What IS activation energy, really?

Подписаться 81 тыс.

Просмотров 28 тыс.

50% 1

What is activation energy in chemistry? Where does it come from and why is it so important? Using 3D animations, we look at what gives reactions a high or low activation energy and why it is so important to reaction rates. Along the way, we look at examples, like the science of explosives and rocket fuels.
Kyushu University is one of Japan’s top universities. Check out the link to learn about our science and engineering courses in English: www.eng.kyushu...
‘Ignition’ by John D Clark - I was going to post a link to a free resource but it appears the book is back in print. Since I’m not sure if the legal status of free links has changed, I’ll leave it to you to google it and do the right thing.
More on FOOF: www.science.or...
Image credits:
NASA booster ignition: images-assets.nasa.gov/video/NASA's Space Launch System Booster Passes Major Milestone on Journey to Mars (QM-2)/NASA's Space Launch System Booster Passes Major Milestone on Journey to Mars (QM-2)~orig.mp4
Hypergolic footage from: Toxic Propellant Hazards, • Toxic Propellant Hazards US National Archives
Mercury: NASA images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA11245/PIA11245~orig.jpg
Train explosion: Center for Disease Control: A Review of Recent Accidents Involving Explosives Transport
Mass spectrometer: Mass Spectrometer Service, University of Bath
C4: By Senior Airman Rusty Frank -, Public Domain, commons.wikime...
Rocket test firing photos (before and after explosion): US Navy
Free photos from pexels.com :
Baking: pexels-shvets-production-8900081
Sugar: pexels-suzyhazelwood-2523650
Visit us on Instagram:
/ sannijuroku
Three Twentysix Project Leader: Dr Andrew Robertson
3D animations/production assistant: Es Hiranpakorn
Graphic Design: Maria Sucianto
This video was produced at Kyushu University and supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K02904. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Kyushu University, JSPS or MEXT.

Опубликовано:

2 окт 2024

Ссылка:

Скачать:

Готовим ссылку...

Добавить в:

Мой плейлист

Посмотреть позже

Комментарии : 139

@KevinArdala01 4 месяца назад

Yes, reversible reactions video please! 👍

@brucegoodwin634 4 месяца назад

Yes to all your topic suggestions. I'm on a undergraduate chemistry binge. Super lectures!

@G5rry 4 месяца назад

This glass will "spontaneously" fall to the ground after I push it off the table.

@robertstuckey6407 4 месяца назад

A cat wrote this

@jjreddick377 4 месяца назад

Correct.

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

Yes. The crucial word there is 'after'. So, as @robertstuckey6407 said, you can't blame the cat.

@kapsi 4 месяца назад

It means you don't need to keep pushing it to the ground

@dominicestebanrice7460 4 месяца назад

t's a poor word choice IMHO but we're stuck with it seems; it's definitely a source of confusion for students. When we say "spontaneous" in general usage we typically don't mean "self sustaining once activated'!

@mcpr5971 4 месяца назад

Your channel is a great 2nd-3rd level dive into the physical sciences. I've been watching a ton of physics stuff on youtube, to the point that they are becoming repetitive (Ii'm still extremely thankful for them!). Then I found your channel and I feel like I'm leveling up from all the other great material scientists have contributed. Thank you!

@dysjectamembra5322 4 месяца назад

Listen Doc, Thanks for these videos. Here's to you for doing this stuff, and being honest and clear about it.

@BirdFinder 4 месяца назад

Love all your videos. Very educational and all presented.

@siglec1 4 месяца назад

I'm really grateful for your videos! Thanks for delving a bit deeper while still explaining topics so clearly. We'd love to see a video about reversible reactions.

@ayaanchopra5755 22 дня назад

pls make a vid on an overview of chemistry and how to model and visualize certain basic things like kinetics,thermodynamicsetc. so that we can better understand when we read their application,like clearing misconceptions,thanks

@LiborTinka 4 месяца назад

Thanks! You could also make a video about self-ionization (autoionozation) and homoassociation - I am struggling with understanding this and there is little information on encyclopedia. For example, the salt called sodium diacetate (the "salt & vinegar" flavor from Pringles) is a solid of two molecules of acetic acid and one (!) molecule of sodium. The "complex" is neutral because the two acid molecules share hydrogen atom. But how is that possible? I don't understand the dotted line - how can hydrogen be stuck between two molecules of acid like that? Another typical example is hydrogen fluoride and I think iodine does that, too (the triiodide ion). I think this topic can make your video interesting as you can show how the fluoroantimonic acid (the superacid) works, as it's one such "complex" - the dihydrogen fluoride cation and hexafluoroantimonate anion - it's not just hydrogen bonded to weak nucleophile as in normal acid, but this weird fluoride cation. Thanks for your videos, these are very informative and helful for self-learners like me - especially for revisiting the fundamentals.

@DeVibe. 4 месяца назад

M + F → MF is a very low activation energy reaction

@PRADEEPCHANDRATHAPLIYAL 2 месяца назад

Sir, with all due respect, you're doing a great job. You never fail to make me smile at how fascinating chemistry is. As an aspiring researcher in the field, I hope I see you in my feed more often❤

@alexandervoytov4966 4 месяца назад

Very good intro! I'd add more math to show Arrhenius law equation. I'm kind of a math person to go forward from an equation for: 1. Any complex multistage chem reaction could be easily described as a superposition of several reactions each of them has Arrhenius's nature and a cumulative Arrhenius equation can describe a multistage reaction ; 2. if a chem reaction has several physical stages, like liquid kerosene combustion, when kerosene is vaporizing first and chem reaction going on in gas phase only, such complex transition could be described by cumulative Arrhenius equation as well! Chemistry is easy with math!

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

That is an excellent point and it's actually what happens with the rate equations (which is where we're headed with this series). That said, it's the activation energy of the rate determining step that makes the biggest difference since AE is an exponential term in the Arrhenius equation. But we'll talk about that in Transition States v. Intermediates, coming up.

@playgroundchooser 4 месяца назад

I voted for the title, so I'd better watch the video right away. 😁

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

I'm keeping track!

@MohamedSaad-xj2ri Месяц назад

I wanna you to dedicate video about reversable reaction, Actualy, I'm not a native English speaker, but I really enjoy learing with suck an amazing teacher like you, thank you so much

@raphaelhernandez7110 4 месяца назад

top 10 chemsitry youtubers of all times!

@netional5154 4 месяца назад

It has always bothered me when I read explanations like 'an exothermic reaction releases heat'. Your explanations are filling in the gaps. It's the increased kinetic energy of the reactants, either directly by being attracted and exchanging potential for kinetic energy or indirectly by subsequently transferring this kinetic energy to other electrons/atoms/molecules by crashing into them.

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

If you like this, make sure you're subscribed so you can catch the series on thermodynamics.

@jeremiahreilly9739 4 месяца назад

Love love love your presentations. Thank you. More topics? Anything that interests you.

@tamilbiology5078 4 месяца назад

How enzymes lower the activation energy? Kindly explain

@babynautilus 4 месяца назад

when a substrate binds to a protein, the whole thing can undergo a conformation shift pushing molecules together in the orientation that is favorable for a reaction. the amino acids that make up the protein will also have certain side chains exposed in the active site, that influence the chemical and charge environment right where it needs to be!🤯

@butterw55 4 месяца назад

1:58 Disappointed you didn't use a cat to do this. This is the **internet**, for God's sake!

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

Dammit, you're right!

@jonathanazenon8731 4 месяца назад

Please a video on reversible reactions! Honestly this is my favorite channel to keep learning about topics we touched in undergrad. Keep up the amazing content

@mismail4965 11 дней назад

Dear Dr I am prof Ismail from pakistan.ur videos are quite informative.i would like to ask about examples of reactions with negative activation energy

@lastchance8142 Месяц назад

Excellent discussion of the topic! Would love to see you produce a video describing the operation of enzyme catalysts

@ahmadmunibhanifi3546 4 месяца назад

Thanks alot very useful....can I ask you to make a video about Benzene Molecule and that's isomers...?

@fberron 2 месяца назад

Super lecture! Thanks Suggestion: The famous Haber-Bosch Process and why we are 8 billion people

@KOKAYI69 2 месяца назад

Methane and H2 lower activation energy requirements!🎉

@oink54321 Месяц назад

4:30 ... Given the way the Amazon carriers around here handle my boxes I think I *could* buy a box of glasses hanging in the air by simply ordering a box of glasses and waiting for the delivery guy. But, sure, point taken.

@foobarf8766 Месяц назад

Helium the first in stellar nucleosynthesis? It is H1 i thought (isotropic orbital)? More on orbitals and reversible reactions please! Kia ora from New Zealand!

@EveK-North 15 дней назад

So, it's safe to say that activation energy is the same as bond breaking energy (bond disassociation energy)? When determining if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic, we compare the energy released in forming bonds in the product compared to the activation energy invested in breaking?

@johnmosheim 2 месяца назад

would activation energy be somewhat like chemical inertia?

@youdontknowme6523 3 месяца назад

Can someone suggest me similar channels for organic chemistry, physics and biology?

@chenyongyan6664 Месяц назад

If friction is breaking bonds, why is heat released

@Just_mind_______ 2 месяца назад

The minimum energy that a molecule must posses to react is activation energy. End of discussion 🙌

@Archiekunst 4 месяца назад

Great video. I recently saw a poscast between kate the chemist and neil degresse tyson, and according to your explanation they misexplained hydrohelic acid presuming it's simply a nuclear reaction and does not involve orbitals because they are empty. Which makes me think too, how does a proton occupy an empty electronic orbital?

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

Ooh, very interesting, I'll have to track that one down. But very simply, chemists work with the concept of empty orbitals all the time, whereas physicists appear to treat orbitals as fundamentally being an aspect of the electron, so I'm not surprised that Neil deGrasse Tyson has a different point of view. From a chemistry point of view, however, the only peculiar thing here is that it's helium that's acting as a base.

@deepdusto 4 месяца назад

I love your thinking style (very few have that) but then you use some extra vocabulary like 'casual knocks', 'external knocks' and some more ... that I and many readers would not know ... so it becomes a bit of struggle to understand.

@chaoticrampage4160 4 месяца назад

Around 10 yeas ago I provided 200 grams of black powder in a closed ball mill jar the activation energy to deflagrate by shaking it in my hands.

@JamesVestal-dz5qm 2 месяца назад

Lots of freshman enjoy experiencing the release of free energy as glass falls from the benchtop!

@dibaldgyfm9933 Месяц назад

Cliff hanger. Dud you put a mattress under the table? It is such a cute little glass and I'd hate that you had to sweep all the glass splinters afterwards. And more: the bio electric activation energy to get muscles to make the arm move and push, that one is the answer to bonus section. ❤ At least that is what I thought you would say. ❤

@abu-karz 2 месяца назад

So you're saying the emf or the source voltage of an electrical energy is the activation energy required to move the charges all throughout the complete circuit ? Sweet sense making logic!

@mykeprior3436 4 месяца назад

Why can I not untoast bread? Given enough energy assuming previous reaction products present in closed system

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

That's entropy. And we'll get there in a future video.

@noway8233 2 месяца назад

And i was looking " Baking Bad" and sudenly i got an interest in chemistry😅

@johnphillips2479 2 месяца назад

Noble peace ✌️ prize😂 he ABYSS bound😮

@JeevanK-n5q 2 месяца назад

Man whered your glass go did they lose their kinetic energy 😅😅

@sasokompa3337 Месяц назад

Do you wanna be my mentor? I learn more from you than my professors and books 👀

@maxihernan8978 4 месяца назад

La explosión en Beirut 😮, por ejemplo

@notconnected3815 4 месяца назад

Choleric people also have a low activation energy 😉

@muscovyducks Месяц назад

good stuff. stoked about the transition state vid!

@borispetrovchich3141 2 месяца назад

Outstanding episode - thank you !!

@LucasVieira-ob6fx 4 месяца назад

The (re)action that haves the highest activation energy is getting up in the morning

@GeoffryGifari 4 месяца назад

Hmmm how does activation energy work in terms of transition state and molecular potential energy for something like nitroglycerin? Is there no transition state/the electron orbitals are "stretched" enough already so an explosive reaction can occur through simple contact?

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

The activation barrier is still there, it's just very low.

@erikzachar4187 4 месяца назад

I'll be so glad if you made a video about volatility or about topics like fluorescence, phosporoscence, non-binding interactionst

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

Fluorescence, phosphorescence and chemiluminescence added to the list!

@stargirl1337 4 месяца назад

Hey Any chance u could make a video on electrochem? BTW gr8 vids they rrly help with school.

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

Electrochemistry will definitely come but it's a fair way down the list, I'm afraid. For now, I recommend that you do your best to understand reversible reactions. Once you understand how those works, electrochemistry is just reversible reactions done with a wire for the electrons to move one way and a salt bridge for the ions left behind, to move in the opposite way.

@DemiImp 4 месяца назад

Friction can include elastic deformation and isn't always from bond destruction

@maxime3648 4 месяца назад

Elastic deformation is bond destruction

@DemiImp 4 месяца назад

@@maxime3648 No, that's plastic deformation.

@maxime3648 4 месяца назад

@@DemiImp plastic deformation is bonds breaking up and forming back with other atoms, as opposed with elastic deformation where the bonds are streched but not broken

@DemiImp 4 месяца назад

@@maxime3648 ...... Yes. Exactly. Friction can be from elastic deformation between two surfaces. It doesn't require bond destruction.

@maxime3648 4 месяца назад

@@DemiImp i think i misread the first message sry

@Grateful92 4 месяца назад

The past is full of smoothed surfaces 😅

@Richardincancale 4 месяца назад

Friction is chemical energy? Where would you put van der Waals forces (as beloved of geckos feet) - would you put that in a chemistry book or a physics book? :-)

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

That's an excellent point. Personally, I'd categorise van her Waals forces as a chemical interaction, and therefore, a form of chemical potential energy but others might disagree.

@alansharples9520 2 месяца назад

Great Video, when I was 12 I said to a physics teacher that the conservation of mass in chemical reactions was wrong , energy loss must mean a mass loss. He said go and ask the Chemistry teacher ! .I've only ever seen one mention of this in a Brian Cox film. I bet many chemists would say that mass loss was only happening in nuclear reactions. It is about time they updated on this. Keep up the great work

@danahansen5427 2 месяца назад

While correct, the change in mass for the energy loss/gain in most chemical reactions is typically not measurable with available equipment.

@douglasfurtek7637 4 месяца назад

Little did I know at the time that my "polishing" of the Angkor Wat Apsara would contribute so much to science.

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

You must have been very busy!

@versus_x 4 месяца назад

Electron spin video please 🙏

@BradleyLayton 4 месяца назад

I would love to look at how to apply these concepts to pulling rare earth elements and critical elements from coal fly ash quantitatively. Thanks in advance for sharing technical resources.

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

That would be a better topic for thermodynamics, where we look only at the beginning and the end. As for 'quantitatively' I would think that is unlikely to be an efficient process.

@notconnected3815 4 месяца назад

Is it actually possible for a reaction to stop completely? Or does it just react verry verry slowly? Because by pure chance there will always be a few molecules reacting, even on low temperature, right?

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

That's true. Generally, when people say something 'doesn't happen' we mean it's insignificant. But there are times when extreme purity is required where those processes become significant.

@dominictarrsailing 4 месяца назад

activation energy of a friends wedding resulting in the reaction of getting a haircut if there are some molecules that have low activation energy to break apart and so much lower energy state after the reaction (such as non-mixture explosives) then how is it possible to produce the molecule in the first place?

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

Well, you either have to be very careful or conduct the synthesis at low temperature. I think the latter case is more common in a laboratory.

@dominictarrsailing 4 месяца назад

@@ThreeTwentysix got it thanks!

@jareddkearns 4 месяца назад

Eyring was ROBBED

@RJHarvey272 4 месяца назад

Heeeey! Another Eyring fan!

@elijahl-s5184 2 месяца назад

I love chemistry

@triple_gem_shining 4 месяца назад

Absolutely love your videos

@danahansen5427 2 месяца назад

From the 'Timing is Everything' department, this appeared in my feed the same day (today) as a walk with my granddaughter to the coffee shop where (as is typical) a rabbit chase of topics occurred, in this case starting with dying weeds/weed killer, progressed through 2,4-D, then Agent Orange, to dioxins and why they were present, to reactions (with a momentary side trip to the accident in Italy in the 60s (date unsure), to reaction pathways (making 2,4-D endothermic, making dioxin from 2,4-D exothermic, causing the runaway reaction referred to above), then discussing the whole endo- & exothermic bit & reaction pathways when we got to the coffee shop. (With a side discussion about the difference between starch & cellulose for good measure.) I've forwarded your video to her to help her understand reaction pathways. Tl; Dr your talk on chemical reactions dovetailed with mine, the youngster benefitting. Thanks for the clear description and keep up the good work!

@youdontknowme6523 3 месяца назад

Thanks professor ❤

4 месяца назад

You asked me to click the like button, but I can't, as I already did it earlier! (This comment was left for the algorithm 😄)

@Pedro.Navarro.25 2 месяца назад

Of course we want one or more videos about reversible reactions and equilibrium, thank you for these videos.

@nonamecukubik Месяц назад

Man... I love you!

@elijahl-s5184 2 месяца назад

Yes, if you have time, a video on understanding the difference btw reversible and irreversible processes and a video on entropy would be greatly appreciated.

@MCDainter 4 месяца назад

Have you heard of the new glueball partical? Links to the furst ever formations of matter at the start of the universe. Love the video!

@anekartrelaxationfilms6813 3 месяца назад

A reaction with low activation energy will occur spontaneously, a reaction with high activation energy will need energy from external source such as electricity, sun etc. A substance with higher potential energy always has a higher activation energy and vice versa. Some exothermic reactions may not be spontaneous but when started will use the heat release to further the reaction. Endothermic reaction almost always need to be supplied with external energy to further their reactions.........U did well sir👍❤

@stibiumowl 2 месяца назад

20:10 Oh yes thos s also my favorite compound. 20:59 LOL a böack screen. So space is a broken mobile phone? 😉10:53 Thanks for explaining why the safety is indeed uaefull. Still anoying as it often gets or feels exagerated.

@mikesady3041 4 месяца назад

Well thanks for everything I've learnt watching your video doc. Nicely done. Instant favourite, admire the way you're explaining it, big time . Also your sence of humour makes me feel in AAA part Big thanks and hugs

@jelly-johnbobster2283 4 месяца назад

This may solve the mystery of why the buttered side of the bread lands face down if dropped 😲

@dcborgeson 4 месяца назад

3:27-3:55 😁

@davecorry7723 2 месяца назад

Very good ...

@aleccoles5557 4 месяца назад

This was really well explained, especially with the animations. Thanks

@seekingrafael5630 4 месяца назад

I would love a video about statistical mechanics. Cheers!

@Cs13762 3 месяца назад

These videos are so helpful for me. Thank you!!

@NotSure416 4 месяца назад

A video on the mechanics of electrolysis would be awesome.

@noelbreitenbach8673 4 месяца назад

Love your videos, like they’re always well put together bro

@atomicity.probably 4 месяца назад

thanks!

@DuyNguyen-n7m8s 4 месяца назад

Good🎉🎉

@ShihabEl-dinAmir 4 месяца назад

great and useful explanation professor , thank you

@ostateczny_nurt 4 месяца назад

do you have a book? i would buy that instantly

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

Not yet. For the time being, this channel is my book!

@arbordianae 4 месяца назад

i would enjoy an equilibrium video :)

@lautaromorales2903 4 месяца назад

Excelent video. I can't wait for the N2 video! Is there a way to obtain the Activation Energy besides the K from the velocity law? (v=K[A]....)

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

You can predict it with computer modelling, but experimental evidence is always king.

@ShivamSoni-uz5xw 4 месяца назад

0:58

@ruperterskin2117 4 месяца назад

Right on. Thanks for sharing.

@carly09et 4 месяца назад

Three minutes in AND a question: how is 'Activation Energy' related to entropy? your examples were all entropic cliffs..

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

In terms of the overall reaction, it's not related because the entropy of a reaction only depends on where you started and where you finished, not how you got there. But there is an 'activation entropy' which is a measure of how the entropy within the molecules changes to form the transition state.

@Archiekunst 4 месяца назад

I'd say the entropy is hidden in the difference between the initial and final states. That difference is actually the free energy of the reaction which is also expressed as enthalpy (heat of the reaction) - temperature × entropy. This is thermodynamics and tells if and how much something will happen but tells nothing of how long it will take. The activation energy is different and is kinetics, as in how fast something will happen.

@akarshpandey6135 4 месяца назад

Bruh broke glass for us😊

@ThreeTwentysix 4 месяца назад

I'll let you in on a secret - the glass didn't break. I really like this glass, so I was crouched by the table, pushing it along with my right hand, while my left hand was under the table ready to catch it. All while trying to keep my head out of shot. This was not an easy shoot.