What is Literature? by Adv Yasin Shakir in Urdu/Hindi 

Respected Shakir sb, Masha Allah! You are a wonderful elaborator!

Best video sir

Ma sha Allah 🥰

Literatures enables us to become a better person..I wish everybody gets habitual of literature to get a good exposure of life

بڑی اچھی وضاحت

Nice sr...

literature is also a aestheic pleasure of life

Sir g zbrdst bht acha lecture deliver keya h

Nice lecture sir

[11/5, 3:01 PM] Ali Haider: Sometimes, an object or a person can represent something other than what it literally is. For example, when you see the American flag, you see more than just a pattern on cloth. It represents the country as a whole. This type of representation is called symbolism. It's a very common literary device, and often adds meaning to the novel beyond what is literally being said or described. One place we can see examples of this is in Joseph Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness. [11/5, 3:03 PM] Ali Haider: In Heart of Darkness, every person and everything mean more than what we find on a superficial level. A symbol is used to imply a hidden meaning behind the surface [11/5, 3:05 PM] Ali Haider: Darkness The symbol of darkness opens the novella, when Marlow is on the yacht on the Thames: "And this also," he says, speaking of England, "has been one of the dark places on earth." He means that the land and its peoples were primitive before the Roman conquest, a parallel to European colonial control of Africa. Light and peace is here now, Marlow implies, but "darkness was here yesterday." Once Marlow's story is well under way, he says, "We penetrated deeper and deeper into the heart of darkness" (Part 2, Section 2). There is literal darkness in the jungle and the waters of the river. But he also says that the suffering of the indigenous people and the evil in the hearts of the Company agents is a metaphoric darkness, a darkness of the unknown, of difference, and of blindness. The most important metaphoric darkness is that revealed in Kurtz's heart and symbolized by the decapitated heads of native men displayed like decorative knobs on his fence posts. There, they are "black, dried, sunken, with closed eyelids." These heads and the grisly fence stand as enduring symbols of Kurtz's depravity. Kurtz, then, symbolizes the darkness of the colonizers' lost morality, but there is also a sense in which Kurtz is the victim of the darkness of the jungle. Marlow comments on "how many powers of darkness claimed him for their own" in trying to explain his descent into depravity. Ivory Ivory symbolizes the greed of the Europeans. It is a consuming passion for them, the lure that draws them to Africa. It has become like a religion to them: "The word 'ivory' rang in the air," Marlow says when he is at the Outer Station. It "was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it." Ivory, which is white, is the one thing of value that the Europeans in Heart of Darkness find in dark Africa. But ivory is also equated with darkness and corruption. Marlow muses that Kurtz had been captivated by the wilderness, which had "taken him, loved him, embraced him, consumed his flesh" until he had lost all his hair, his bald head now looking like an "ivory ball." When Kurtz is on the verge of dying, just before he says his last words, Marlow notes his "ivory face." Ivory no longer has value; it is a thing of evil, which is what Kurtz became. Dark Wool The knitting of dark wool by two women at the Company office in Brussels reinforces the symbol of darkness in the novella. The women are the knitters of funeral shrouds, used in death, the ultimate darkness. It is fitting that the work in a city that always reminds Marlow of a "whited sepulchre," or tomb. Marlow is disturbed by the women's indifference to him, which foreshadows the colonizers' indifference to death, both literal and figurative, throughout the novella. The older woman gives Marlow an eerie feeling: "She seemed uncanny and fateful," he says. Marlow says that he often thought of those women "guarding the door of Darkness, knitting black wool." Knitting and weaving, viewed as women's work in Conrad's time, conventionally represent matters of life and death in literature, and Conrad builds on this tradition. In A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (1812-1870), Madame Defarge secretly uses her knitting to weave into cloth the names of people to be killed. The convention relates back to Greek mythology, in which the Fates use thread to measure the length of a person's life, cutting it when it is time to die. However, in Greek mythology there are three Fates, who represent birth, life, and death. In Conrad's scene there are but two, representing, presumably, life and death, as they work on cloths for the Company's workers, who are well past birth and likely to face death. Harlequin When Marlow arrives at the Inner Station, he is greeted by a young Russian man dressed in clothes that are covered with bright blue, red, and yellow patches. The young man looks as if he is escaped from a troupe of mimes. Marlow compares him to a harlequin, something that does not fit in the African jungle. The harlequin's presence ironizes the tragedy of the situation and suggests another literary convention: the wise fool, although the Russian seems more naive than wise. Drums As Marlow pilots the steamboat up the river, he hears drums, which he finds unsettling but intriguing, calling it a sound "weird, appealing, suggestive, wild." He also senses that the drums have "as profound a meaning as the sound of bells in a Christian country." The meaning escapes him, though. As the boat continues upriver and he hears drums again, it is unclear to all the Europeans whether the drumbeat meant "war, peace, or prayer." At the Inner Station, when Kurtz wanders ashore one night as his followers beat the drums, Marlow reflects that he had been driven "towards the gleam of fires, the throb of drums." When Marlow stands outside the door of the Intended, he thinks back to "the beat of the drum, regular and muffled like the beating of a heart-the heart of a conquering darkness." The drums, then, are the sound equivalent of the jungle-an aspect of the environment that is mysterious, uncivilized, and both attractive and destructive. [11/5, 3:06 PM] Ali Haider: The title of the novel, the Heart of Darkness, too has symbolic meaning. Geographically, the heart of darkness is Africa, where barbarism and savagery is rampant, but psychologically, the heart of darkness is within all of us. It is in our mind, in our subconscious, hidden and disguised in the form of civilized one. Our greed and the ill intention towards others is dark. Thus, the heart of darkness is nowhere but inside us. Finally, Marlow’s whole journey into the Congo is symbolic. This journey can be taken as the journey of Marlow into his subconscious or a journey into the subconscious mind of humankind. In physical terms, it is the journey towards Congo, an interior of Africa, a dark continent, but in symbolic terms it is the psychological and mystical journey.o

Amazing

Great

Umdah

Wow.. Masha Allah.. sir Allah bless you bhht ziada impressive .. i love your method the way you teach..

Very good n informative

JazakAllah.

Sir I like your style of teaching.

Representation of life through text is Literature 😊

Very informative sir thanx Great teaching method...

Thank you! Sir May ALLAH bless you!

Informative video. Kindly share such lectures daily.

Sir urdu adab agr padhni h to shuruat kahan se ki jaye plz btaye...

interesting teaching

Awsome explanation

AELICS is new English Language channel where new learners can learn English easily plz support AELICS..

Sir plz plz reply b jald karogy and help b karogy sir may bot paryshan hu.

Amazing lecture ❤

Sir u teach very well.

Waooow ,it's so Marvellous , In Really Amazing and helpful way ,it Is Explained.... JazakAllah Khairan Sir.

Make video about the list of research top ( economic, finance accounting)

Wonderful lectures ❤️

Thanks sir your leacture method is very amazing plz sir experimantilism in literature per leacture dedo

Sir mujy theories may bot problems hai. Kaisy k bow wow theory,the pooh pooh theory ,the yo he ho theory,ta theory, and the LA LA theory.sir plz Zara different examples sy har 1 samja dy k itny points mil jaiy k may questions py kuch points to likh saku

Mashallah, bhot khoob

sir great video please make more

Impressive sir thank you so much ❤

Literature is fine art in the form of written or etc.

Sir what is national literature please write definition.

Sir ap ka lecture bot informative hai awaz bot sad hai tariqa b samjany ka bot bot great hai examples b bot standard k hai mgr sir board ki writing belqul nazar nahi aati.

Amazing

Sir urdu adab agr padhni h to shuruat kahan se ki jaye plz btaye...

Wonderful