The second law of Thermodynamics is that: Any process in nature occurs in a certain direction only. This does not condemn the first law of energy conservation.
Thank you for clarifying this! I had a hard time understanding how to use 2nd law formulas but now I can confidently apply them. You sir are the reason why I will pass my final this monday!
One of the greatest things I learned was to ask the prof a question once, keep my mouth shut if I didn’t understand, then look it up on RU-vid later by a competent teacher.
You call this presentation "a minimum ues of mathematics"? You're dreaming. This is a highly technical explanation and is for people who already understand the second law.
I agree that saying “minimum use of mathematics” is pretty misleading, and it’s probably best used as a review for students. BUT i found this video very useful in completing my understanding of the second law rather than reinforcing concepts i already understood
This video is very good if you're an engineering student trying to solve entropy problems. Philosophically understanding it though, not so much. The 2nd Law just states that entropy or the disorder of a system tends to increase with time. Fundamentally it just means there are far more solutions where the result is a mess than an orderly one. Think about a game of pool. Originally the balls are nice and orderly, but once things start moving, the balls end up all over the place. Now imagine trillions of particles doing the same thing. It is possible for entropy to decrease spontaneously but the chance of that occurring is practically impossible. This law is not so much a product of physics (like F=ma or energy conservation) but of statistics. It's an emergent property that comes about because there are far more states where a system is disorderly than orderly.
To get even more philosophical, there is no ORDERLY or NON-ORDERLY in the universe. It is there only in our minds. The pool balls are orderly only for a person who knows what pool is. For an alien from a planet where balls are prohibited, that particular arrangement would be just as disorderly as anything else. So now our second law's statement changes from a "ORDER ---> DISORDER" process to "SOME RANDOM STATE ----> SOME OTHER RANDOM STATE". It simply states that one state will move to some other state with time. If we cannot model the system exactly, after a time we will not be able to predict what that end state would be. So we end up with a lot of possible end states. So at the end what the second law says is "as time goes on states change, you can't expect things to stay the same. When more time passes, you will become less and less likely to predict what would happen". So the simplest statement of the second law is "time passes. things happen"
True. Unfortunately though the 2nd law is wrong in the sense that it is dependent on the boundedness of the observer who’s looking at the system. You can imagine the space of states tending towards an increase in entropy statistically in such examples (particles in a box) because the system takes the states-space to always be more (have more degrees of freedom) than the number of particles themselves. For example. You have 10 2dimensional particles, on a 10x10 grid, then there will always be an exponentially higher number of possible states the particles can be in and most of those states will be random in their distribution. The underlying state-space however is not in equilibrium, in fact it is highly ordered. You can imagine that if you interpreted each 2d particle as a black pixel(1) and every pixel that isn’t a particle as a white pixel(0) then the total system would be 000001000000000000100000….and so on. This is a highly homogenous distribution and *not* random. The 2nd law is therefor an artifact of how the observer parses the system…where if the observer could resolve the whole statespace they wouldn’t see an increase in entropy it would in fact never change…where as when you parse the system where you lose information it will appear that the 2nd law is true. It’s like ignoring the air molecules in a double pendulum experiment. Of course the 2body system will appear chaotic because one is simply ignoring and not taking into account the actual components of the system (air molecules). Cheers,
both wrong.. he saaid minimum use of mathematics.. i stiill did not understand,, and frustrated me bringing the universe into it,, as it that was simple
@@tijerinaivan Actually by universe, it doesn't mean we are talking about the entire cosmos including the galaxies and space. It's just used for the 'system' and 'surroundings' together.
#Entropy for a closed system ( like the universe ) , is always increasing . #A self-occurring process, the entropy in the final state is greater than the entropy in the initial state. #Heat is transferred from a body with a higher temperature to a body with a lower temperature. The substance goes from higher concentration to lower concentration . To do a work we need a delta ( difference in heat , or in substance concentration ) ; second law of therm-dynamics kills delta . *Life is struggle with second law of thermo-dynamics .* It is the one who wins in the end .
So what I understood from all this is that energy always flows from "high to low", never the other way. Like water down a mountain. So any closed system that has any amount of entropy will always want to flow to 0. Any open system into which outside energy can be added will have entropy increase until that extra added energy is supplied no more, like a melting glacier adding water to a river, and once again it will go from "high to low" until we get an all stop at 0 entropy. All the water from the mountain has flowed. Or something like that.
a very perfect explanation for the physics behind the law, i listen to the video 3 or 5 times and finally I can say that now I understand the second law of thermodynamics
In simple terms: 1st law = total existing energy remains the same even with conversions to different states of matter. 2nd law = Useful energy (or efficiency of work) decreases with each transformation due to heat loss and entropy in general. For example, think of coal burning to heat water to produce steam to turn a turbine to generate electricity. Typically only 30-50% of the chemical potential energy stored in coal can be used to create electricity due to conversion losses at each step of the process.
The statements of the second law you crossed out are in fact the most useful for an engineer as they allow to develop intuition about the underlying physics. Formulae are an elegant way of stating laws of physics in the language of mathematics but that is not necessarily useful for understanding every day technical problems. The same applies to the abstract idea of entropy.
I think it’s stated that way in the sense of how some learn subjects! Some can’t apply ‘ intuition’ and ‘ abstract thought’ to math like Others can! That’s definitely how I understand math! If you try and tell me to just learn numbers I simply can not lol
Thank you for using as little math as possible,.... I may have gotten lost if you would have used nothing but math. Sure glad THAT didn't happen,... *: )*
Thankyou a thousand...... I'm suffering so much to understand this. Now I have a clear picture on entropy and the whole law. Please do a video on exergy. 💯💯👏🙏🙏
Many misunderstandings in understanding the problems of life and evolution from the standpoint of physics and physical chemistry are typically associated with misconceptions in understanding entropy. The term "entropy" coined Rudolf Clausius. According to his model of the world (universe), he presented a statement: "The energy of the world is constant. The entropy of the world tends to the maximum". Later this statement was chosen by JW Gibbs as an epigraph to the paper "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". These scientists have given this statement in relation to their model of the universe. This model corresponds to a simple isolated system of ideal gas, i.e. isolated system of ideal gas, energy and volume of this system are constant and in which only the work of expansion is performed. Entropy of such a system can only increase! It should be noted that when we say on ideal model, which would correspond to the real universe, it would be necessary to accept the unreal assumption that any form of energy real universe will be transformed into thermal energy. Only in this case, also under additional unrealistic assumptions, the real universe "would turn" into the model of ideal system of Clausius - Gibbs. However, lovers of science have applied representations on simple systems to systems of other types, in which the interactions takes place between particles of different nature (interactions of molecules or other objects of different hierarchies) and to systems which interact with the environment. Some scientists, who are not professionals in the relevant fields of knowledge, have not escaped such errors. This has led to unimaginable confusion. This has slowed down the development of science, more than on a century. There are thousands of publications in scientific journals and popular literature containing marked misunderstandings. To these were added incorrect ideas on the negentropy and on the dissipative structures in the living world, and the false identification of "the information entropy" with the thermodynamic entropy. The origin of life and its evolution can be easily explained from the standpoint of hierarchical near equilibrium thermodynamics of complex dynamic systems. This thermodynamics is established on a solid foundation of equilibrium thermodynamics - thermodynamics of Rudolf Clausius, JW Gibbs and other great scientists.
1:37 states 2nd law is related to the direction of chemical processes while first law depicts the law of conservation of energy 2:45 states mathematical eqn. for 2nd law that total Entropy of an isolated system can never decrease
Excellent instructional video that allows to approach an abstract theme with the minimum of mathematics. Concerning physical phenomena, it is better to "feel" them before handling them with maths. Thanks a lot
For the calculations on 5:00 Case 1: When Q=+10 JQ=+10J This means 10 joules of heat are added to the system (the coffee). For the system (the coffee at 45°C or 318 K): ΔSsystem=10 J45°C+273=10318=+0.0314 J/K ΔSsystem=45°C+27310J=31810=+0.0314J/K For the surroundings (at 25°C or 298 K), the system is losing 10 J of heat, so we have Q=−10 JQ=−10J for the surroundings: ΔSsurr=−10 J25°C+273=−10298=−0.0336 J/K ΔSsurr=25°C+273−10J=298−10=−0.0336J/K Now, the total entropy change for the universe is: ΔSuniv=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurr ΔSuniv=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurr ΔSuniv=+0.0314 J/K+(−0.0336 J/K)=−0.00211 J/K ΔSuniv=+0.0314J/K+(−0.0336J/K)=−0.00211J/K So, the total entropy change is negative when 10 J is added to the system. Case 2: When Q=−10 JQ=−10J This means 10 joules of heat are removed from the system. For the system (the coffee at 45°C or 318 K): ΔSsystem=−10 J318=−0.0314 J/K ΔSsystem=318−10J=−0.0314J/K For the surroundings (at 25°C or 298 K), the system is losing 10 J of heat, but the surroundings are gaining 10 J, so Q=+10 JQ=+10J for the surroundings: ΔSsurr=10 J298=+0.0336 J/K ΔSsurr=29810J=+0.0336J/K Now, the total entropy change for the universe is: ΔSuniv=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurr ΔSuniv=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurr ΔSuniv=−0.0314 J/K+(+0.0336 J/K)=+0.00211 J/K ΔSuniv=−0.0314J/K+(+0.0336J/K)=+0.00211J/K Thankyou!
We also use these pumps in Iran, and our company specializes in repairs, winding and turning parts of these pumps, and we have been working in this field for 40 years.
The second law states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. The final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy for an irreversible process: Sf > Si (irreversible process)
Dear Sabin + your esteemed audience, First of all, many sincere thanks for your collective efforts! "The "Second Law of Thermodynamics" is a fundamental law of nature, undeniably one of the most valuable discoveries of mankind. However, this law is slightly confusing for most engineers or students. The main reason for this is that it contains so many complex terms and there are many ways to phrase this second law, but most importantly the majority does not understand what the applications of this law are. In this video we will provide a real physical insight into this law with a minimal use of mathematics". ...Sounds terrific, but looks to be not for an average mind... Even big scientific research workers' brains had and still have to stumble herewith... Moreover, your report demonstrates the meanwhile widespread Operationalism (unwillingness to enter important details) easily muddled-up in the audience with the 'engineering rigour'... Hence, some kind of a clarification ought to be urgently necessary! So, captain, AHOY! A. There is ONLY ONE BASIC, fundamental Energy Conservation and Transformation Law. It is definitely unique and conceptually indivisible delivering two logically joint concepts - these are Energy Conservation - and Energy Transformation. Still, a more-then-100-years-old conceptual failure has brought us to two separate thermodynamic laws - but this has nothing in common with the actual physics. To come back, they have coined two more fake thermodynamic laws, employed the Probability Theory + Mathematical Statistics, and this has helped formulate the Quantum Mechanics, which is thus a basically metaphysical conceptual construction - and, hence, ought to be only restrictedly fruitful. B. By dividing the basically indivisible law, you are touching Combinatorics, you are touching Probability Theory, you are even stepping back to Thermodynamics for a while, but... You are NOT answering the poser: WHAT IS ENTROPY, sorry! 1. In the formula S = kB * ln(Ω) you do imply, Ω means not a "Huge Number of Microstates", not "Probability", which numerically ranges between [0,1], not even "Wavefunction", which ought to be a purely metaphysical notion, as it is... In effect, Ω ought to be a simplistic algebraic function of Lord Kelvin's Absolute Temperature. This result has been published 100 years ago in JACS. 2. WHAT-ENTROPY-IS-poser has been answered not by Clausius, not by Boltzmann, etc., but by Goethe, who has introduced Mephistopheles, the philosophical embodiment of ENTROPY. 3. Newton did basically know WHAT ENTROPY IS - A Counteraction. 4. That Counteractions do not grow to infinity with the growing Actions, but MUST reach their MAXIMUM values, is the result by Nicky Carnot, which has been formalized by Clausius... 5. In effect, J. W. Gibbs Free Energy formula: (ΔG = U + pV - TS, .i.e., ΔG = H - TS , where U is the internal energy (SI unit: joule), p is pressure (SI unit: pascal), V is volume (SI unit: m3 = m*m*m), T is the temperature (SI unit: kelvin), S is the entropy (SI unit: joule per kelvin), H is the enthalpy (SI unit: joule)) renders implicit the interplay among ALL the relevant Actions (the Enthalpic term) and ALL the pertinent Counteractions (the Entropic term). 6. The standard approach you are reporting about is OK for the implicit Enthalpy-Entropy picture, employing it for studying reaction mechanism details is likewise eating soup with a fork.🧐
@@ravenking2458 I dare to assure you that this is a definitely good news for you. Every birth is connected with some painful feeling... Many sincere thanks for your taking time to respond!
Good on you mate! Wish I had my priorities as straight when I was your age. I would recommend EE btw, best mix of pure physics, engineering and compsci out of the major disciplines. It's ultimately up to you tho, good luck!
+Navneet Yadav 😁 I like computers more so I will go for software engineering but also like to learn new thing no matter whether it is mechanical 😊 Gyan jaha se milta hai battor lo👍
I take comfort in the 2nd law of thermodynamics knowing that all natural processes are irreversible, and that all things continue to move forward. Joe Pera
3:25 entropy is heat transfer effect PLUS disorder deflating a balloon increases the disorder of air particles not totally sure what to say about falling mass
From first law of thermodynamics we know that the total energy of the universe remains conserved that is the sum of the energy in in system and surrounding before and after the reaction is conserved but a question should arise in our mind that what is the direction of this flow of energy is it flowing from the system to surrounding or the energy is flowing from the surrounding to system so this direction is given by the second law of thermodynamics. It's a mathematical analogy But in simple words you can understand it as if gibbs free energy of a reaction is less than 0 the reaction is spontaneous that is it does not need any external energy source that is there is no flow of energy from surrounding to the system so we can conclude that the energy is flowing from system to the surrounding
To be precise in the bottle where there are the two chemicals it should be used Helmholtz energy (A) since it is an isocore instead of in isobar process
I can see how the Entropy is increased once a falling object crashes on the floor, but the entropy shouldn't increase while it is falling (at least in vacuum). So why is it falling then? I don't think entropy is the answer.
Many discrepancies in understanding the problems of life and evolution from the standpoint of physics and physical chemistry are typically associated with misconceptions in understanding entropy [4-7]. The term "entropy" was coined by Rudolf Clausius. Following his model of the world (universe), he stated: "The energy of the world is constant. The entropy of the world tends to the maximum". Later this statement was chosen by J.W. Gibbs as an epigraph to his paper "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". These scientists have given this statement in relation to their model of the universe. This model corresponds to a simple isolated system of ideal gas, i.e., an isolated system of ideal gas, in which the energy and volume are constant and only the work of expansion is performed. The entropy of such a system can only increase! It should be noted that when we speak about the ideal model that would correspond to the real universe, it would be necessary to accept the unreal assumption that any form of energy in the real universe will be transformed into thermal energy. Only in this case, and under additional unrealistic assumptions, the real universe "would turn" into the Clausius-Gibbs model of the ideal system. However, science amateurs applied representations of simple systems to systems of other types, in which interactions takes place between particles of different nature (interactions of molecules or other objects of different hierarchies) and to systems which interact with the environment. Some scientists, who are not professionals in the relevant fields of knowledge, did not escape such errors. This led to unimaginable confusion and slowed down the development of science for more than a century. There are thousands of publications in scientific journals and popular literature containing marked misunderstandings. To these were added incorrect ideas on negentropy and on dissipative structures in the living world and the false identification of "the information entropy" with the thermodynamic entropy. The origin of life and its evolution can be easily explained from the standpoint of hierarchical near-equilibrium thermodynamics of complex dynamic systems. This thermodynamics is established on a solid foundation of equilibrium thermodynamics, thermodynamics of R. Clausius, J.W. Gibbs, and other great scientists. www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijrsb/v5-i3/2.pdf
The captions and the transcription died at 3:14. Being deaf I could not follow the rest of the video. I really wanted to see this. The 2nd Law is important for a whole range of reasons and it appears to be widely misunderstood. I am looking at all explanations to help my understanding of it. Any chance you might fix the caption/transcripts?
Umm as a complete illiterate in thermodynamics I am afriad that this video was not enough😃 I do get the gist bit I think that it was too fast for me or that some part of "Noob you need to know this first" was missing. Could you for the future also list some prerequisites like PBS Space used to have?
It's not a big deal if it's too fast for you. Videos like this are more about a payload of information. Its purpose is to give you content to muse over, not that you should just understand and remember everything in real-time.
May I request to please correct me if I am wrong. Wikipedia meaning of explosion: An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner The applications of explosion in the system the principle of Thermodynamics fail. The Internal Energy is multiple times lower than the work done by the system or The WORK OUTPUT is multiple times higher than the WORK INPUT I. A 15 ball billiard pool to be strike by white mother ball. F = 30lbs (White Mother Ball); D = 3ft (Distance from the white mother ball to the first ball to strike); W = Work, F = force; D = Distance The mother ball to strike the 15 ball is the work input The first collision is explosion followed by increase in force and travelled distance by individual ball followed again a series of collisions. The mother ball transferred the force to the group of 15ball. The momentum is conserved to the group of 15 while the explosion increases to 15 individual ball. The kinetic energy was absorbed by the group of 15ball. The explosion increases rapidly multiplied to 15ball individual. SOLVE FOR WORK INPUT W = F X D; W = 30lbs x 3ft = 90Ft.lbs SOLVE FOR WORK OUTPUT W = F X D; W = 30lbs x 3ft = 90ft.lbs X 15ball = 1,350 ft-lbs. II. For more heat energy the ball to replace with steel ball and steel side board. After strike are explosions of 15 balls. The explosion increases the group energy into individual 15. The work output higher than work input followed by series of collisions that produces more heat more work output, more sound energy more work output, more travelling distance more work output. III. To get even more energy output: Put additional two group of 6balls in triangular shape to be placed somewhere at the back of 15balls at least 4inches apart from the sidewall and back wall. A total of 15balls + 6balls + 6balls = 21balls. The explosion creates collisions after collisions increasing the energy output. The Internal Energy in I, II, III are the same however, after explosion the work done increasing 15 times the Internal Energy. That principle can use to make free energy machine. Thank you. Abel Urbina Abel Urbina Free Energy Super Machine
'My name is Ozymandias, king of kings: Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!' Nothing beside remains. Round the decay Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare The lone and level sands stretch far away.
Just a note, if you are using a voice-activated mic or something that creates a similar effect, it is very irritating. The volume modulates up and down constantly. The first word or two (or 3) in the sentence is always very low and then proceeds to a normal volume level but as soon as the first sentence is done and it goes on to the next sentence the whole process starts all over again.
I shall have to look at this video again. Lots of information to get my head around. I liked the info about Entropy .I did not know that before seeing this video.
To quote Wikipedia, on the subject of entropy: "Non-isolated systems, like organisms, may lose entropy, provided their environment's entropy increases by at least that amount so that the total entropy either increases or remains constant. Therefore, the entropy in a specific system can decrease as long as the total entropy of the Universe does not. Entropy is a function of the state of the system, so the change in entropy of a system is determined by its initial and final states. In the idealization that a process is reversible, the entropy does not change, while irreversible processes always increase the total entropy." The Universe is an isolated system, since energy or mass cannot leave it. Thus, entropy can only increase within it, until thermodynamic equilibrium is reached.
@@JinwooYoon1217 That's why both the video, and by derivation my comment on it, referred to the entropy of the universe, not the entropy of a smaller part of the universe. As you point out, we can consider the universe to be a closed system (as far as we know).
5:10 Notice how it's actually possible to extract free energy, if the system loses less or equal entropy than the surroundings gain. This explains the free energy circuit that was built at the University of Arkansas using freestanding graphing.
Free energy is not possible, if a system loses entropy then that is compensated by a larger or equal gain in entropy for the surroundings. As stated in the video, the entropy of the universe can be mathematically proven to only increase with time.
For the chemical reaction example, isnt enthalpy only really used when the system does boundary work? Here it looks like the system has a constant volume. This confuses me the most. Regardless, by using Q-W=H2-H1 --> Q=H2-H1 everything else makes sense. I just feel like it should’ve just been the change of internal energy instead of enthalpy. Maybe I’m missing something.🤔
It’s worth mentioning the second law is not so match a law as a statistical likelihood. It’s quite possible for the two gases to spontaneously separate. Unlikely but possible.
If this was a way to explain entropy to a newbie, it was - and is - a spectacular failure. I am going hunting for other, better-explained videos on the topic.
story time: my professor was explaining us the second law of thermodynamics and he reintroduced the 1st law, compared it to the second, then talked about the fact that for any process to exist, it must follow both the first and second law and also drew an electric circuit of an AND gate to show it. However, he never stated what the second law is and niether did the video. There is only a vague "It is to check whether a process is spontaneous" and nothing more. I find that quite amusing
the rock rolls down a hill the rock being energy and the hill time and usage. if your car can drive for 10 hours before needing to refuel, than think of the rock as rolling down the hill for 10 hours before needing to start all over.
Human has a serious misconception about energy. Energy is usually expended by using direct. However, if we use energy indirectly, it can be used without spending zero percent. This way more energy can be generated without wasting energy.
