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Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The main goal of asthma treatment is to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain normal lung function. Treatment usually involves a combination of medications and lifestyle modifications.
Medications:
Asthma medications can be broadly classified into two categories: controller medications and rescue medications.
a. Controller medications:
These are long-term medications taken daily to prevent asthma symptoms and exacerbations. They include:
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): The mainstay of asthma treatment, these reduce inflammation in the airways. Examples include fluticasone, budesonide, and beclomethasone.
Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs): These help relax the smooth muscles around the airways, improving airflow. Examples include salmeterol and formoterol. LABAs are often combined with ICS in a single inhaler.
Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs): These medications block the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory substances involved in asthma. Examples include montelukast and zafirlukast.
Theophylline: This is an oral bronchodilator medication that helps relax the airways, but its use has declined due to potential side effects and drug interactions.
b. Rescue medications:
These are short-acting medications used to provide quick relief during an asthma attack. They include:
Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs): These provide rapid relief of symptoms by relaxing the airway muscles. Examples include albuterol and levalbuterol.
Anticholinergics: These medications help reduce mucus production and relax airway muscles. An example is ipratropium bromide.
Systemic corticosteroids: These are used for severe asthma exacerbations and are usually taken orally or administered intravenously. Examples include prednisone and methylprednisolone.
Lifestyle modifications and self-management:
Avoiding triggers: Identifying and avoiding allergens and irritants can help prevent asthma attacks. Common triggers include pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, tobacco smoke, and air pollution.
Monitoring symptoms: Using a peak flow meter to monitor lung function can help detect early signs of an asthma flare-up.
Developing an asthma action plan: This is a written plan, created in collaboration with a healthcare provider, outlining how to manage asthma symptoms, recognize worsening symptoms, and when to seek medical help.
Regular exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity can help improve lung function and overall health. Consult a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate type and level of exercise.
Maintaining a healthy weight: Obesity can worsen asthma symptoms, so it's important to maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.
Managing stress and practicing relaxation techniques: Stress can trigger asthma symptoms. Learning stress reduction techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, or yoga, can be beneficial.
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15 сен 2024
