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What Makes Us Human? - with Adam Rutherford 

The Royal Institution
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We like to think of ourselves as exceptional beings, but are we really any more special than other animals?
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Adam's "The Book of Humans" is available now: geni.us/PSUT
Humans are the slightest of twigs on a single family tree that encompasses four billion years, a lot of twists and turns, and a billion species. All of those organisms are rooted in a single origin, with a common code that underwrites our existence. This paradox - that our biology is indistinct from all life, yet we consider ourselves to be special - lies at the heart of who we are.
In an original and entertaining tour of life on Earth, Adam Rutherford will explore how many of the things once considered to be exclusively human are not: we are not the only species that communicates, makes tools, utilises fire, or has sex for reasons other than to make new versions of ourselves. Evolution has, however, allowed us to develop our culture to a level of complexity that outstrips any other observed in nature.
Watch the Q&A: • Q&A: What Makes Us Hum...
Dr Adam Rutherford is a science writer and broadcaster. He studied genetics at University College London, and during his PhD on the developing eye, he was part of a team that identified the first genetic cause of a form of childhood blindness. He has written and presented many award-winning series and programmes for the BBC, including the flagship weekly BBC Radio 4 programme Inside Science and The Curious Cases of Rutherford & Fry with Dr Hannah Fry. He is the author of two previous books, Creation, which was shortlisted for the Wellcome Trust Prize, and A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived.
Our chair for the evening, Dr Hannah Fry, is an Associate Professor in the mathematics of cities from University College London. In her day job she uses mathematical models to study patterns in human behaviour, and has worked with governments, police forces, health analysts and supermarkets. Her TED talks have amassed millions of views and she has fronted television documentaries for the BBC and PBS; she also hosts the long-running science podcast, ‘The Curious Cases of Rutherford & Fry’ with the BBC.
This talk and Q&A was filmed in the Ri on 12 September 2018.
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6 ноя 2018

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Комментарии : 162   
@DamianReloaded
@DamianReloaded 5 лет назад
I said: I'm not going to watch this now I gotta sleep... and then I watched it all. Super interesting and very amenably presented. Kudos!
@CandidDate
@CandidDate 5 лет назад
Atheist religion is science. Teachers become preachers. Observatories become dirty churches. Imitating God, we write useless books.
@DamianReloaded
@DamianReloaded 5 лет назад
Ignorance is religion. Which can be useful when you don't have science at hand and you need to combat, for example, syphilis.
@CandidDate
@CandidDate 5 лет назад
@@DamianReloaded I see a trinity here: a disease, a cure for a disease, and a reason why there is a cure. Seems science has forgotten all the "whys" and skipped to the "how to's", if you get my meaning...
@DamianReloaded
@DamianReloaded 5 лет назад
Call me when you can make your phone work without science.
@NikeAssassin1
@NikeAssassin1 2 года назад
Thought I was the only one lol. This is good stuff.
@TheWraithkrown
@TheWraithkrown 5 лет назад
Excellent and entertaining lecture. I normally lean more towards the physics and cosmology lectures but this one held my interest, even through the question and answer period. Thanks RI and Mr Rutherford.
@Czeckie
@Czeckie 5 лет назад
I'm in the middle of the lecture and I can already tell that I don't want it to end ever
@MarianVasile1
@MarianVasile1 5 лет назад
Amazing talk, I've learned so much. Watching it again. The Q&A also has some treasure pieces, especially at the end.
@ssiddarth
@ssiddarth 5 лет назад
Thank you so much for posting such amazing lectures 🤗👍👌
@TheRoyalInstitution
@TheRoyalInstitution 5 лет назад
You're very welcome.
@maan7715
@maan7715 5 лет назад
The fire starting kites are amazing. Never heard of that before.Every year we learn new amazing things about birds. They are definitely smarter than we thought. SO the last dinosaurs are not a complete embarrassment then.
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
I mean Corvids man Corvids.
@casteretpollux
@casteretpollux 3 года назад
I read this up in 2019 and it is not 100% accepted as an actual thing.
@jb_
@jb_ 5 лет назад
Fascinating lecture, cheers Adam!
@MrJayPuff
@MrJayPuff 5 лет назад
Excellent lecture!
@PaulHattle
@PaulHattle 5 лет назад
Very good. I really enjoyed that lecture. Thank you, Adam :)
@subtoshinja
@subtoshinja 3 года назад
want me to tell him in person?
@importantname
@importantname 5 лет назад
We think we as a species are more important than everything else.
@josephgalarneau7177
@josephgalarneau7177 5 лет назад
I have, for a while now, considered the only difference between us and animals is arrogance.
@siddified
@siddified 4 года назад
@@josephgalarneau7177 and dishonesty
@truthseeker4491
@truthseeker4491 5 лет назад
Very nice study....
@martinirving3824
@martinirving3824 4 года назад
I think Richard Wrangham figured out. It's cooking food (that makes us human). We're the only animal capable of deliberately,and routinely, cooking our own food and it is our preference to do so. (We are not the only animal that prefers cooked food, just that we can have it whenever we want). Arguably, the industrial food supply (processed, pre-cooked) is making us less human (more diabetic and very sick).
@teresabaptista7016
@teresabaptista7016 5 лет назад
Best lecture ever. Thank you, Adam.
@subtoshinja
@subtoshinja 3 года назад
want me to tell him in person?
@teresabaptista7016
@teresabaptista7016 3 года назад
@@subtoshinja Thanks, but i believe he got it two years ago.
@anthealogan777
@anthealogan777 2 года назад
Adam’s greatest fan here!
@minarenoir6342
@minarenoir6342 5 лет назад
Surely cruelty is what sets us apart. The use of violence of various levels of sophistication concomitant with the awareness of the torment it causes another, and its pointlessness considering we are rarely in a position where we need to hurt another to survive, is sadly what defines us the most.
@somedragontoslay2579
@somedragontoslay2579 5 лет назад
I'm not so sure. Many other animals use violence, are quite sophisticated for the technical means they have and seem it to do it pointlessly or for pleasure. About being aware of others torment, it seems impossible to know for us since we aren't able to communicate with them and concience is hard to pinpoint outside of direct communication even among us humans.
@1984potionlover
@1984potionlover 4 года назад
Do some research into animal behaviour, and you will find that it's not just humans who are violent, just because they choose to be and not just as a function of hunting , or fighting for the sake of things like territory, and breeding rights etc. You could start with chimps(not the bonobos). Jane Goodall's research is a great place to start. Cheers!
@siddified
@siddified 4 года назад
@@1984potionlover all those animals lack the level of development of the frontal lobe that humans have. They might inflict pain or torture upon other animals but mostly not for similar reasons as humans, although some seemingly questionable exceptions in relatively intelligent animals have been observed. Usually resembling a form of vengeance. Yet they invariably seem related to survival instincts and not petty grudges as you would see in humans. Btw chimps have somewhat comparable psychology to humans, as our closest genetic cousins. In many ways chimps are very different from other animals as well and quite similar to humans. So they do similar things. As a more relevant case example, cats often play with their prey, a mouse for example. It's extremely cruel for the mouse but to the cat it's no different than them playing with a stuffed toy or for a human child to play with the food on their plate. There's no malicious intent in it and the object is not to inflict torture because they are not even aware of how their food feels about it.
@user-ul5pt1yb8z
@user-ul5pt1yb8z 5 месяцев назад
Thanks a lot
@cosmicwakes6443
@cosmicwakes6443 5 лет назад
Biologists must not forget when trying to define man that social relations also play a major role if not the primary role.
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
yes indeed
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
Memes not Genes
@WilliamAftonzy
@WilliamAftonzy 8 дней назад
Selecting all images of traffic lights
@MrJiddukrishhesse
@MrJiddukrishhesse Год назад
awesome
@rs5352
@rs5352 4 года назад
At the end he says we can dismiss group selection, but then he follows that by saying that his theory is a form of group selection. So I’m confused. 😢
@DavidBrant
@DavidBrant 5 лет назад
Didn't know Adam & Hannah Fry were married? Curious cases got curiouser! :)
@arnorrian1
@arnorrian1 5 лет назад
Work married.
@subtoshinja
@subtoshinja 3 года назад
theyre not. adam rutherford is my dad, and i can tell u now, theyre not
@sent4dc
@sent4dc 5 лет назад
25:40 as a representative of the "bony eared ass fish" tribe I'm officially offended.
@josephpeters5681
@josephpeters5681 5 лет назад
Bacteria from space sounds legit
@tom255uk
@tom255uk 5 лет назад
See: Terence McKenna
@OEHOEH100
@OEHOEH100 5 лет назад
one more kind of #Yuval Noah Harari version #2018 😴 i have at least 20 books... but keep going 💖 cant wait 4 #christmas_lectures_2019_RI 💞💞💞💖💖🍃🍂🍁
@juanzaval
@juanzaval 2 года назад
Our parents, our family and then the society try
@NetAndyCz
@NetAndyCz 5 лет назад
7:31 The image is missing all the interbreeding between Europeans/Asians/Africans that never quite stopped
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
bit unnecessary really
@NetAndyCz
@NetAndyCz 5 лет назад
@@wierdalien1You would be surprised how many people think there was no exchange of genetic information until fairly recently which is not exactly rule. It was a lot slower in the past because people did not travel nearly as much... but I think it is worth pointing it out.
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
@@NetAndyCz Ok I see, fair enough. Still you should be able to take it as read.
@ingoclever1722
@ingoclever1722 5 лет назад
The modern Strand is just one Species. Unlike Nenderthal and Denisovans
@Human_Evolution-
@Human_Evolution- 5 лет назад
What makes us human AKA what is consciousness and how does it arise. So many roots to this human tree. "Emergence" is a crucial term in answering these questions. There's just so much we don't understand yet. AI will be the key. That's my prediction.
@minarenoir6342
@minarenoir6342 5 лет назад
other species have consciousness, of various types and degrees, so I'm not sure what you're talking about.
@Human_Evolution-
@Human_Evolution- 5 лет назад
@@minarenoir6342 it depends on the exact definition of consciousness. But you do make a good point.
@thisaccountisdead9060
@thisaccountisdead9060 5 лет назад
I've never been able to properly understand the revelance of fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity of white matter (neurons) structure in the brain. But such features of white matter seem to have (speculated) links to a whole range of conditions from being transgender, to effects of child neglect, to psychopathy. One part of the brain - the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus - has been linked not only to language development (CNTNAP2 gene) but also the conditions I just described. ????
@siddified
@siddified 4 года назад
Lionman, the first superhero comic.
@resot8275
@resot8275 Год назад
I need to know more :-O
@hermit3400
@hermit3400 5 лет назад
One thing that is uniquely human is the ability of our observations to collapse the wave function in quantum physics. Just ponder what that tells us about the true nature of the reality in which we live.
@somedragontoslay2579
@somedragontoslay2579 5 лет назад
That has been disproven. There have been experiments that show that the wave function does not need a conscious observer to collapse, the "observation" is any kind of macro interaction.
@siddified
@siddified 4 года назад
@@somedragontoslay2579 interesting. Source please?
@andueskitzoidneversolo2823
@andueskitzoidneversolo2823 5 лет назад
first time a lecturer ever said really bib boobs during a lecture at the RI. EVER!!
@moemoe052
@moemoe052 5 лет назад
🤔 14:17
@stevefromsaskatoon830
@stevefromsaskatoon830 5 лет назад
The lion man
@myopenmind527
@myopenmind527 5 лет назад
The blombos cave artifact dating has been known for some time.
@stevefromsaskatoon830
@stevefromsaskatoon830 5 лет назад
* can't be more than 6000 thousand years
@myopenmind527
@myopenmind527 5 лет назад
Steve Matthews 😂 en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blombos_Cave
@stevefromsaskatoon830
@stevefromsaskatoon830 5 лет назад
@@myopenmind527 They only off by like 94 thousand years
@myopenmind527
@myopenmind527 5 лет назад
Steve Matthews they as in YOU? Jokes over now.
@stevefromsaskatoon830
@stevefromsaskatoon830 5 лет назад
@@myopenmind527 Those are the numbers world renowned thinker Ken Ham gave me so they should be good.
@uvwuvw-ol3fg
@uvwuvw-ol3fg 3 года назад
Compared to bonobo we aren't that much obsessed with sexuality, we are more obsessed with extracting resources as much as possible and verbal communication about status related themes Inter-male competition leading to clandestine behaviour according to Cooperation Maintenance Hypothesis and obedience to abstract laws and authorities according to Goodness Paradox doesn't help either. Probably depends on a specific socioecological environment (pan troglodytes proactive political games over status, fertile females and offspring compared to pan paniscus society based on playful prosociality for promotion of group stability regardless of age and gender). Or human society after the agricultural/pastoral revolution resulting in competitive possessiveness over private property (marriage, amatonormativity), inheritance, virginity, fertility cults and maximization of birth rates regardless of ideologies such as antinatalism based on consent. Not sure about Trobrianders, Etoro, Sambia people, Ache, Gebusi, Batek, Mosuo, !Kung San and all the extinct undocumented egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies with different effects on epigenetic expression.
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
Was that Hannah Fry in the corner?
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
@Sandcastle • I got that when I watched the Q&A Alice Roberts in the gallery
@dinhnguyen2110
@dinhnguyen2110 4 года назад
So the short answer is monkey see, monkey do. If monkey see more, monkey do more. If more monkeys, more doing is happening and creates a feedback loop with monkey see.
@siddified
@siddified 4 года назад
How about giraffes in American prisons?
@soberhippie
@soberhippie 5 лет назад
It's not often that you hear words like "big boobs" in lectures.
@DouwedeJong
@DouwedeJong 5 лет назад
Did we not become much taller in the last 4000 years?
@mycount64
@mycount64 5 лет назад
Unfortunately you can ask the same question about any species... e.g. what defines a cheetah, what defines a kangaroo, hawk... etc. etc. each of these have clear quality that stands out. Ours is intellect.
@mokamo23
@mokamo23 5 лет назад
what's that?
@siddified
@siddified 4 года назад
@@mokamo23 hey not fair :)
@primemagi
@primemagi 5 лет назад
It was a good over view of man. It did not highlight the qualities/behavior which make man a Human. women having child are called mother, one give all to care and equip the child for independent life. the other give berth and abandon the child. technically both are labeled mother. one is biological incubator and the other posses some of qualities making one human. it is applying of those qualities at all time for every one make one human. not just physiology of one. MG1
@gregseewald2161
@gregseewald2161 4 года назад
..see Michael Behe. You might learn something.
@mcmanustony
@mcmanustony 2 года назад
I've seen Michael Behe. I learned that he is a lying religious fanatic plodding towards retirement at Lehigh.
@gregseewald2161
@gregseewald2161 2 года назад
Lying Religious Fanatic.. ALL Buzz Words!.. Apparently, and most Assuredly, you Yourself think you know the Truth, from the Lie?.. Yet you probably Worship at the entrance of Major Universities and/or at the foot of your Television, when CNN or MSNBC are on.. Religious?.. I believe he is a Bible believing Christian, if I remember right, who became a Believer in the Most High after SEEING the massively Insane images of Life at the sub-cellular level which, Proving his Very SANE Analysis and CONCLUSION that..as the Holy Bible says...WE humans are Fearfully and Wonderfully MADE.. By a All-Knowledgable Creator God.. Fanatic?.. Just a Buzz Word, pure and Simple .. If you're RELIGIOUS, You're a FANATIC.. This Doesn't Rationally compute, Will Robinson!.. And..according to your Rationale, if a religious person EQUALS a Fanatic person, what would you call a FANATICAL FOOTBALL FAN??? Your reasoning Impugns Football Fans EVERYWHERE, as Inherently EVIL!.., because that's what you are Implying, calling Dr. Behe a Religious Fanatic.. You are Calling him EVIL, just like you are doing to millions of Americans..... Quite simply, Mr Mcmanustony or whatever..... Try believing in something Yourself. !... And watch, as you are demonized as a Religious Fanatic, you Chiefs fan! :))) Take care, man. Life's too short!.. and Atomic..
@nguyennhatle5066
@nguyennhatle5066 3 года назад
Who came here for English?
@OmgEinfachNurOmg
@OmgEinfachNurOmg 5 лет назад
And what about the metric most neurons per kg brainmass to body ratio? Aren't humans at the top of that hierarchy?
@stevefromsaskatoon830
@stevefromsaskatoon830 5 лет назад
I thought maybe Domesticad Cats
@siddified
@siddified 4 года назад
@@stevefromsaskatoon830 all hail our fine feline overlords!
@marcusderinger8892
@marcusderinger8892 5 лет назад
We put on clothes genuis
@r.b.4611
@r.b.4611 5 лет назад
Tool use! Oh wait...
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
complex tool use? tying two sticks together to make a longer stick etc. I mean you see a lot of apes using sticks and rocks separately but have we seen any spears?
@mikakorhonen5715
@mikakorhonen5715 5 лет назад
Internet memes.
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
@@mikakorhonen5715 Memes are a cultural genes so not really.
@mikakorhonen5715
@mikakorhonen5715 5 лет назад
@@wierdalien1 We would not be humans as we know it without spreading/exchancing memes.
@armoda1057
@armoda1057 5 лет назад
Comparing animal tool use to humans is a joke.
@alaindubois1505
@alaindubois1505 4 года назад
After the giraffes finish necking, does the 'loser' submit to the 'Alpha'? Or avoid it like some of the females do? Did anuses evolve to accommodate this?
@prodigalson6166
@prodigalson6166 5 лет назад
Mythology and the dependence on absolutely everything to survive seems to be the unique defining Factor of the homosapien. We are the physically weakest of All Creatures and to counter that extreme inferiority, it's not complex people, we have our intellect. Without our intellect we would not exist as a species because we are so inferior to all other creatures. That isn't to put us down it's just a statement of fact. Yeah we're special all right, in the Special Olympics kind of way as compared to all other species. Genetically speaking even a pansy is tougher than a human being. With out our intellect the human species would be extinct, it is the egocentric attitude drawn from that same intellect that will in all probability be the undoing of the Human being The law in nature is balance.
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
And yet we can run, not fast but long
@prodigalson6166
@prodigalson6166 5 лет назад
@@wierdalien1 Is someone triggered? 😋 Note the ego within the intellect I mentioned. Thank you for the confirmation.✌️😁
@prodigalson6166
@prodigalson6166 5 лет назад
@@wierdalien1 perhaps the ability to run for long distances came from having to run from tigers prior to the Advent of the gun. 😂
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
@@prodigalson6166 Well no shit sherlock. my point is that intellect isn't the only weapon in our arsenal
@dfiala9890
@dfiala9890 5 лет назад
@@prodigalson6166 Actually, it came from millenia of running *after* mammoths. Humans evolved as endurance hunters. We exhausted our prey with marathon pursuits. You seem to put to little value in our intelligence. It is just as much a product of nature as the claws and venom of the rest of the animal kingdom. It is our strength, and it is a strength superior to all the muscle and sinew in the world. Also, you are the one who came off as "triggered" in that exchange.
@marcusderinger8892
@marcusderinger8892 5 лет назад
Bias opinions solve nothing
@extraterrestrial16
@extraterrestrial16 2 года назад
Is that which makes us human is that which isn't explained by Darwinism at all !!! Srry dudes .
@schmetterling4477
@schmetterling4477 Год назад
Like why some people never learn? ;-)
@extraterrestrial16
@extraterrestrial16 Год назад
@@schmetterling4477 ?
@schmetterling4477
@schmetterling4477 Год назад
@@extraterrestrial16 Why would evolution create dumb people when smart people have a survival advantage. ;-)
@extraterrestrial16
@extraterrestrial16 Год назад
@@schmetterling4477 your point ? Sry
@schmetterling4477
@schmetterling4477 Год назад
@@extraterrestrial16 That evolution didn't give you a survival advantage. ;-)
@cosmicwakes6443
@cosmicwakes6443 5 лет назад
The greatest thinker mankind has produced is Karl Marx. And Friedrich Engels wrote about what makes us human and his conclusion was labour. Labour is quite a complex phenomenon. Mankind is a product of labour as Marx had said.
@dfiala9890
@dfiala9890 5 лет назад
Mankind is the product of labor? Myopic nonsense. The man who uttered it, and any who nod in agreement, was/are entirely ignorant of psychology.
@cosmicwakes6443
@cosmicwakes6443 5 лет назад
I would say yes. Marx discovered the very essence of human society and human relations.
@cosmicwakes6443
@cosmicwakes6443 5 лет назад
Both men discovered a new science and the respective sciences compliment each other. And dialectics tie the sciences.
@wierdalien1
@wierdalien1 5 лет назад
@William White I mean all science starts with an opinion, just its tested
@cosmicwakes6443
@cosmicwakes6443 5 лет назад
It is not an opinion. Marx took the idealist dialectic philosophy of Hegel and set said philosophy right side up and combined it with French materialism and thereby discovered the movement of matter. Science has proven Marx correct. Dialectical materialism is correct because reality proves it correct.
@casteretpollux
@casteretpollux 3 года назад
Interesting that women appear to have no interest in these 'what is man' talks.
@L0ST-ALIEN
@L0ST-ALIEN 5 лет назад
ignorance and stupidity talking as the source of wisdom .
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