Viking Origins | The Genetic History of Northern Europe 

A single point mutation in the DNA near to the lactase gene changes the cytosine (C) nucleotide to a thymine (T). Individuals who have the thymine (T) nucleotide are lactose tolerant and can digest milk products in adulthood. This is very interesting, because every time large-scale disasters occur, it would be a trigger for natural selection that would benefit nomadic tribes, while agro-cultural would suffer ... Cattle would eat any grass and survive together with people capable of digesting milk ... while cereals would not thrive during that time ... we notice several big changes ... the last time something like that happened was during the "crisis of the sixth century" ... Volcanic eruption in Iceland if I'm not mistaken ...

Glad to have found your channel in 2021. Will donate asap. Thx 🙏 Curious as to MS being called a Viking disease?

And now it is about being against nationalism... No nationalist denies the migration in those days, but the culture has to be dominat! That's what genetics are telling us, too

@@MickeyMouse-el5bk the covid has thrown into stark relief the flaws in all oppressive structures & systems. Power to the people 🎶👍

I thought ot was 560 AD to 860 AD ..??

Some historians believe that "Viking" might mean "raider" , on a runstone it was written "to make a Viking" but nobody knows for sure . But people back then didn't call themselves Viking.

@@darmil0138 What did they call themselves?

@@upstream1942 Im not sure if that is known what they called themselfes but in Britain they were called Danes, in the East Rus.

@@upstream1942 they call themselves "we".

Swidish, Norwegians, Danish, who is more Scandinavian?

why surprisingly? They founded Dublin. Siggtryg Silkeskjaegg was king of Dublin. Massive Viking presence there for generations. Also the vikings took slaves, among them many Irish, both men and women, and many spent the rest of their lives in Scandinavia.

@@dorteweber3682 surprising to people that don't know anything. Have you read the comments here? All the trumpdummies are here

Explains my irish/welsh/Norwegian dna

@@dorteweber3682 wouldn't the dna relations between vikings and celts be older than the viking era, considering both groups are indo Europeans from closely related celtic and norse nordic branches

@@hassanabdikarimmohamed2505 interesting question. Let's backtrack a bit.Viking is a job description, not an ethnicity and certainly not a race. In the later viking era, there would have been people on those longships from all sorts of backgrounds, considering that the children of slaves could well be freed and participate fully in society. Pre-Christian Viking culture admired luck more than ancestry. They would follow a winner, regardless of who he was. Celt, according to some researchers, Koch, John (2005). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. xix-xxi. , Celt is not an ethnicity or a race either, but a culture and a group of languages that spread across Europe some centuries before the Roman Empire. So if that is correct, and it is the more recent theory, then the ethnicity of Vikings and Celts is similar or related only to the extent all indo-European peoples are related. Some recent DNA studies in the British Isles suggest modern British people have DNA that goes back to before the Celts. It's all very interesting, but I think the question of relatedness of different European peoples is a difficult one to sort out

“Gat” probably is from «Gøta» or Goth, which are derived from Getae, the Dacii Getae tribe that also gave name to the Agean sea which were called the Ageatean sea.

@@djribz I believe it comes from Jatts. Since there is a indo-Scythian and also Sarmatian connection to many European tribes.

@@djribz Sakastan also = Saxon/Saksenn.

@Margareta Holmgren According to Wikipedia it's a Dutch name, and not a viking age word.

@@djribz You have Gotland, which is said to have been the ancestral home of the Goths. You also have Götaland. Both "Gotland" and "Götaland" means of course "Land of the Goths".

Can you elaborate?

Do you think he wasn't being truthful?

@@jturtle5318 I think he was being as truthful as possible to avoid reproach . Same as this COVID situation. Certain things you can say and certain things you can't .

Nope. It comes from the Goths / Wielbark culture.

All of it

You would need to have Diamond hands

Climate was warm, oak and hazel was growing up to the north end of the Baltic Sea and grapes in south Scandinavia. There was a climate change in late Bronze Age around 600 BC and climate became colder.

@@jansundvall2082 That`s right. The overall temperature was 1-2 degrees C warmer than it is now.

Concur

Seems like Razib needs an upgrade in his audio recording tech and a short, online course in presentation skills. I had to back up several times to understand him. The content however was quite good

Thank you so much Brandy, your comment has truly made my night! I hope that you enjoy our upcoming episodes!

You there are like a grey cat, truly all the colors! I'm so fascinated with early human history and the Mediterranean cultures and wars.

I agree. He needs to learn to talk for this kind of presentation

I comprehend, his just that excited guy, who loves what he does

Which testing company did you use?

I am also in haplogroup I1, I-Y70065 to be specific, tracing back thousand years ago to a Swedish man who was our paternal ancestor. I am Dutch and my autosomal dna is a mix of a lot of ethnicities including a little Amerindian. Guess we are al related and connected. Greetings from the Netherlands.

It makes sense as West Prussia and Pommern being located along the Baltic Sea (which in later years was part of the Hanseatic league thus more mingling was involved primarilly inbetween Germanic, Slavic and Baltic tribes) was part of the predominant Viking realm

I share some of the same geographic origins with you. My family moved from that area to Western Germany as Russia sieged/annexed this territory after WWII which was then shared between Poland and Russia.

Dna evidence is weak

@@bouzoukiman5000 Are you being serious or joking?

too bad it's all bs.

@@Lee-sd8uo What about you. Are you being serious or joking?

@@whathell6t if I sent a link, it'd just get deleted lol. These "anthologists" don't want their theory getting debunked, they'd rather cling onto the ILLUSION that humans originated in Africa instead of being more open minded and coming to a conclusion that non-Africans originated in the places where they live now.

DAVID REICH & KHAN ,who is more superior?

@@user-jp2zw4kw3y Im not all that familiar with David Reich, so cant really make a comment on that. All I can say is that Khan clearly knows his stuff.

He is probably not use to speaking. He sounds a little nervous. But he still did a good job and had a lot of interesting information. I really enjoyed it.

Everybody is unique and has their way. It worked for me.

Why? Listen a bit closer!

I agree. Lots of info delivered too fast is hard to process. And the maps are a good idea, but they aren' t shown long enough to read all they say. This isn't for specialists, it's dissemination; the lecturer and the rest of the team should know better.

Yeah, I'm a Norwegian and understands very little:-/

Early Corded Ware was predominantly R1b L23.

Yes, but a profession of the northern Germanic tribes.

The way I have understood it, the proto germanic language must have come with the Battle Axe culture, considering that it is indoeuropean in nature. The Pitted Ware culture, however, was not (as far as I am aware). The meeting of the two cultures have even been preserved in Norse mythology, with the Aesir (indoeuropean sky gods) waging war with the Vanir gods, before ending it in a peace treaty and hostage exchange. A similar event can be seen in the Olympians overthrowing the Titans in Greece.

@@torbjornlekberg7756 Would the non Indo European words in Germanic would have come from the Funnelbeakers then,in your opinion?

@@johngavin1175 I am uncertain, as I was under the impression that the Germanic language group was an off-shot from indoeuropean. Then again, cultural development (such as language) is usually more complex than we would like to think, with influences of varying degree from different directions. The development of language is not my focus of study, merely something I learned about in its cultural context.

Y'all are the more rational pie folk I've read any links to learn about this it's kinda difficult cause the information is scattered and people like to make fan fictions of these culture it makes me cringe 😬😬😬

@@xanv8051 Pie folk? What does that mean? If you know how to do proper research, the information is not that difficult to find. A visit to the closest university library, or just using Google Scholar, will go a long way. What you see in my comments here are things that I have learned that way, or educated guesses based on that knowledge. If that makes you cringe, then you must not have experience of the humanist sciences.

Finns leave to spread?

And yet you haven't said how you got the Welsh surname of Price.

It was "Preis" which was most likely "Prus" for Prussian a little farther back.

I1 only started to pick up momentum in the Battle Axe Culture that R1a carriers brought into Scandinavia. But more so I1 became more dominant in the region during the Nordic Bronze Age. No one knows for sure how I1 became Nordic exactly, but they are likely ultimately descended from Western Gravettians > Western Euro Hunter Gatherers, and R1a/R1b ultimately from Eastern Gravettians > Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers.

@@dirksharp9876 has any R1b been found in Battle Axe sites?

@@jasonmuniz-contreras6630 Yes, iirc there was even a R1b-u106 find from the Battle Axe period. U106 is the most common clade of R1b among Germanic peoples. Not sure if he was ancestral to modern U106 but it's doubtful because he appears to not have been in a high-status burial, possibly an execution or sacrifice. Most R1b appears to have come in the region many centuries after R1a became very dominant there and most elite burials were R1a until another culture emerged, likely beaker-descended and overwhelmingly R1b as well. For some reason they actually lost the technological ability to make their bronze axes in many cases but they still shaped their stone axes as if they were coming out of bronze molds, which is different to say the least. This regression quickly led to the neolithic dagger period where I1 had the last major founder effect in the region and very quickly they emerged as a new single culture in the Nordic bronze age-proper (as far as archeologists are concerned).

@@dirksharp9876 so if you had to make a good guess, which population brought the language that would eventually become Proto-Germanic? The population high in R1b or the one high in R1a?

@@jasonmuniz-contreras6630 in short, definitely the R1b-dominant population. Chances are there were multiple Germanic parent languages, which include at least 2 Indo-European languages (possibly 3) and no one knows what the I1 carriers spoke but it's safe to assume it was IE with a significant pre-IE substrate. This is similar to how the Greek language developed, there was this Minoan pre-IE substrate that contributed to the IE Mycenaean language and eventually Greek. Modern linguists don't really use Centum vs Satem languages as much but traditionally Germanic is considered a centum language like Celtic and Latin language families which are of course R1b-dominated populations. Satem languages came from a different branch of the Corded Ware Culture and mostly R1a, so like Slavic and Iranic/Scythian languages. And there are strong hints of it in the reconstructed proto-Germanic language. Which is this really beautiful language imo, very different from say modern Danish or Dutch, etc. Tolkien would have liked it, he really loved Gothic (sounds kinda badass actually) which was the most similar language to proto-Germanic.

There are many theories about the meaning of vikingr. People from Vik, or Viken, were never called vikingr or vikings, but vikverir or vikverjar, which does not mean the same. Also, the original Viken included areas in Denmark (Skagerrak) , Norway (Oslofjorden) and Sweden (Bohuslen). In 2017 our politicians decided to merge Akershus, Buskerud, Østfold and Svelvik commune, which used to belong to Vestfold, into one county, which they called Viken. no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viken_(fylke)

@@tintin8602 thanks for the response. You seem to have misunderstood what I wrote. I'm a native Icelander (I also happen to speak all the Scandinavian languages including Danish and German). There are not many theories at least not among scholar's. The Anglo Saxon word "WIC" was for a time believed to be associated with "Vík-ingur" ( WIC beeing the word the Anglo-Saxons used to describe the (war)camps of the Norsemen). There are many places in both Scandinavia and Iceland named "Vík (ie Víkin or Viken)" I live in one for example. But that wasn't my point. The word "Víkingur" firts appers in Anglo Saxon manuscripts before the year 800. And it has been found on rune stones in both Sweden and Denmark. Víkingur or Víkingr same word the "u" and other letters are often skipped in the Icelandic manuscripts to safe space (skin was expensive as was papirus) the pronunciation is the same. Víkverji - Vík-verji (The root of the word verji = verja - meaning to defend)

@@el7is I enterpreted your comment as if you meant that all vikings came from Oslofjorden, which of course isn't correct. I have read that the scholars don't agree on what vikingr means. In my mind as I am native Norwegian and speak this dialect in the West that wasn't influenced by Danish or Swedish, at least far from that much as the dialects in the East were (and the North - because it was forced on the people there), I understand these words like verja/verje. I know that it means to defend. We still use these words. In the East the dialects have been changed so much that very often they don't understand us. Even though we westerners suspect them of not bothering to understand us, cause they're "better" than us 😉 I understand much of the words they speak the Orkney Islands, Shetland and Iceland, because it's so close to our dialect. I had an Icelandic boyfriend. He had never heard of my dialect, he had only heard of the Eastern dialects. He had been living in Oslo many years ago. When he spoke Icelandic slowly I understood very much. When I spoke my dialect he would often say "oh, we have the exact word in Iceland!" Or "you sound like an Icelandic!" When we say where we come from, we have the ending -ing. Like nordfjording, sunnfjording or sogning. Like in viking. And of course, as you say, there are so many bays or vik(s) all over, not just Viken, which has come to be the name of the areas surrounding the Oslofjord and much more. So in my head the word viking "should" mean that you come from a vik or a bay, because that is still how we use this ending -ing. But I have read that the scholars have different opinions about this. So I listen to the scholars, because they are supposed to know, right. But maybe the scholars have agreed now about the meaning, without me being updated on their agreement.

I hope that you read the source references to my first comment as you say that you speak Norwegian. It describes that people from this spesific place, Viken, were called vikverir or vikverjar. There is also a "viking group" from Viken who call themselves "Vikverir", meaning they are from Viken. It's very easy to misunderstand each-other when writing. I hope that I have understood you correctly now and that you understand me.

Even though "verja" means to defend, I want to be careful about saying that "vikverjar" means someone who is defending a bay, presumely this spesific bay called Viken. Maybe they used the word "vikverjar" in those days about someone coming from Viken, as the text says. Naming them Vikingr is not correct though, because that means "viking", and vikings came from many places in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. I hope I'm not seeming to strive to be too "precise" about this. But I like things to be correct. Therefore I'm also sceptic to many of the things mr Kahn is talking about, including this dark skin colour, which no-one actually knows. No-one knows because the scientists don't have the aquipment to find out. And he should know that. Overall I think he is presuming a lot. I would like to know where he takes his information from. It's not mentioned. That is not good when you call yourself a "study of Antiquity and the Middle Ages". Please feel free to comment me if you disagree or want to add something. And likewise, thank you for your answer.

Who was the father of Rurik The Grand?

It wasn't Finnish origins. The word of Rus is Uralic orgin. There was a Viking dwelling in Lake Ladoga. There are 15% Karelian belonging to haplogroup I.

DNA seems to back up the Finnish oragin of the Rurik Dynasty.

Nations have been waging wars for the Green Plains for centuries. but never in history has there been a single war for Lifeless Mountains or Icy Fjords. no one ended up in such places of their own free will. They are Outcasts, driven from the Fertile Plain by their Kind Neighbors. and, following his (typically Scandinavian) craft, the Outcast acquired an unbearable smell of Sad Fish for the inhabitants of the Green Valleys, which excluded the possibility of his reproduction outside the Ice Fjords. someone very harshly mocked the Germans, slipping them a Viking as a hero. the Albanians were also subjected to the same mockery, who were given Skanderbeg as a Hero - a coward, a deserter and a double traitor. Scandinavia is a medieval "Cock's Corner" for the Untouchable Caste, and you thought it was "A Cradle for the Rulers of the Green Plains"? point your finger, where's your Head? No, Baby, it's an Ass!

I boil it down to European at the end of the day. Blacks are Americans in the citizen sense. But they are not the founding stock, which were European.

@@blanketparty5259 dont forget to tell that where Germanic European ;)

@@renatodieke5356 Sure you could say that. But we aren't much different from slavs.

@@blanketparty5259 yeah we are we didn't get captured haha Xd

@@blanketparty5259 plus we inherrit the earth from the romanse

I’m glad he mentioned that there would naturally be a bias. The stereotypes just get worse!

Lol..... u really think history is as easy as you just laid it out.... no....

You can't not farm much in the 🥶

The Norse raiders referred to as the sons of Ragnar "Hairy Britches" Sigurdsson certainly existed, whether they were brothers isn't certain, and some stories of their exploits may have been attributed to Ragnar. I haven't found any references to Ivar Ragnarsson having children, and I suspect that this could explain his nickname. The Norse were savages with the nicknames, just ask my great-grandfather Harm-Fart. Norse teen girls were probably savage even by Norse standards. He did apparently found Dublin.

@@jturtle5318 the founder of our clan was Maccus De Norseman. His father was Undewyn De Norseman. You can trace them back to the kings of Dublin and York.

I'm a Maxwell living in America 🇺🇸 my family came over in the early 1700s. Ty for the info. Cheers 🎉

Got my DNA checked (Father's side) and found we originated from Ethiopia about 25,000 BC, started emigrating northward and settled in the area now known as Serbia, stayed about 3,000 years and started moving again as the ice cap receded. Moved in a NW by north direction and slowly ended up in Denmark. Remained for a few thousand years and then ended up in Ireland. That's all I know.

@@billfarley9167 originated from Ethiopia? You may wanna recheck that lol. There were two migrations after the 'ice age'. West European hunter gatherers from Eurasia came in from the South. And Eastern hunter gatherers from North Eurasia came in from the Northeast. And they met by the coast of Norway and formed the earliest Scandinavian population. Haplo group N is strongest in Finns via ongoing migrations, and I is strongest in Scandinavians. Then Anatolian farmers came, followed by Indo-Europeans from the steppes. They also brought some Asian Q, which is found in Scandinavians and Anglo and Viking settlements - a distant offspring from native Americans. While Sami share some ancestry with Yakutsk and Berber people via a South European ice age refuge. I can assure you that your people did not originate from Ethiopia. The Danes lived in East Denmark in the 500s,separated from the Norwegians and Swedes by Geats and Gutnish people. When the Jutes migrated to Britain in the agricultural collapse of 550, the Danes moved in over Jutland and deserted Angeln and founded the Danish Marches, Danevirke and Hedeby there. On the Jelling Stone it says that they came from the East, ND after that they conquered Scania. In the Viking Age, all Norse people were called Danes or Norsemen, and the Norse language was called Danish Tongue. Those who went East to Greece were called Varangians, and the Baltic Sea was the Varangian Sea in this time. In Finnish the people are Taani and Norja, and Swedes are Ruotsi, similar to Rus. During the ice age there were many migrations into the Scandinavian region both from the Germanic tribes from the eastern plains of Eurasia and Siberia.

@@billfarley9167 the African theory is just an excuse so Afrocentrics can blackwash other people's history.

Every account i read and pictures of northerners were dark or red haired. 30 generations we all had hundreds of thousand if not millions of great grandparents. Dna test can't even tell us what/who those people were

It's the new thing now to start with a narrative and work backwards to support it, ignoring any evidence that refutes it no matter how overwhelming that evidence might be. We are now being told that Stone Hinge was built by Sub-Saharan Africans, along with almost every other stone monolith in Europe and the rest of the world. They claim a sudden mutation turned all of Europe from black Africans into white Europeans in relatively short time. The goal of theirs is to take away all credit of any accomplishments, ancient or otherwise, from Europeans and give it to Sub-Saharan Africans.

Im 100% scandanavian from USA. Had 2 genetic tests done. Have dark brown hair and many of relatives in norway do too. Good point though. Because r1B r1A came from north of black Sea, and before that from western Asia n central Asia.

@@DucDNA not completely true. It's said that the original Europeans were more Middle Eastern in skin tone, not sub-Saharan African. Darker skin and light eyes. Because of the colder darker weather, their skin lightened (some evolution occurs because of adaptations to climate). I do however agree that it seems as though the narrative is to give credit for everything to Sub-Saharan Africans these days.

They're not dark lol

Interesting. From what region is your father ?

The Arnolds came to modern U.S shortly after Jamestown was established. They are descendants of Welsh "Princes" I think the ancestry is from Ynir King of Gwent.

What's your ydna and its specific mutation? Mine is I1a but its a denmark viking variant. My paternal ancestors of recent history is north west Germany.

He's not a linguists, lol. 😅

There likely weren't that many to push out, they were Hunter-Gatherers and lived in symbiosis with nature. When the farmers came, there is evidence of violence but I'd imagine it was a similar story like what happened in the Americas -- the farmers carried many pathogens with them and their culture, most of the WHG who died likely died from this.

James F, Blue eyes came from the Indo Europeans and is a characteristic of Northern Europe. Interestingly, the British were re-colonised by Middle Eastern farmers, from France, about 1000BC. It is thought that they brought P Celtic language with them. It explains why the British are so dark featured.

@@johnpatrick5307 Actually blues eyes and light hair was common among funnel beaker culture (distant cousins of IE through Eastern Europe hunter gathers) in Northern Germany and Scandinavia before the Indo-Europeans arrived, Darker hair and eyes was common among Yamnya/ Indo-Europeans, though the genes for blue eyes and light hair did come from somewhere in the steppes it's frequency and intensity was less until population moved more north. Indo-Europeans are an admixture resulting from interbreeding of Eastern European Hunter-gathers/EGH (ancestors of funnel beaker culture) and Southern Caucasian/ Middle Eastern Hunter-gathers who were darker than EHG. The genes for fore light hair and blond hair probably came from EHG living in steppes of Eurasia. Basically the IE migration/invasion into Scandinavia made them less blonde and light featured if anything.

@@clovebeans713 The Irish (along with the Icelanders) have the highest Indo-European (Aryan) percentage in Europe! - see: Son of Mona.

CORRECTION!: See: Son of Manu (video section).

Through the last few ice ages

Minus the cool Paleolithic mullet though

Looks like what they want you to think Cheddar Man looked like. He probably looked like a darker Spanish type.

@@adventussaxonum448 Facts

@@adventussaxonum448 Well his genes didn’t code for brown eyes or the lighter skin types that came later. But yea the art and a lot of reconstructions are partly subjective

@@adventussaxonum448 i'm sure scholars don't know sh!t, but you do! You are amazing with your daydream speculation

Do you even know what the word "Aryan" means? Just Google it!

Those men wouldn't have tried to attract Fin women. They would have taken them.

They became gradually over 3000 years blonder. Why would they have the same sexual preferences over 3000 years and why would it be the only region where it is so?

Blondes and ve4y light skin is more of a DNA condition, called albinism.

because the blond hair came from the eastern hunter gatherer who spread in Scandinavia and the Baltic , the eastern hunter gathers came in blond, brown and dark hair all of them had pale skin, the western hunter gatherer had slightly darker (olive) skin and blue eyes @@marcopony1897