Water and Classical Civilizations: Crash Course World History 222 

it's not a calendar either, if we're talking about the same thing

Dave Cox, that is correct. I forgot to mention that, thanks!

you can call it "sun stone", since spanish is not they original language neither. Unless you know its name on nahuatl, you can use the english name.

He also mentions a "Maya empire" when the maaya never politically unified: they had many politically independent city-states. These often got into alliances and had dominant/subordinate relationships due to particular royal dyansities of a city spreading their influence via political marriages and installing rulers, but there still wasn't a unified Maya empire.

*Egyptians.

Yes, LIDAR is awesome. And I use that word in the most literal sense because LIDAR is absolutely incredible, changing the way archaeologists gather information about history and learn about past civilizations. Dr. Damian Evans, an archaeologist from the University of Sydney and one of the pioneers of LIDAR research in Cambodia, said that a colleague of his once remarked that LIDAR is to archaeology what PCR is to biology. That is to say, LIDAR is revolutionizing archaeology. His colleague was right! Just 5 months ago in February 2018, archaeologists used LIDAR in the jungles of Guatemala and discovered a whopping 60,000 new Mayan structures, including pyramids, temples, and palaces. They also discovered a collection of Mayan cities connected together by roads. Basically, LIDAR revealed that the Mayan civilization was WAY bigger than anyone had previously thought. And as you probably already know, Dr. Damian Evans himself used LIDAR in 2016 to uncover the lost city of Mahendraparvata in Cambodia. He also used LIDAR to uncover the extent of Angkor, the medieval capital of the Khmer Empire. Using LIDAR, he discovered that Angkor was, indeed, the largest pre-industrial urban metropolis that ever existed on Earth (a finding which reinforced his previous research on Angkor using traditional methods of research). Dr. Evans hypothesized that, with the help of LIDAR, archaeologists may eventually find even bigger cities than Angkor elsewhere. He cited the Mayan civilization as one of these possibilities. I cannot wait for LIDAR to be applied to other places. For that matter, I cannot wait for LIDAR to CONTINUE to be used in Cambodia and Guatemala, both of which still contain vast areas of jungle that remain unexplored. People often say that we were born too late to explore the Earth, but they're wrong! The discoveries made using LIDAR is proof that there remains so much more to discover on our planet.

yeeess!!

Maybe along with mispronunciation incorrect pictures is a thing?

how did you know? i'm impressed.

Pros, both of you. Damn. If we're doin this, then please keep going... Native American studies minor... I'm fascinated with mobility hypotheses and such. Polynesia... Easter Island. Did they come down the peninsula or ride the coast? Or was it an ocean migration that may be why Hawai'i had people on it? So what are the connections and distinctions between Maya and Aztec? How do you tell the calendars apart? N00b question, but college makes me study North America and I have no cultural ties to have taught me...

Darren S No matter how much older I get, if I'm alone, I can not help but sniff my finger if I scratch my bum.

Wow, is there a running joke like that? Huh, I never noticed.

The Mongols fuckin' rule, man. They're the best running gag I've seen in quite a while.

rockCity777 You worked that out quicker than America LIBERTAGE! (The last ones to everything, yeah)

To: Dutchmann Plz send water From: Africa

Mr. Worldwide​ no sorry, 'murica has hydra problems as well and they pay way more. I heard Vegas has some stacks of cash layin' around. Anyway, I'll send €500 worth of vaccines to Uganda to make up for it. K? Bye, love you, don't say I never do things for you.

Glorious Dutch Master Race

Ward Huyskes Tanks m8

My engrish is gr8

+TheSgtkite What timestamp was it at? I feel like an idiot

10:13 The sword icon used to highlight "guide" is the sword the main character from SotC uses. +ThePandaclash

Ha ha, so true.

Onychoprion27 "May you live in interesting times." -- an English expression said to be a Chinese curseAdd to that an increasingly automated production, but an unwillingness to abandon an economic system built on individual productivity.

There's a bunch of episodes where John Green implies the US are the new Roman Empire. The worry is that we'll be defeated by external enemies because we're weak due to growing income inequality.

Krzysztof Jarzyna Income inequality, at least in the US, is pretty significant, and increasing. As for the whole world ... well, a vast portion (I don't have the exact numbers, but easily in the billions) live on a few dollars a day, while the other end of the spectrum--the billion or so in developed countries--casually spend that much on their morning coffee if they're feeling particularly frugal. Desalination systems are extremely energy-intensive, so unless we develop fusion and/or are suddenly willing to spend vast amounts of money to build huge power plants and desalination plants along the coasts, along with the piping infrastructure needed to get that fresh water to inland places (like, say, the American mid-west where the aquifer that fuels most of the US' agriculture is rapidly running out), I don't think we're close to salvation on that front. I've not read much of underwater mining, but I doubt that'd be our salvation, either. A lot of the resources we need, such as Rare Earths, require a lot of processing, which is messy or expensive (Hank did a video on Rare Earths a while back). And replacing resources isn't very easy. Take oil, for example. We could turn coal into oil, but that's a huge waste of energy which amounts to burning fossil fuels to turn fossil fuels into fossil fuels so it can then be burned. It's conceivable to switch our transportation infrastructure, at least partially, with electric vehicles, but those require the aforementioned Rare Earths which even today aren't being mined/refined fast enough to meet up with current demands. Thus trying to use electric cars to fix the oil problem only compounds the resource one. And that's without bringing climate change (rising sea levels, shrinking cropland, double yearly mating season for the pine beetle that's ravaging the Rocky Mountains .... etc.) int the mix. There are no quick and easy solutions for these problems, which is why I feel the next 100 or so years will be 'interesting' to say the least. I certainly hope desalination technology advances enough to become a viable option, and I hope we can at least delay the other problems long enough to come up with a long-term solution.

mshara1 We're weak in a lot of areas. To limit it to income inequality shows that ignorance is high on list of problems.

Krzysztof Jarzyna Rome always had enemies pressing on their borders but a better question is why they were no longer able to defend themselves. Eg. Why did many Roman cities open their gates to barbarians? Also, when the US was expanding in power in the early twentieth, it was the most equal major power. Much like China today. tootz1950 Its not just income inequality, Resource exhaustion is the biggest factor in civilisation collpase but its not a a problem in a post-industrial, post-agricultural societies like the USA.

His point was that precious metals are useless, as precious metals and not just as base minerals, without someone to use them. At the moment, humans are the only someone we know of with certainty.

You're fun at parties aren't you.

FortuitusVideo I think he's fun. He's great at Pictionary.

God humcentrism.

You mean British Honduras?

Call it what you want but Belize is a foreign entity to Honduras and it was completely engulfed in his map by the mayans

Exactly!! what about belie.....it was at the heart of the Maya world....with some really impressive cites.

Poru think he means when he was describing the modern day countries that made up the Mayan civilisation, he completely ignored Belize

@@pablosmith9808 the mayans had more places with more rich stuff then belize

Brace yourself, world-zionist-conspiracy-comments are comming.

One does not simply talk about the middle east

Plusy "nazi jewy technology" -Plusy 2015

Wow, if there's going to be an episode about Israel and Palestine maybe Crash Course will one day do an episode on the former Yugoslavia... That would be awesome!! Btw, John, please, please, PLEASE read "The Myth of Ethnic War" by Chip Gagnon Jr (Cornell University Press) before doing an episode on the break up of Yugoslavia. It's an excellent book and manages to say what most people in the region already know (that people didn't hate each other or suffer from 'ancient ethnic hatred' but that it was the politicians and the political system that led to war) but in an academic and well researched manner.

free palestine! #brkatimachor we only Yugoslavia? balkan wars! more fun

:)

+Assburger King Fact check John Green! XD

+Assburger King the Aztec Calendar was based off the Mayan one and all of the city states made up the empire.

+Brigid Hughes Interesting definition of empire you have. Does that mean that the Ancient Greeks had an empire because their city states colonized places outside Greece? No one talks about the Greeks that way, yet they had more cohesion than the Maya. Many Maya spoke languages that were only distantly related to each other. They had no pan-Mayan festival s like the Greek Olympics etc.

The Maya (Mayans is not correct) were arranged in City States like the Greeks, they had no central ruler or authority and thus cannot be called an empire. Also, you missed Belize when explaining where the Maya civilization was located, yet it is shown in your map.

Maureen Frost but you forgot the Roman Empire the most successful and powerful Empire, that stretched from Syria to the Iberian peninsula who had many cities in between which were City States just like the Mayans. Many spoke a different languages also but they had a common tongue, like the Mayans who most spoke identical Mayan languages but the most popular was the ki’che language. So yes the Mayans has an Empire.

I wouldn't say that, just as it's expanded and gained a larger audience with varying viewpoints - which is where conflict tends to stem from. Introduce already heavily heated subjects into the pot, and... Regardless, I'll be interested to hear what they have to say on the matter of next week's topic, it'll be interesting to say the least. Hopefully it will shed some light on thing I haven't known already.

Morec0 we like to discuss in respect of each other, what would you say about people that comment without even watching the video.

Ibnziyad Tariq They're just a part of that larger audience - yeah, a little weird to call people who rant in the comments an "audience" but they still were attracted to the video by the content it claims to contain, and having to deal with them is no different than going to a liberal-leaned university and having to listen to the occasional street preacher that shows up rantin' about "the gays are going to hell!"

I feel like RU-vid's been the same since 2005 comment wise.

keltic07 Its getting worse. Most conversations were much more polite and intellectual across the internet. No joke. Makes sense when you consider the net started off as CERN workers discussing their fave Star Trek ep, and now, every 7-year old girl in Alabama has high-speed internet on their iphone. Reversion to the Mean.

***** ... Either my reference went over your head, or yours went over mine. No idea which.

***** 10,191 is the year Paul Atreides lands on Arrakis. The year that _Dune_ begins. With Green talking about the dynamics of a water shortage and their effect civilization, I couldn't resist.

aperson22222 C'mon guys, mine all that spice before the Sardaukars show up!

***** It actually meant you knew OP was baiting an answer or someone would obviously post it, it just changed meanings cause of newfags. For example OP would post something like, "Who's the most annoying celebrity in the world" and someone would post inb4 Justin Beiber

My man T^T

ElMango64 The story always repeat... We are the same

Flame wars are coming , brace yourself .

Ahmed Sabbagh sound the alarm

I can't Belize they missed it!

Lucy Hunt Boo! That joke was so bad, I can't Belize you made it! OH MY GOD! THE PUNS ARE CONTAGIOUS! IRAN FOR YOUR LIVES!

I CANTNADA!

HaliTheGreat Quick grab my hand! I can Veniesaveyou!

+Pinhead Larry True...

+Pinhead Larry Wxactly what i thought lol.

I live in northern California and that is not the case

That's only true because we in California are busy growing the best weed indoors

I think it is! Good spot.

+Bloody Pleasant ...Isn't the water in one of them poisonous?

Not sure. I live by Lake Michigan and we have some of the best-quality water in the world.

SO you guys just get a bucket and drink from Lake Michigan

+Guess Who??? lol no

we all secretly hate Belize.

***** Shhh! The people of Belize musn't know...

Where? Oh, you mean British Honduras

culwin Dammmmmn

I honestly can't Belize it.

Same. Love that game

By omppetant I of course mean “important”. No matter what my keyboard would have you believe.

My knowledge of Belize is pretty much limited to Marie Sharp’s hot sauces which, by the way, are delicious!

Chaac, god of western rain and the Solo Lane

KaijinDV smite?

Ma'alob! But when you get deep into Maya mythology, it gets really trippy. There aren't really huge distinctions between one god and the next, they usually mixed up aspects of multiple gods and displayed the same god in multiple ways. I guess you could say the four directional Chaacob are more like subdivisions of one idea of a rain god- and it's not always Chaacob at the four directions, sometimes rather than having purely aquatic Chacoob they can have four Itzamnaj-like dudes with nets over their heads and slightly aquatic elements, such as "ka-comb" fins or shark teeth, like the eastern sun depicted at 2:52. Damn it, I'm ranting again. Sorry, I just get so exited about the Maya when they aren't depicted by ancient alien enthusiasts. : P Just curious, where did your username come from, Volvagia's Blaze?

Madame Catfish well, im a big fan of zelda, and one of my favourite bosses (design wise) is volvagia and well i wanted to complete it by adding something fire related, and blaze is one of my favourite arabic based words, and since irl i have an arabic name so it makes a nice coincidence. i also like the ring to it.

Ah. I love the old game cube Zelda- Majora's Mask was positively brilliant! What's the name of the one where the moon has an angry face? It's been ages since I played.

Because you need a tremendous amount of energy to heat water to its boiling point. Then, let's say you do this in mass production, what do you do with all the salt? You can't just dump in back in the sea in one spot. That could cause who knows how many density and PH complications.

I dunno about you guys, but I can think of plenty of uses for salt-like food preservation or snow melt. Surely there's a way to make it drinkable besides boiling? If not, someone oughta get on that.

Greg Moberg Some desalinisation plants already use non-boiling methods to make water drinkable. Specifically, semipermeable membranes that separate the salt from the water. They're a bit better than plants that boil the water, but still hugely energy intensive. There are other techniques as well, but I'm not sure if any are used on an industrial scale. The waste issue can be a bit more problematic - desalinisation plants don't actually entirely separate the water and salt, as this would be even more expensive. Some water is purified, while the rest becomes a waste stream with a much higher salt concentration than normal seawater, which has to be discharged back into the ocean.

Greg Moberg just wait till we really have a worldwide water shortage. and after that wait till we got one in the developed world. there will be enough people looking for ways to make saltwater fresh. it kinda will be the same as it is with oil. people will always find ways. only the price will rise.

Burying salt is a bad idea. It can mess with the plants that can grow there and has the possibility of effecting something we didn't even anticipate. As for using all that salt, that's more of a temporary solution. The salt will eventually get back into the ocean (or some collection vat since we clean the water before putting back in the water) when we excrete it as waste. There's no problem re-introducing salt, we just have to make sure we spread it fairly evenly. There is so much that is governed by water density directly or indirectly. Water currents, air currents, land temperatures (to an extent), etc. we have to be very careful about how we desalinize on an industrial scale. It can be done right with minimal reproductions, but given humans track record, we'll do something immensely bad.

I'm sure he doesn't know that. Great post. I think we all learned something today.

Geological history is hugely important. To geologists. And mars gravity is close enough to earths for humans to be fine there, currently astronauts have a massive work out regiment on the ISS to maintain muscle work load, just customise that to mars levels.

I was never planning on the people coming back, simple as that. The astronauts on the ISS spend large amounts of time working out, this to prevent and slow muscular and skeletal degradation. Astronauts can get up to four hours exercise in a 16 hour period. So you adjust the length of this for 40% earths gravity as opposed to microgravity of orbit. It will keep the muscles from getting weak. Life finds a way. Seriously, people have boned in space, with 40% earth gravity we can figure that one out. Most space based survival challenges come back to clean air, clean water and clean people. Weak gravity can be completely over come. If anyone wants to read more on this stuff this is a good getting started point. science.howstuffworks.com/exercise-in-space.htm

Jean-Bob Innelemonde Steins:Gate Reference?

Although the giant turtles could not stand upright, one of their many conceptions of the cosmos was the Earth's surface being the back of a gigantic turtle. I guess the world tree could be a sort of bazooka if you really wanted to! XD. There's also this one part of the Popol Vuh where this guy tries to have sex with a giant crab and gets crushed, I can't make this stuff up! By the way, is your username a reference to the Carthiginian, or do you like Thomas Harris novels? Thomas Harris books are the bomb!

Madame Catfish Nice info there. Thanks good madame. As to my username, it is both. I am a fan of Hannibal Barca and Hannibal Lecter. Although Hannibal was a great character only from 'Red Dragon' to 'Hannibal'. After that Thomas Harris went gay for his own creation in my opinion.

Hannibal953able "Thomas Harris went gay for his own creation" LOL, I guess you could put it that way! XD Yeah, I didn't much care for the ending of Hannibal, but it was really interesting to see Harris elaborate on the character outside of jail. Lecter seemed just a little less bitchy when he wasn't in a straight-jacket. Have you ever seen the TV show Hannibal? It's really not as bad as I thought it would be- interesting take on many of the original characters, I think they made Freddy Lounds a lady, if I remember correctly. Beautiful cinematography (if you ignore all the crime scenes and drug induced weirdness).

+Hannibal953able yup

Oliver Luke Impressive.