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"Untouchable" by Mulk Raj Anand, published in 1935, is a seminal work in Indian literature that explores the grim realities of the caste system in pre-independence India. The novel focuses on a single day in the life of Bakha, a young Dalit boy who works as a sweeper, and through his experiences, Anand delves into the deep-seated social injustices and the human desire for dignity and respect.
Themes
Caste System and Social Inequality:
The novel starkly portrays the rigid and oppressive caste system. Bakha and his family are subjected to inhumane treatment simply because they belong to the lowest rung of the social hierarchy. The narrative exposes the systemic discrimination and the psychological impact it has on individuals deemed 'untouchable'.
Search for Identity and Dignity:
Bakha’s yearning for a life of dignity and self-respect is a central theme. He is acutely aware of his lowly status and dreams of breaking free from the shackles of untouchability. His admiration for the British soldiers' uniforms symbolizes his desire for recognition and equality.
Hypocrisy of Religious Practices:
Anand critiques the religious orthodoxy and hypocrisy prevalent in society. Through various interactions, he highlights the contradictions in religious teachings that preach compassion but practice discrimination. The incident where Bakha is slapped for accidentally touching a higher-caste man underscores this hypocrisy.
Impact of Colonization:
The presence of British colonial rulers and their comparatively egalitarian treatment of Indians is depicted as a contrast to the indigenous social structure. Bakha’s fascination with Western ways and his encounter with Colonel Hutchinson, who preaches Christianity as a solution, reflect the complexities of colonial influence.
Character Analysis
Bakha:
Bakha is a poignant character who embodies the struggles of the untouchables. His inner conflict and external struggles make him a sympathetic and relatable protagonist. Despite his dehumanizing job, Bakha exhibits a sense of pride and self-worth that highlights his resilience.
Rakha and Sohini:
Bakha's siblings, Rakha and Sohini, represent different aspects of the untouchable experience. Sohini’s encounter with Pundit Kali Nath, who attempts to molest her, exposes the vulnerability and exploitation faced by lower-caste women.
Pundit Kali Nath and Colonel Hutchinson:
These characters symbolize the contrasting forces in Bakha’s life. Pundit Kali Nath represents the oppressive traditional hierarchy, while Colonel Hutchinson offers an alternative in Christianity, though his motivations are complex and not entirely altruistic.
Narrative Style
Anand’s narrative style is direct and unembellished, reflecting the harsh realities of Bakha’s world. The third-person omniscient perspective allows readers to gain insight into Bakha’s thoughts and feelings, creating an intimate connection with his plight. Anand’s use of stream-of-consciousness effectively conveys Bakha’s internal turmoil and aspirations.
Symbolism
Uniforms and Cleanliness:
Bakha’s obsession with cleanliness and uniforms symbolizes his desire for acceptance and respect. The uniforms represent a façade of equality that Bakha yearns for but is denied by his social status.
The Train:
The train is a recurring symbol of progress and escape. Bakha’s fascination with it reflects his longing to transcend his confined existence.
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19 июн 2024
