astrofotog..., free use
Spectrum of Jupiter, NIST, public domain
Jupiter, NASA's Cassini spacecraft, public domain
Harvard College Observatory c.1899, public domain
E.C. Pickering, Library of Congress, public domain
Women computers at the Harvard College Observatory c.1890, public domain
Williamina Fleming, Harvard College Observatory, public domain
Horsehead nebula, by SebusMaximus under CC BY-SA 4.0
Photography of the constellation Puppis, by T. Credner under CC BY-SA 3.0
Annie Jump Cannon, by Smithsonian Institution
Louisa D. Wells, Harvard University Archives
Henrietta S. Leavitt, by M.Harwood, public domain
Edwin Hubble, by NASA/ESA, under CC BY 2.0
Alfred Fowler, by US Library of Congress, public domain
Spectral lines, by Sassospicco/Jhausauer, public domain
Ernest Rutherford, public domain
Zeeman Effect equipment, by N. Bashmakova under CC BY-SA 4.0
Zeeman doublet photograph, Popular Science Monthly, public domain
First Solvay Conference 1911, by Benjamin Couprie, public domain
AIP: American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
CC BY 2.0: creativecommon...
CC BY 4.0: creativecommon...
CC BY-SA 3.0: creativecommon...
CC BY-SA 4.0: creativecommon...

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17 сен 2024

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Комментарии : 102

@bernardkealey6449 2 месяца назад

Even when I can’t follow the maths, I’m entranced by your storytelling. Fantastic telling of the Harvard Computers

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks, I am glad that the math does not deter from enjoying a good scientific story. The Harvard Computers deserve more credit.

@yasirpanezai5690 2 месяца назад

U cant understand the maths because it doesn't exist

@baranzenovich 2 месяца назад

@@yasirpanezai5690 Unlike "palestine", the math exists, Yasser

@dziban303 2 месяца назад

that's unfortunate, the math is just super basic algebra one learns in like 7th grade

@clorox9432 2 месяца назад

these replies are the worst

@tiberiui4027 2 месяца назад

this is the best series of videos on RU-vid :) keep up the good work!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks, I am glad you are enjoying the content. More coming soon.

@tiberiui4027 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero Thanks, waiting for the upcoming episodes!

@uhigreuho 2 месяца назад

Watching you, I feel like being lost in the pages of a brilliant book. Every video of yours neatly chains with the previous weaving the tale of the great minds that shaped physics the way it is now. Your clear and concise narrative backed up by the mathematical point of view (which I deeply appreciate you showing) make up for a true gem of a channel. As a physics enthusiast (and future student) I find myself pondering over countless questions regarding how everything came to be the way it is. Unfortunately, my school did not focus on the history and motivation behind the physical concepts we learnt, but I stumbled upon your channel at the right time. I vividly remember seeing Planck's constant as a mystery and the hard journey I led myself into while trying to unveil its true nature (this journey also morphed into a school project). I managed understanding and the project turned out great (my high school teacher loved it) but still I felt like this is not everything. Some days passed and I stumbled upon your video about Black Body Radiation and Max Planck's trick of solving the issue and it was love at first sight. Your channel came like a divine hand and since discovering it, many of my questions where answered and I was exposed to so much more quality content you offered. Keep up the brilliant work man! You're the best and I can't wait to see more from you! (and also watch all the other videos from your channel)

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks you so much for your kind words and for taking the time to write such an extensive story. Thanks for the appreciation. A lot of my free time goes into researching, calculating, putting all together for a coherent and captivating story, and only then writing, recording, editing, and video production starts. I have really enjoyed this journey, I have read papers that I never read as a physics student, and discovered that so many of the stories in textbooks are misrepresentations of reality and that many fascinating stories never even made it to textbooks. Anyway, making these videos is a lot of effort but it is also a lot of fun. I am thrilled to have found an audience that values this kind of content.

@t850 2 месяца назад

...solution looks so trivial, but it takes a deep understanding of a problem to be able to see the solution hidden in plain sight. :D And that cliffhanger at the very end. How lucky was Bohr that Einstein was his contemporary. Without theory of relativity, his model would hit a wall...

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

If you look at it, the whole Bohr model is quite trivial, all the calculations require high-school physics and math. The conceptual jumps are really the heart of the model. When Sommerfeld decided to extend Bohr's model he got the need of advanced math and physics, but Sommerfeld was a great theoretical physicist so he managed with ease.

@t850 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero ...you're quite right. I persume that's because the models describes a very simple system of a single atom, unlike the the theories you've analized before that are dealing with a behaviour of a large groups of atoms...:)

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

@@t850 even with a single electron, which is what Sommerfeld explored, the math and physics can get quite complicated

@t850 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero ...if you are talking about application of Einstein's field equations to a moving electron than I persume it's quite messy...:D

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

@@t850 @t850 oh no, Einstein's field equations didn't exist when Sommerfeld did his extension of Bohr's model, I was just referring to special relativity, still math gets messy

@azpcox 2 месяца назад

Beautiful history and maths. It always amazes me that a mere 120 years ago, arguments erupted over what is commonly taught in grade school now. That the concepts learned eventually set up all the paths for these same grade schoolers to have phenomenal computers in their pockets today.

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks, I am glad you liked it. One of the great things about Bohr's atomic model is that, after the conceptual aspects of Bohr's rule are set in place, all the calculations only use high-school physics and math. This will be different with more advanced quantum mechanics, but it is refreshing to find and teach such a revolutionary ideas with simple math.

@benyomovod6904 2 месяца назад

Excellent content

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks, glad you liked it.

@artemgorodilov2696 2 месяца назад

Brilliant. Magnificent job dude!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks, glad you liked it.

@x.0726 2 месяца назад

Really interesting ! I am now waiting on how the next piece of the puzzle was solved by "Sommerfeld".

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Sommerfeld was one of the greatest, too bad that his work is not that recognized. Probably his greatest contribution was training fantastic researchers like Heisenberg, Pauli, Bethe, Peierls, and a long list of other pioneers of 20th-century physics

@arjunsigdel8070 2 месяца назад

great video, like always

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks, glad you liked it.

@Steeyuv 2 месяца назад

That photograph of a Solvay conference at the end - what an absolute powerhouse of physics talent!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

True, I think the First and Fifth Solvay conferences deserve their own video, it is in the pipeline

@abrikos1100 2 месяца назад

End sounds like a teaser for spin :)

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Spin is coming, but other interesting developments took place before spin finally solved many unsolved problems of the time

@abrikos1100 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero Interesting)

@edoardocampanile2176 2 месяца назад

Please never stop making this videos!!! Fantastic, FANTASTIC videos

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

thanks, I appreciate the encouragement; as long as there are viewers, I will keep making these

@AbideByReason Месяц назад

Hands down the best channel for learning about the history of quantum theory.

@I.amthatrealJuan 2 месяца назад

Great storytelling, Dr. Diaz. You framed these concepts in a way that sounds so simple, digestible and intuitive. This channel I just found is a gem.

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thank you so much for your nice comment; I am glad that you find the content of value. I have attempted to create content beyond what I have seen out there and I appreciate that viewers have noticed the efforts behind. Thanks for watching, subscribing, and welcome to the channel.

@Schraiber 28 дней назад

Great story telling here! Loved the way you set up the suspense. Also, multiplying by 1 is one of my favorite tricks. I do it all the time, glad to know its rich history!

@jkzero 28 дней назад

Thanks, I am glad you liked the video. In case you haven't, make sure to check the currently running series on quantum physics ru-vid.com/group/PL_UV-wQj1lvVxch-RPQIUOHX88eeNGzVH

@cmdrviitanen 2 месяца назад

Truly an excellent series. Here's hoping you keep up the work!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks so much for your generous support

@gametimewitharyan6665 2 месяца назад

I have a test tomorrow but as soon as I saw that you uploaded I came to watch how Bohr saved his model, and I noticed the tradition of not mentioning units in old published papers by the authors still continues :P

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Please focus on your test, I hope to nail it. Yeah, I have complained a few times about the lack of units in old scientific publications. I guess they thought "if you know what I am writing about, then you will figure the units yourself," which fortunately is not how we write papers today. This makes reading those old papers extra cumbersome.

@gametimewitharyan6665 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero I respect your concern, and I am watching lectures for my test on RU-vid rn too, but I can surely spare 11min of my preparation time for such high quality videos And about the units, I can't understand why any physicists would think that not mentioning units would be the standard, it can easily jumble up the order of magnitudes of quantities

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

@@gametimewitharyan6665 I guess in other times they had different standards, they all also used different symbols for the same variable so reading old papers is a mess, you see "tau" and you have no idea what the mean by that. For instance, Bohr didn't use n1 or n2 for the index denoting the electronic states, he used tau1 and tau2. And then ,all authors would use different notation, Sommerfeld used n and m. All the best in the test!

@gametimewitharyan6665 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero Lack of standardised rules and conventions really was a mess Also thanks :D

@cewkins721 2 месяца назад

This series is awesome, i can see there was a lot of challenges for bohr model but eventually it will lead to the accepted model we have today, we are eventually going to get Schrodinger involved right? Also at 7:12 shouldn't the quantized angular momentum be multiplied by h-bar or am i missing something?

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

you are right, a bit of abuse of language, I said "angular momentum" I should have said "generalized angular momentum" (J), also called the angular action. You are correct, Bohr's rule for angular momentum l = nℏ

@cewkins721 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero Oh i see, the other one is denoted by 'H' or 'L', its no big deal though. Great content as usual!

@sphakamisozondi 2 месяца назад

I appreciate that you, sir, enumerate every individual who has contributed to a scientific topic, regardless of its size or significance. Also, by highlighting the timeliness and relationships among these contributors, you paint a comprehensive picture of how theories and discoveries came to be.

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks, I am glad that you like the style. I find that textbooks and general stories focus only on the genius hero who solved the problem, but they forget that nothing of that would have happened without experiments and dedicated scientists whose named are nowhere to be found in popular stories.

@inyobill 2 месяца назад

11:57: at the age of 45, just heart-breaking, apparently of Pleurisy.

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

his legacy lives cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?III/135A#/article

@RashadSaleh92 2 месяца назад

So glad I found this channel and I can’t even remember how. Keep them coming please!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

I am glad you like the content and thanks for watching

@569139 2 месяца назад

Great Video, love the way you present the complex data so that the average person can understand and enjoy!!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks for watching and for your kind message. I have always loved teaching and this channel started one year ago as a way to share the many stories in my head. I noticed that a large audience is eager to hear stories but also see some of the math, so this is the approach that I follow, I put together a captivating story for historical context, and then include some of the actual calculations that the protagonists did. My goal is to take the view in a journey of discovery and given the response from viewers, this has been well received, even by people who don't follow the math.

@GeoffryGifari 2 месяца назад

Hmmm this required the Helium in the star to be ionized right? Were there extra lines corresponding to excited but unionized Helium with with 2 electrons? I know that multi-electron atom is a more complicated problem

@GeoffryGifari 2 месяца назад

Or maybe the star is too hot for this?

@chillphil967 2 месяца назад

@@GeoffryGifari🔥

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

@@chillphil967 @GeoffryGifari with over 40,000K you can be sure of highly ionized Helium. Zeta Puppis has its own Wikipedia entry with more details en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Puppis

@m.streicher8286 2 месяца назад

just after i binged the whole channel

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

wow, great to read that the content is being binged. I appreciate that. Any favorite topic so far?

@backwashjoe7864 2 месяца назад

Bohr's save of re-indexing the series looks like the trick in a clever math video. I can imagine that being old hat to the physicists and mathematicians of his day. :)

@pedronobre3898 2 месяца назад

Nice little visualization of the atomic levels at the end! I envy the aesthetic you built for your videos

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks for the appreciation, I spent way too many hours creating the visualization of the electronic transitions.

@DrDeuteron 2 месяца назад

Can you imagine being the 1st person to the Orion Nebula? Dude quit his job over it!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Not my favorite nebula, but yeah, Orion Nebula is pretty cool. Dude just dropped the mic at his job.

@leon1111er3 2 месяца назад

Good video

@chiniwarsp 2 месяца назад

Woww nice explanation.!!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Glad you liked it; I hope you check the whole video series on quantum mechanics

@chiniwarsp 2 месяца назад

I have watched all your physic videos. And I really liked the way you brought mathematics and history into your physics videos, especially like you did in 'Critical Mass.' I hope you will make a part-b video explaining the fine structure using quantum electrodynamics (self-energy).

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

@@chiniwarsp I cannot guarantee to be able to fulfill all the requests but I always open to collecting suggestions, thanks.

@oblivion73 2 месяца назад

interesting

@supreetsahu1964 2 месяца назад

Amazing and hilarious story 😂 stoked for next vid 👍👍

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

great to have you back; more coming soon

@jonathanbeeson8614 2 месяца назад

Thanks!

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Thanks so much for your generous support

@georgekomarov4140 2 месяца назад

Thanks! Now I'm curious, aren't "sharp, principal, and diffuse series" in any way related to the nomenclature of s-, p-, and d-orbitals?

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Really good catch, you are on the right track: the names sharp, principal, and diffuse series were originally introduced for the spectra of certain metals. The names were later borrowed in a more general form for spectroscopy but as it is always the case with nomenclature, exceptions appeared and any logic behind got lost. In any case, there were four series: sharp, principal, diffuse , and fundamental; from here we inherited the s, p, d, f names for the electronic orbitals used to this day.

@georgekomarov4140 2 месяца назад

@@jkzero thank you for the explanation!

@wk8219 2 месяца назад

I think I only got about half of this if I'm lucky. But I got enough to find this really fascinating. Thx or a great video and a fantastic story.

@jkzero 2 месяца назад

Glad you enjoyed it! I include some math because many viewers really want to see what these famous scientists actually did, but I am glad that the math does not deter interested viewers on following the stories, the historical context, and the consequences of these great discoveries. I really appreciate your kind message, it is very encouraging.