Understanding and implementing a Hash Table (in C)

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Understanding and implementing a Hash Table (in C). //. What is a hash table, and how do I implement one? Hash tables are a fundamental data structure that all student programmers need to have in their toolbox. This video describes the basics of hash tables, why they're useful, and how you implement them in C.
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Welcome! I post videos that help you learn to program and become a more confident software developer. I cover beginner-to-advanced systems topics ranging from network programming, threads, processes, operating systems, embedded systems and others. My goal is to help you get under-the-hood and better understand how computers work and how you can use them to become stronger students and more capable professional developers.
About me: I'm a computer scientist, electrical engineer, researcher, and teacher. I specialize in embedded systems, mobile computing, sensor networks, and the Internet of Things. I teach systems and networking courses at Clemson University, where I also lead the PERSIST research lab.
More about me and what I do:
www.jacobsorber.com
people.cs.clemson.edu/~jsorber/
persist.cs.clemson.edu/
To Support the Channel:
+ like, subscribe, spread the word
+ contribute via Patreon --- [ / jacobsorber ]
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Опубликовано:

15 июн 2024

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Комментарии : 497

@leokiller123able 2 года назад

The fastest guy to solve a segfault on earth x)

@ramprasad7 2 года назад

Absolutely.

@dimi5862 2 года назад

It's not hard lol, you just get used to it after some time in c

@leokiller123able 2 года назад

@@dimi5862 yeah now I ve reached this level its been 10 month since the comment 😂

@julengirard8611 Год назад

I'm dead 💀

@Ryan-xq3kl Год назад

there is no segfault, only bad code

@RustedCroaker Год назад

For those who might get the idea of storing age as a data field literally, never do that! Store the date of birth instead, and calculate the age at the time of the output, otherwise your data will be invalid in less than a year.

@Amy-mo9ki Год назад

thank you for reminding me

@urisinger3412 Год назад

Its better to check every frame if the year changed

@RustedCroaker Год назад

@@urisinger3412 I'm sure you know that not everyone was born on January 1, right?

@urisinger3412 Год назад

@@RustedCroaker then ask for age in years and days

@RustedCroaker Год назад

@@urisinger3412... or just date of birth as I said in the first comment.

@mario7501 3 года назад

Man, I’m surprised you don’t have a million subscribers yet. This is the best channel on programming out there. I am currently reading “the Linux programming interface” which is a massive book and I always find myself coming to your channel if I don’t quite understand a certain topic! I hope a lot more people will recognize the value you provide here!

@yuvaraj9268 2 года назад

Good move to go through Linux Programming Interface, which you can always refer to, for Programming on the Linux Platform.

@Daniel95221 2 года назад

He is held back by his loud keyboard ;)

@edwardmacnab354 2 года назад

@@Daniel95221 mario or jacob ? or both !

@ileanagheorghisor 3 года назад

It's amazing how nicely you explained this! You didn't just dump some code on us, you explained the whole thinking process, making adjustments on the way, teaching us how to think the hashtable, not just how to copy it. I am so looking forward to watch your other videos, I really hope they will help me improve my data structures implementing abilities. Online college classes weren't too favorable for me and I am having a hard time doing my assignments in time.

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Glad it was helpful!

@velim6597 6 месяцев назад

He did exactly the opposite. Started off good but messed it throughput the way. Not the best at teaching I guess, however it was a valiant effort to show people how to be shit at teaching.

@smrtfasizmu6161 2 года назад

These videos make me fall in love more and more into programming. Although programming was my love at first sight. Great, clear and fun explanation. It was a pleasure to code along. As a beginner it was a miracle to me that you got only 1 segmentation fault (as I am not used to that lol).

@RPBiohazard 2 года назад

Wow, this is an excellent tutorial. Trying to brush up on my C and this content is exactly what I wanted!

@otterowen2867 3 года назад

deym! You code really fast. I'm getting movie hacker vibes whenever I hear you typing the code

@soroushmasoodian 2 года назад

It’s fastforwarded

@Mythic_Echoes 2 года назад

@@soroushmasoodian Nope, he utilized the text editor well and has fast hands.

@pascalg6193 2 года назад

he definitely fastforwards at some points

@elpatotengu31 3 года назад

Love the video, but i absolutely love watching you code with that keyboard sound. Its so satisfying

@RT-od2ct Год назад

This was really helpful for me, thanks! I started my project using arrays for hash table and I could already tell midway I was gonna have a hard time doing anything with the elements.

@AkimboFennec 6 месяцев назад

This is the best video on Hash Tables that i ever encountered. Thank you so much for making it so clear to understand.

@ayoubmentag9883 Год назад

In 11:44 in strncmp() function You need to put MAX_NAME instead of TABLE_SIZE ; Thanks a lot Jacob that was super useful :)

@LinuxJediMaster Год назад

I instantly saw this as well lol.

@blankspace1959 Год назад

yeah was confused for a bit there as to why put the table size

@lirong2 2 года назад

Super clear explanation! The playback speed is such a great feature.. I normally use it while trying to pick up on a fast guitar lick and here it helps to slow your speedy typing down. Easier to follow ;-) Thanks

@karimkohel3240 4 года назад

i love that you started on data structures thank you so much this is helping me in my courses a lot

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Glad I could help.

@cadenjosiah9515 2 года назад

i dont mean to be off topic but does anyone know of a way to get back into an Instagram account?? I was dumb forgot my password. I would love any assistance you can offer me

@rtzstvn 4 года назад

great explanation, of a hash table by starting out with a simple example and building on it.!!!!

@vladimirleon2487 4 месяца назад

That was super awesome. Working on a small project that uses all this info. THANK YOU.

@md.hossain693 Год назад

I was looking for this exact thing. Thank you very much for Explaining this concept in the most effective way.

@trombonaught 3 года назад

Been bumping across channels looking for... this! Best hash table tutorial vid out there right now. Thank you!

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

You're welcome. Thanks for the support.

@youthfull3616 Год назад

Hello Jacob, I am already subscriber of your channel and I find it very informative everytime I watch your videos. Though i have been working in C from last 16 years, but still I learn something new every time I watch your videos. Keep up your good work and keep adding good stuffs as you have been doing, for your fans like me.

@JacobSorber Год назад

Thanks. I'm glad it's helped.

@theandrefilipe90 2 года назад

best introduction video Ive seen in the internet for that matter. thank you!

@user-vs9uf3ny8z 2 года назад

Fantastic coverage of this! Thanks so much!

@youssefsabbagh4341 2 года назад

Your videos have taught me a lot !! THANK YOU !

@thybaochau Год назад

Thank you so much! To me this is the best explaination ! It actually helps me a lot with my project at university.

@ntuindip5042 Год назад

This is the best video on RU-vid on this topic. Thanks very much sir

@liumeilin9837 3 года назад

This video is SOOOO helpful to me!!! Thank you so much!

@drcl7429 Год назад

best typing sound of all tutorials on youtube

@matanav5803 3 года назад

Perfect tutorial! helped me a lot, thanks!

@AkshayKumar-nm4ci 3 года назад

Nice Explanation, your video help me to do my assignment!

@viniciusnlage 3 года назад

Your videos are fantastic - lucky us!!! Congrats and keep posting ;)

@silvermonad1 3 года назад

The other day I read the chapter in CLRS about hash tables and it left me quite confused at some points now everything is clearer thanks alot !

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Glad I could help.

@khomo12 4 месяца назад

Very nice!👍👍👍Thank you! As an undergrad, we mostly used sedgewick's algorithms book(in java). Nice to see it done in c!

@TornadoeJoe 3 года назад

You've helped me tremendously in my computer science course, thank you.

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Welcome. Glad I could help.

@icookyorice1 3 года назад

Explained well and good example. Thanks!

@CyroTheSpider 4 года назад

You are an excellent teacher. Thank you for these videos.

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

You're welcome.

@marcotroster8247 Год назад

I'm really impressed how casually you're hacking this code. I was always afraid of implementing my own dictionary. Maybe I'll give it a try next time I need a dict. Well done! Of course you've still got lots of issues: - dynamic table size - table memory management (create / destroy / grow / shrink) - abstract linked list node as struct for carrying arbitrary data - create hash function for arbitrary data - ...

@demoosaad8579 3 года назад

Initially, I was looking for a simple explanation for hash tables for my CS50 class; they barely touched on it and it felt a bit ambiguous; yet, you are making it almost water-clear simple, thank you good sir for this great content and deep knowledge. I actually took an excessive tour in your very informative channel that I completely forgot about the problem set. Love you

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Thanks. I'm glad it helped.

@rosiearasa9818 3 года назад

probably the only channel I watch at speed of .75! Thanks for the great tutorial!

@marshalstewart7776 4 года назад

Very clear and great example!!!

@whatdoyouthink9449 5 месяцев назад

This video is very helpful to me, thank so much!

@kvsubbareddy 2 года назад

Fantastic explanation Jacob.

@MrMikeydrum 3 года назад

Been a while since i done hash tables, used a few before in work though, i do prefer external chaining think they were called buckets, quadratic is the way to go though, in large structures you can get bad clustering so what i used to do was have a variable quadratic based on the amount of objects with room to add more then just rehash when it filled up to much, the rehashing was inefficient but it did keep the structure performant for lookups and clustering to a minimum. Nice video

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Thanks. Glad you enjoyed it. And, thanks for the added perspective.

@OneBoyIs2Big 4 года назад

Man I love the way you teach

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Thanks.

@sumitbhosale3401 4 года назад

Thanks a Lot Sir. Very Nice Explaination.

@austecon6818 2 года назад

This is so freaking great! Thank you for this! I'm a python programmer but I am always taking a peek at C because I have unaddressed urges to dabble in low-level programming sometime (maybe for C extensions to optimize my python projects). What a great way to learn C - making hash tables.

@JacobSorber 2 года назад

You're welcome. Let me know if there are other topics you would like to see on here.

@drkwrk5229 Год назад

C is amazing!

@BonelishOfficial Год назад

Scripting language programmers, including the unix shell, are a bit spoiled because the interpreters ships with excellent built-in hash-like data structures, like Bash associative arrays, Perl hashes, and Ruby and Python dictionaries. Even Windows Powershell ships with a fast associative array implementation. It's very useful, and practically mandatory, for certain algorithms in C to implement hashtables, and I wonder how the gcrypt library "stacks" up against simpler home-brewed hashing functions. You can't memoize a function without a implementing a hashtable in your program.

@gruchenstein9163 Год назад

the more i have experience in c and c++ the less i think about it as low level programming. There should be another term for that. Most of time when programming in C you are disconnected from cpu architecture.

@leopoldomolina1664 Год назад

Super creative! Thank you for opening my mind limits! :D

@santiagosuarez465 Год назад

Awesome-ly put! Great explanations

@Nia-sk8qo 2 года назад

Your videos are great. I need to watch them to do CS50's data structure problem.

@OpeLeke 2 года назад

Great video, i loved how you avoided using pointers to keep things simple

@shashankbarole 4 года назад

I love the way you explain. Thanks a lot. God bless you

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Glad I could help.

@nimishthakkar 4 года назад

Best explanation.....don't need better than this. thumsp up!!!!

@velmaniranganathan930 3 года назад

Simply awesome.. C is even more beautiful with your code ..

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Thanks. Glad you're enjoying it.

@mandyratta6970 4 года назад

I saw your video because i had no other choice for hashing implementation in C. I was scared of you being fast So I had to watch it at 0.8 x.Now I have implemented my first hash code because if your help.Thank You so much . God Bless You. And one more thing You are really HandSome.

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Wow. There are comments, and then there are comments. I'm glad you enjoyed it. :)

@ayu12641 4 года назад

The best tutorial so far on hash function in C. Thank you. How do we come up with an optimal hash function for the data structure? Is maximum randomness the target?

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Usually. If you're trying to minimize collisions, then maximum randomness (and fast) is usually the goal.

@joseville 4 года назад

Is there a procedure one can follow to find a good/optimal hash function? I usually use something like Effective Java's hashcode impl like the one mentioned in [1] and assume it's good enough. [1] stackoverflow.com/questions/113511/best-implementation-for-hashcode-method-for-a-collection

@austinhastings8793 3 года назад

FYI: There is a thing called a "perfect hash." This is a hash that is tailored for a specific set of inputs, and will produce distinct values for each of them. If you know *all* the possible inputs in advance -- like when you are parsing language keywords -- then perfect hashes can be useful. (Ask the Duck about "gperf" for a software package that provides these functions.) For any other scenario, you are looking at doing the best you can with what you've got. Some "cryptographic hash" functions are really good at providing seemingly random output for small changes in input, but they are slow. Now you're trading off speed vs. behavior. Most commonly-used hash functions opt for some simple rules: use 2**n buckets, use prime numbers to multiply, etc. If you really want to find good hash functions, look at the source code for programming languages that provide "associative array" or "hash" or "dictionary" data types: awk, perl, ruby, python, java, c++. You can find hash functions that have been looked at and tweaked by a lot of people over many years, which hopefully provides a good performance vs. behavior.

@ingiford175 2 года назад

@@austinhastings8793 Just one note. you do not use simply 'prime numbers', to multiply, you need a number that is relatively prime to the table size. If you have a size 100 table, you do not want to use 5 as your multiplier as it will map 100 objects into 20 spaces which will give more collisions. Now 3 or 7 in that case will be better.

@HansBezemer Год назад

My favorite "hash" structure is either an array (fixed size) or (when allocating) a binary tree. If I use an array I add a binary search. Sure, you keep on moving memory when inserting or deleting, but [a] searching is O(log n) and [b] the code is pretty straight forward. Binary trees also feature a O(log n) lookup, but due to the pointers, it requires about twice the memory. Both structures hardly suffer from performance degradation. My favorite hash is FNV-1a. It's got both 32bit and 64bit versions, easy to implement, very fast and collisions are very rare. E.g. costarring collides with liquid, declinate collides with macallums, altarage collides with zinke. I think you catch my drift. ;-) I did "classical" hash tables, but buckets are simply too much of a hassle - so I can't bother anymore. I find myself using the binary search/hashtable cross-over most of the time. Very often "good is good enough".

@abhayraj695 4 года назад

Thank you for giving this tutorial...man you are awesome.....

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Thanks. Glad it was helpful!

@ssisispei 3 года назад

Your thoughts is super fast! lol It's helpful for me to do cs50 problem set 5, thanks!

@megaraph5551 3 года назад

lmao, I'm also doing it for pset5. What do you think was the hardest pset you've done in cs50 (except for tideman)?

@aldairacosta4393 10 месяцев назад

I just love how your keyboard sounds

@ericcheng8808 2 года назад

Thanks for the comprehensive tutorial, EXTREMELY helper for understanding hash table with practices. [QUESTION]: For the hash_table_lookup function, why are you using *hash_table_lookup (the address)? I am a bit confuse on that. Otherwise, great work! Looking forward for the next update!

@kc2838 4 года назад

Are you a professional teacher because you explained this perfectly. Subscriber and waiting for more data structures and C videos.

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Thanks. Glad you enjoyed it. And, yes, I'm a professor by day.

@dj_mk_crazy Год назад

As a C++ programmer I use the std::map and std::unordered_map for this purpose but this video will be useful for me if in some situations I would not be allowed to use them. Thanks!

@Wanderlust073 5 месяцев назад

Excellent video, thanks.

@yega3k Год назад

Wow I don’t even know C and I understand this video perfectly! Clear concise explanation ! Probably also because every language I know is based on C in some shape or form haha.

@oPatrickVico Год назад

Great video! Thanks a lot

@midrangeshot8203 2 года назад

Phenomenal video. Very clear explanation and code, also, I had a feeling as if I was watching 3blue1brown, but for programming.

@fontanot 3 года назад

Thanks for sharing, you just earned another subscriber

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Awesome, thank you!

@edwinmolosiwa3551 4 года назад

this is so helpful.Thank you so much

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Hi Edwin. Glad you enjoyed it.

@sharontzu5 2 года назад

Fantastic explanation. Thank.

@gravygod9820 2 года назад

Great video, thanks!

@paulobueno9320 Год назад

Great content. You've earned another subscriber :)

@barisbasar3909 10 месяцев назад

lol I saw this videotitle and asked myself "would I be able to implement a hashtable all bymyself with as little library use as possible?" A few evenings later I finished my implementation of a very naive ht but it works just fine. Lol that was a refreshing exercise. Now I'll check your video out, thanks

@gautamkumarshukla3055 3 года назад

very good explanation

@rostamboroumandrad7703 2 года назад

very nicely done

@red_and_black_UA 3 года назад

good quality content, thanks

@joaogabrielonofre7297 3 года назад

Thanks for the video, man! I'm doing Harvad's CS50 course, we have to use a hashtable in one of the problems and your explanation is much clearer and more in depth than the one provided in the course =) I have a silly question that is not relationed to hashtables itself, but I think will help me understand more of C in general: why in this video you used strnlen/strncmp and not the usual strlen and strcmp? What do the 'n' in the strnlen method stands for? I've read a bit of it online but couldn't understand it well.

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Thanks, Joao. Glad it helped. For the question, check out this video about strings and security concerns. ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-7mKfWrNQcj0.html

@demirmahir 2 года назад

Good job noticing the "n" in strnlen! I was also wondering why MAX_NAME was passed to the function and came here to post the question in the comments. Glad I went trough them first. I am also doing the CS50 and try to go line by line with Jacob's hash first to better undestand the implementation of the data structures. His examples were quite useful troughout the course. The stnlen() function though cannot be used by the makefile CS50x implemented as default since strnlen seems not to be a part of the standard C99. You can compile the code differently of course, but for the sake of playing around in CS50x I'm not sure that is necessary. In real world implementation strnlen is quite important as Jacob explains in the video.

@FreemonSandlewould Год назад

Woot! Was that sped up a bit? Strangely enough it seems like it makes it easier to understand. ( I'll be watching it again )

@horacez2269 Год назад

That's definitely helpful!

@rameshb5987 3 года назад

U deserve more popularity n views sir....

@BryanChance Год назад

Priceless!!

@ighsight 2 года назад

I finally get it. For a long time I've been 'accepting' that hash tables have faster look ups than arrays without understanding why that is.

@denizonat4651 3 года назад

very good explain

@karimdhrif6679 Год назад

This is just blowing me mind

@amarbhandari1103 3 года назад

simply awesome.. !!

@musnamuharis5220 4 года назад

Hope to get a loads of video one by one Thanks

@TheMrjulitro1 4 года назад

great video! thankss u are a lifesaver

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Thanks. Glad it helped!

@funkykong9001 4 года назад

Thank for this great tutorial. For future videos, please give an additional second or two after writing a function to allow the viewer time to pause to see the code. It's extremely distracting with all the Visual Studio Code popups that cover the code you're writing as well and it's sometimes tough to find a split second to pause the video to see the code before you jump to something else.

@midrangeshot8203 2 года назад

I was coding in parallel with him and I had no problem pausing videos. I was suprirsed I wasn't getting segmentation faults all the time, but that's because every time I would wrote code which ended up being different than his, I would rewrite that part of the code lol

@sharontzu5 2 года назад

You can run the video slower!

@futuza 2 года назад

Why though? You can just pause the video? Or the play speed.

@funkykong9001 2 года назад

@@futuza I usually do pause videos, but the cut happens quickly from when the last line of code is written and the next scene begins, so it's more challenging than should be to pause just in time

@RyanMartinRAM Год назад

He probably wants you to pay for his Patreon to view the code.

@morgengabe1 Год назад

I never thought about hash functions, or tables, in that way; which is surprising because i used to be quite enthusiastic about brown rocks from morrocco.

@frozenfar7231 4 года назад

this was a good video and thanks for the effort, but it was by far one of the hardest videos to follow for me, most of it comes from me but imo there are things that can improve the quality of videos in the future, first please close the file browser tab if it is not needed and capture scene is small so more of the code is visible, second please scroll a bit slow or all and all slow the explanation process so noobs like me can follow, and last but not least programming videos without source code imo are half useful and of course, you can opt to put that as a feature for a paid option but I think that would reduce the impact of your work. all and all thank you so much and keep up the good work.

@pseudolemon8272 9 месяцев назад

very well explained. the only thing i think could've been clarified better was the optimization with "deleted". it was brushed off as obvious but i had to pause and think why

@andrewdunbar828 2 месяца назад

Hash tables is a favourite. watch out for modulo bias!

@rustycherkas8229 2 года назад

Not mentioned is that clients using this facility to retrieve & modify any 'person record' must NOT change the value(s) in the field(s) used by the hash function. Correcting the spelling of "Jane" to "June" would likely leave that person's record filed in the wrong location, never to be found again... Because delete() returns the ptr to the record, to modify safely is to delete, {modify} and re-insert. The "Open" version mistakenly used "TABLE_SIZE" for strncmp(). Corrected to "MAX_NAME" in "linear probing" version.

@mertcancelik8961 Год назад

Great video, very helpful. One thing that I didn't fully understand is how to determine the size of the hash table. If anyone know, please do tell :)

@user-io3fp4bw6h 6 месяцев назад

Leaving a comment is like, helping others that need help as this increases the reach of the video as well as the like, so make a habit of commenting on videos you find helpful even if it's just a period '.' and also, remind others with that

@adityagoswami8972 4 года назад

Thank you for this clear explanation on to the topic. BTW, what IDE is in use here?

@JacobSorber 4 года назад

Not really an IDE. Just VS code.

@cheseremtitus5989 Год назад

what Mario said.. "Amazing no one teaches programming like you do" - Must've taken a lot of hard work on your part.. Love the content.

@JacobSorber Год назад

Thanks.

@owenwexler7214 Год назад

This mad lad is actually writing his own hash functions! Egads!

@jovanmaksimovic1191 3 года назад

Great work. Thanks a lot! By the way, why did you switched from atom to vs Code?

@lowercaseguy3578 3 года назад

Visual code is the best 👌

@pancreasdragonheart9765 3 года назад

This is so helpful! Also, may I ask what keyboard you use? I like its clicking sound and I'm in need of a new keyboard :D

@JacobSorber 3 года назад

Thanks. It's just the keyboard built into my laptop (macbook pro).

@adityachandran7002 Год назад

the speed is a little faster for me, like i wasnt able to keep up with the speed of typing. but i understood the whole concept. so this video is a miracle for me.

@BruceDuncan 2 года назад

Excellent description. Since C is now considered an "unsafe" language, it would be interesting to hear your thoughts on the security deficiencies of external chaining (or indeed linear addressing!).

@jimnoeth3040 11 месяцев назад

C is not in and of itself an unsafe language, 'safe' languages keep you from shooting yourself in the foot, so to speak. But there is an efficiency cost to do that.