The Ottoman Empire has fallen. Its lands are now ruled by countless European armies. But not all is lost: the remnants of regular troops are wandering all over the country, there is some ammunition left in the warehouses, and hundreds of thousands of brave people are ready to stand against the invaders. All of them rally around General Mustafa Kemal, and at this very moment the Turkish Republic is born on the ashes of the former empire.
⏳ TIME-CODES
0:00 - Introduction
0:50 - Background
5:48 - Soviet Russia
6:35 - Treaty of Sèvres.
7:38 - Armenian-Turkish War
9:16 - Greek "Spring Offensive".
11:06 - Battle of Sakarya
15:11 - Battle of Dumlupynar
17:28 - The end of the war
19:47 - Peace of Lausanne
20:47 - Epilogue
22:23 - Titles
🔗 LINKS
Prehistory [First Balkan war] ▶ • Первая Балканская войн...
Background [Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78] ▶ • Русско-Турецкая война ...
🌐 History posts + video extras ▶ t.me/Hist_tg
📂 SOURCES
Full text of the Armistice of Mudros ▶ germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/...
Full text of the Turkish Declaration of Independence ▶ web.archive.org/web/201404131...
Text of the Treaty of Sevres ▶ genocide.ru/lib/treaties/14.htm
Text of the Soviet-Turkish Treaty of "Friendship and Fraternity" of 1921 ▶ www.genocide.ru/lib/treaties/1...
Text of the Treaty of Lausanne ▶ wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Tre...
Article about the genocide of Armenians by the Turks ▶ www.conflicts.rem33.com/images...
Article about ethnic cleansing by Armenians ▶ www.conflicts.rem33.com/images...
Discussion about Georg Egge ▶ armenist.livejournal.com/971....
At the end of the XIX century, the Ottoman Empire was on the verge of collapse. Its territories were fragmented, the economy was in decline, and national minorities demanded independence. In this situation, Turkey faced aggressive actions from the Western powers, which sought to seize its territories and gain control over its resource base.
One of the reasons for Turkey's war of independence was the establishment of a "capitulation regime" in the country, which allowed foreign powers to freely conduct business and control Turkey's economy. This led to the fact that many branches of industry and agriculture were under the control of foreign companies, and local entrepreneurs could not compete with them.
The war for Turkish independence began in 1919 when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led a national movement. At the beginning of the war, Turkish troops were defeated by Greek forces, which occupied a large part of the country. The main striking force of the Entente in the war against Turkey was the Greek army, so this war in the literature was called the "Second Greco-Turkish War".
In December 1919, the nationalist leadership moved to Angora (now Ankara), which became the center of the Kemalist movement. The core of the movement was armed peasant groups and remnants of regular troops operating in the center of Asia Minor.
In response to the adoption of the "National Vow", the Entente powers occupied Constantinople and the Black Sea Straits area on March 16, opening hostilities against the Republic of Turkey from the middle of 1920.
After the summer offensive of the Red Army against Armenia, in late September - first half of November 1920, the Turkish troops defeated the army of the Republic of Armenia and, having signed the Treaty of Moscow, not only regained all the territories in Transcaucasia, lost in late 1918 - early 1919, but also seized the Kars region, which had been part of Russia since 1878.
During the battle of Sakarya, and later at Dumlupinar, the Turkish army defeated the Greek troops. Thanks to the heroic efforts of Turkish soldiers and the country's leadership, Turkey was able to recapture its territories and achieve a turning point in the war. In 1923, the Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed, which recognized Turkey's independence and established its borders (except Hatay), which are still in place today.
Turkey became an independent state and was able to develop independently.This led to economic growth, reforms in education and health care, and the establishment of a modern system of government.
Turkey paid for its independence with great blood, and although it fought for a just cause, the losses still weigh heavily on the hearts of the Turkish people to this day...
#history #turkey #ottomanempire #mustafaatatürk #atatatürk
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4 июн 2024
