When Antarctica Was Green

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Before the start of the Eocene Epoch about 56 million years ago--Antarctica was still joined to both Australia and South America. And it turns out that a lot of what we recognize about the southern hemisphere can be traced back to that time when Antarctica was green.
Check out Crash Course: AI: • What Is Artificial Int...
Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the Notiolofos and Antarctodon illustrations! Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at / alphynix
And thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the Antarctodolops illustrations. You can find more of their work here: 252mya.com/julio-lacerda
And thanks to John Long for allowing us to use of images of Devonian plants from his paper with S. McLoughlin: www.cambridge.org/core/journa...
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Jack Arbuckle, David Sewall, Anton Bryl, Ben Thorson, Andrey, MissyElliottSmith, The Scintillating Spencer, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo
Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Eric Vonk, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Alex Yan
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1s...

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2 окт 2019

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Комментарии : 3,1 тыс.

@eons 4 года назад

If you liked this episode of Eons, there's a show on PBS’s new science channel that we think you’re going to love. In “Antarctic Extremes,” journey to Earth’s most remote laboratory and see where science and survival meet. Check it out now on PBS Terra: ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-EvRAuy1ZmTc.html

@annmariepena9087 4 года назад

PBS Eons Antarctica looks like a triceratops

@jansenart0 4 года назад

"Antarctodolops" is a weird way to declare with phylogeny that the creature is definitely not a bear.

@col2959 4 года назад

AnnMarie Peña very observant. Tasty

@rajatgupta1661 4 года назад

Never knew that the first "T" is silent in "Antarctica". Sounds weird though

@TheUuhhh 4 года назад

Enough with the metric system... we get it, u hate America

@philg5183 3 года назад

Imagine all the lakes that have been covered in ice, isolating eco systems for millions of years. Total darkness and freezing waters. Creepy.

@BJETNT 2 года назад

Deepstar six comes to mind. I think that's the name of the movie where they're reminding on the bottom of the ocean and they opened up a whole that been covered for millions of years. Some unknown arthropod came out and was able to bite through one of those gym suit submarine suits. In other words about half a foot of pure steel.

@diegopugaquintanilla4344 2 года назад

the budget museum made a video on those things, they're called subglacial lakes

@user-ee4tz1zf4o 3 года назад

Pre-historic animals : k gonna poop now Scientists : Wow! Such an amazing find

@Chiayiklin 2 года назад

I mean scientist just want to know how Pre-historic animals poop biologically works

@TheHoggcast 3 года назад

The fact that there was still some southern beach trees hanging on there just 2.5million years ago sends chills down my spine.

@AlexAnder-rv1gu 2 года назад

Try counting to 2,500,000. Just saying the numbers in succession. (hint, this will take you literally dayyyyyssssss of non-stop counting). 2.5 million years ago is a VERY long time ago.

@theamberabyss1745 2 года назад

@@AlexAnder-rv1gu 2.5 million years is not that long when it comes to evolution, plate tectonics, and natural climate change

@VictorMartinez-zf6dt 2 года назад

Modern humans weren't even around then

@vforvictory2953 Год назад

"just" two and a half million years is thirty five thousand seven hundred fifteen times of your lifetime

@memberofthelambily1340 Год назад

@@theamberabyss1745 true but still a huge amount of time to our human perspective

@ShellymanStudios 4 года назад

When Antarctica turns green again, expect a lot of fight for it. Someone gonna break that peace treaty.

@ETCABEZON 4 года назад

If Antarctica becomes green again, international law will be the lesser of our problems.

@rezarfar 3 года назад

I don't think politics and who gets what will matter too much if Antarctica becomes green again, pretty much every single town on the coasts of every single country on the planet will be devastated. It would be a catastrophic event that would make the Indonesian tsunami in 2004 seem like someone splashed a bit of water around.

@bluesmurff6163 3 года назад

Clearly, tensions are already growing for the north, imagine a whole continent that's full of ressource and will stay somewhat cool while the rest of the planet is cooking ?

@RedwoodTheElf 3 года назад

Antarctica cannot become green again until continental drift moves it away from the south polar region. Shows like this underestimate how far north Antarctica really was when it was forested. It will take millions of years for Antarctica to move that far. So don't worry about it.

@ShellymanStudios 3 года назад

@@RedwoodTheElf Oh okay lol

@Xnaut314 4 года назад

Just imagine what the last of Antarctica's forests must have been like. The last few terrestrial species would have been clinging to life in a battle for survival they were ultimately doomed to lose. Kinda chilling if you think about it (no pun intended).

@novus1589 4 года назад

Most animals probably left long before it got that cold.

@Zoombie91 4 года назад

@A lone Cockroach but antartica is isolated

@carissstewart3211 4 года назад

@@novus1589 Where would they go? Antarctica was cut off at that point.

@ericwall6219 4 года назад

Just take a look at the large, desert-dwelling mammals. There are giraffes, elephants, ibex, lions and others scratching out existences in vast expanses of desert. A holdover from when their spaces where full of green savanna before the desertification of large portions of Africa. Antarctica would have looked similar, except in this instance the desert ends up winning.

@Syveril 4 года назад

Intend your puns, coward.

@Orangelemonblue 4 года назад

How scientists gathered all of this information is absolutely incredible

@zeff8820 4 года назад

@Blind Squid their imaginations are connected to the reality

@d1want34 4 года назад

Assumption

@tarheelcountry1868 4 года назад

@Blind Squid tiny bone chips and turds can tell you an immense amount if you're smart enough to do math.

@RonyTomo420 4 года назад

They are receiving transmissions from off world entities from other dimensions

@j012cl4n 4 года назад

@Blind Squid way more too it than that. This video is an oversimplification of the actual work put into these theories which are always ongoing. It's insulting and downright stupid to suggest it's as simple as finding fossils and guessing from there. Educate yourself, before you start spreading ignorance

@satrioadi7044 Год назад

This is more fascinating than any fantasy worldbuilding I've ever read

@beastmaster0934 4 года назад

Land animals of Antarctica: WE ARE FREEZING TO DEATH!!! Land animals everywhere else: Hey is it starting to get a tad chilly here?

@fayhay8011 2 года назад

Land animals in the equator:It’s another normal day

@AlexAnder-rv1gu 2 года назад

Noooo, that's not how geologic time spans work!

@zzing 4 года назад

Now I want to hear that the modern cute penguins were once the terror birds of Antarctica.

@HyperionaSilverleaf 4 года назад

Once upon a time there were 6 foot tall penguins.

@ugoeze7360 4 года назад

What do you mean "once"? When have they ever stopped?

@garrett6064 4 года назад

I believe they are the apex predator there

@garrett6064 4 года назад

@@Tibovl true

@adamwelch4336 4 года назад

Penguin havent change too much sense there species entered the world

@dank_smirk2ndchannel200 4 года назад

Antarctic Birds: *sees all terrestrial animals die out around them from the cold* "This is fine."

@jaelynn71193 4 года назад

Dank_Smirk 2nd Channel this is clever abs made me laugh out loud 😂

@DianeHasHopeInChrist 4 года назад

Same thing animals will do at humans.....laugh at us.

@MerkhVision 4 года назад

Diane Morgan I dont think they’ll be laughing. Might be too busy choking on the polluted air and trying not to die ;)

@dank_smirk2ndchannel200 4 года назад

Leo Velli were talking about before humanity here

@WokeandProud 4 года назад

Guess I'll just start swimming, and penguins were born.

@gameindustryinsider6450 4 года назад

“The teeth of the Noteetholofos” - that sentence is very confusing.

@bestuan 4 года назад

“16 Celsius” “so warm” Me, an arabian: *pathetic*

@clwomble 4 года назад

Me, an American; huh?

@clwomble 4 года назад

About 38C is the normal high in summer. Do you wear a jacket at 16C?

@bestuan 4 года назад

C Womble yeah lmao

@alondravidal8600 4 года назад

Me, who used to live in Arizona: Ha, puny numbers

@qux7148 4 года назад

Me a canadian: jfc thats hot

@ariochiv 4 года назад

It's amazing that we have any fossils from Antarctica at all. It can't be a very forgiving place to go fossil hunting.

@theman9048 4 года назад

Oil

@stewartgames6697 4 года назад

Same reason modern day paleontologists compete with each other to head up to places like Baffin Island or the Gobi Desert - can't make new discoveries in places that have already been explored.

@azzzanadra 4 года назад

@@theman9048 oil is impossible to recover from frozen land

@theman9048 4 года назад

@@azzzanadra no it's not impossible it's just not practical

@Argentvs 4 года назад

Most of them are found in the peninsula antarctica in expeditions supported by Argentina near our bases that are ice free on summer. And lots of US founding and scientists.

@kayleighlehrman9566 4 года назад

"Where did that poop come from?" Askin the tough questions here lol

@thelonecabbage7834 4 года назад

@Markus Allen U ok bro?

@Caneyhead123 4 года назад

I ask myself this question daily

@Jenacide 4 года назад

@Markus Allen ಠ_ಠ

@erick289777 4 года назад

Yeah like... "WHO TF TOOK A DUMP ON MY CONTINENT?"

@Rok0711 2 года назад

It’s Always Sunny In Philadelphia has the best answer to this question.

@silvialogan9226 3 года назад

I wish that Antarctic would be tropical and green again with full of palm trees and lust forests, but if the whole ice of Antarctica melted, many places would be under water.

@AlexAnder-rv1gu 2 года назад

And then humans would wage WWIII over the place @_@

@christopheralldredge9298 2 года назад

Mostly morons in the cities. So I'm rooting for the ice melt.

@nancy-katharynmcgraw2669 2 года назад

But the the current warm & hot areas would be ice cold 🧊 and ❄ 🏔

@BJETNT 2 года назад

I saw an interesting theory on Star Trek when I was a child. And I think it's something new human race is going to need to do within the next couple hundred years. They were trying to hire a Picard to find a way to make a new continent on Earth. Honestly that would be pretty easy. But with current technology it would take probably a thousand years to do.

@hobomike6935 Год назад

Antarctica should Shared by Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, and Australia. >Argentina should get the entire Antarctic peninsula, the Drake Passage, the South Shetland Islands, and exclusive control over the Weddell sea. >New Zealand should get Victoria Land, the entire Ross Ice Shelf, Scott Island, and Balleny island. >Chile gets the Amundsen Sea, Marie Byrd land, Peter I island, and the BellingsHausen sea. >Australia gets everything east of the Antarctic Mountain range and the Amundsen/Scott station. Norway should get exclusive control over the south pole, and about a circular 50 miles surrounding it on the Polar Plateau, since Amundsen effectively was the man to first conquer the North Pole.

@barryjobe 4 года назад

I really find value in your Eon programs - I think I've seen them all (at least most of them) and I eagerly await each new episode. Kudos!

@SilverDawnArrow 4 года назад

Antarctica holds a special place in my heart because my dad's team designed the Halley VI research base (the one on skis) so I grew up learning all about it

@brandon1331 4 года назад

That’s actually really cool, thanks for sharing!

@scottmantooth8785 4 года назад

have always wanted to visit Antarctica...

@chris41952 4 года назад

You should check out an anime series called A Place Further Than the Universe.

@patrickcrowther6091 4 года назад

That is soo cool

@shaunb1414 4 года назад

Halley 6 is a beautiful base. I was at Halley 4 and 5, 1991-1994

@Witchfaerii 4 года назад

Green Antarctica: turns to ice Humans and global warming: uno reverse card

@NigelThornbery 4 года назад

It’s a natural cycle

@Jenacide 4 года назад

@@NigelThornbery Ya but that was still funny

@snekwrek5454 4 года назад

@@NigelThornbery it's not that chum

@thatdude87 4 года назад

@@snekwrek5454 it is lol. Throughout history the earth spins on a axis with a moon and sun. So as time continues to go on. The weather will change😂

@snekwrek5454 4 года назад

@@thatdude87 yeah but the last time I checked we were supposed to have an Ice Age. And no natural processes don't give such high derivatives.

@USA2Brazil 4 года назад

MAGA: Make Antarctica Green Again.

@Djdub5757 4 года назад

I love it

@officialdreymedina3468 4 года назад

Probably another land would turn into icy place if artartic became green again 😅😁

@elissitdesign 4 года назад

Brilliant

@BigRajBeats 4 года назад

We just need to die off cause all we do is hurt ourselves, each other, animals, and this world

@greenstorm5568 4 года назад

@@BigRajBeats thats y im a conversationalist, not an environmentalist. Humanity can be the solution, too.

@ctheforestthroughthetrees3413 2 года назад

This entire piece was excellent! I look forward to learning updated information after more recent ice-core samples, and recent discoveries on the Antarctic continent. Well done, PBS!

@adrianortega1431 4 года назад

You know, this reminds me of a short story I read some time ago called "The Last Dinosaur", where a few ornithopods manage to survive on Antarctica, only to die out when the continent freezes over. The story followed the titular last dinosaur as it wandered across the snowy wasteland, searching in vain for another member of its kind.

@blackpearl6972 4 года назад

Dinosaurs, aplenty, in Hollow Earth, believe it or not.

@fobusas 4 года назад

If Antarctica only started to separate from Australia and South America, and Glaciers become more common from 36M years ago onwards, it's 30M+ years after the extinction of dinosaurs...

@Lexivor 4 года назад

Dinosaurs still live on Antarctica, specifically the penguins.

@michaelrexrode3759 4 года назад

That was from " Walking With Dinosaurs".

@kevingruenofficial 4 года назад

Lol titular

@jamiee7367 4 года назад

Last time I was this early, Antarctica was still part of Gondwana

@jamiee7367 4 года назад

Yes

@18nakedcowboys3 4 года назад

Soon Antarctica will be warm again

@ronjayrose9706 4 года назад

@@18nakedcowboys3 yep becuz global warming

@isis2523 4 года назад

Not early

@newbiechu7024 4 года назад

Make Antarctica great again.

@marcopothuizen 4 года назад

Skippy: "Let's go to Australia. We will survive there!" Smart animal.

@dvoiceotruth 2 года назад

lol

@irishredbone8996 4 года назад

Thank you, very interesting and thought provoking; I've read recently about the Chicago Lake Michgan area, 10,000 years ago, dawn of man as hunters, and further back, Mastadon era, marsh lands and such; would like to know more about this and the evolution of our Great Lakes and the wondrous creatures that once thrived in them

@MyCatWearsPanties 4 года назад

I would love to know about penguin evolution, how they emigrated to Antarctica, and their flightless traits. Also maybe about their contributions to their ecosystems! I love penguins and would love to hear your take!

@yoppindia 4 года назад

penguins are there in south america and south Africa!

@franciscom8153 3 года назад

Go Penguins!

@alphascorpii3757 3 года назад

And he waddled away waddle waddle

@alphascorpii3757 3 года назад

I love that word waddle waddle

@masterofpuppets5072 3 года назад

@@yoppindia and in Australia

@spampants5155 4 года назад

While the land bridges may have disappeared at the end of the Eocene, it's clear that for a long time before that things had already been going south.

@rashadpreston7389 4 года назад

Yeah like the whole continent lol

@wadedeason3365 4 года назад

@@rashadpreston7389 😂🖒

@Vaquedoso 4 года назад

@@ahope4u2 what do you mean?

@troubleshooters5136 4 года назад

Whenpigsfly you’re an idiot 😂

@nicholaslewis8594 4 года назад

Whenpigsfly you mean the same global flood that a bunch of idiots made up?

@kelvinmeijer6486 3 года назад

Paleocene-Eocene Themal Maximum: 5 to 8 degrees in 220,000 years Humans: pathetic, how about 200 years?

@TigirlakaLaserwolf6 4 года назад

Also, thank you for this episode! This is a topic of particular interest to me, but finding out more about it can be a tad difficult if you don't have access to research papers. I really do appreciate you talking about more obscure subjects in addition to more traditionally popular ones, like dinosaurs and the Cambrian era

@pegeonpera 4 года назад

*Nature* : I can increase the global temperatures by 5'C in less than 200000 years *Humans* : Hold our greenhouse gases

@connorbingham-davis2091 4 года назад

'Hold our greenhouse gas- I SAID HOLD THEM DAMMIT! NOW THEY'RE IN THE ATMOSPHERE!!'

@PremierCCGuyMMXVI 4 года назад

Jetlite Humans: try 100 years (As Earth could warm 4 to 5°C by 2100. Witch is kinda scary)

@ABEL-cd2sp 3 года назад

EP114587 you contain it

@dull_demon4717 3 года назад

As an american, i have no clue how much 5°C is

@davidle3329 3 года назад

@@bobdol8398 🤦🏼without evidence or reference, a statement is an opinion not ‘scientific fact’. At least give a reference for your information source.

@quirkyc 4 года назад

I gotta say im interested in that long ocean journey that what I believe to be India at what looks like breakneck speeds. Any chance we could get an episode about that?

@diligar 4 года назад

You know, India is actually still booking it straight into Asia, and all that force is what made (and still is making) Mt Everest and the Himalayas!

@andrewfrank7222 4 года назад

The Indian plate, yes... Heard of Mt Everest... India is the reason the Himalayas are so high.

@SirFaceFone 4 года назад

India was isolated for millions of years just like Australia, then collided with Asia. Would be really interesting to know about that and its effects on the biodiversity in the region/continent.

@giuseppezagaria402 4 года назад

I'm gonna follow this.

@matheussanthiago9685 4 года назад

@@finlayson6868 according to google that would be Brazil www.google.com/search?q=the+most+biodiverse+country&oq=the+most+biodiverse+country&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i64&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

@achinism 4 года назад

9:55 - The Indian plate is like that kid who misses his school bus- wait for me! :D

@tThisNThat 3 года назад

Love your voice and delivery, very soothing, and a pleasure to watch

@andyjay729 4 года назад

Once went on a guided tour of Patagonia (got as far south as Cape Horn!). The guide said that some of Antarctica's fossil trees were similar to the southern birch forests in Patagonia and New Zealand.

@thishouseofglass Год назад

That’s so cool!

@jonathansturm4163 Год назад

Nothofagus, or Southern Beech are still around. Here in Tasmania also.

@An-kw3ec 9 месяцев назад

Southern beech, alerce and araucaria have their origins there, they are adapted to cold climates like oaks and pines, the valdivian temperate rainforests and new zealand are the remanents of that time.

@kayseek1248 4 года назад

0:57 **Angry Koala Noises** 10:17 **Even Angrier Koala noises**

@mattender8323 3 года назад

Koala are too stupid to notice.

@wolff4033 3 года назад

@@mattender8323 LOL

@braedenaronson1470 3 года назад

I just want to say I love the background music for these videos they are good at setting the atmosphere

@shrayasidas6908 2 года назад

I like how you bring all the branches of earth science and relate them in each videos.. you guys are awesome👏❤️

@Mr_Valentin. 4 года назад

Prehistoric Antarctic birds : sees that everyone is dying Prehistoric Antarctic birds : Aight... Imma head out

@kaisergray9413 4 года назад

Prehistoric already flightless ratites: *sees all the other birds leaving Prehistoric already flightless ratites: fuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuq

@sydakk 4 года назад

Prehistoric Antartic Birds: Penguin time

@morganseppy5180 3 года назад

it's been real....cya

@istvansipos9940 4 года назад

lush, green landscape with polar sunlight (or darkness). a weirdly beautiful world that sure was.

@robinchesterfield42 4 года назад

Wouldn't that be a fascinatingly weird time/place to set, say, a book in? I know I'D read it. Or watch a documentary about it with CGI creatures and a cool narrator. Definitely.

@boygenius538_8 4 года назад

Watch walking with dinosaurs

@DanielTaylorOCMD 4 года назад

It was not at the south pole of the planet then, plate tectonics has shifted it to its current position.

@lizshoemaker 4 года назад

@@DanielTaylorOCMD The animations they've been showing don't support what you're saying. Do you have a source for when Antarctica was at a higher latitude?

@DanielTaylorOCMD 4 года назад

@@lizshoemaker A very quick search found this on Wikipedia - "At a number of points in its long history, it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancient life forms." But I challenge you to do the research yourself.

@Alepoudiitsa 2 года назад

Thank you for this!! When I have anxiety, I look some of videos of your channel and it help me allot to not think about bad things.

@anton2192 3 года назад

'Deep Time' is now my favorite word

@alan4025 4 года назад

i love this host, the excitement in her voice about the facts she gives is really infectious

@DeVon675 4 года назад

Yeah she is really good

@lasselarsen2914 4 года назад

I really like that about her too, but her lisp annoys me aswell. Without it i think she would be a perfekt host

@alan4025 4 года назад

@@lasselarsen2914 what lisp ?

@donaldlawrance5933 4 года назад

Perfect host for diseases that are highly infectous

@JJ-zb7id 4 года назад

Lasse Larsen her lisp is barely noticeable

@limerence8365 4 года назад

Antarctica is like a level from an adventure video game. It's huge, inhospitable, extreme weather, protected by terrible sees, an island, unexplored, holds many secrets. And take it back a few thousand years it would of had all that but jungles and a freaky day/night/ winter/ summer dynamic. It would have been warmer but still an awesome place to explore.

@robinchesterfield42 4 года назад

Ooh, I would play the freak out of a game like that. Especially if it had a time-travel mechanic, so you can see it both ways? Maybe a Chrono Trigger-like thing where you can do something in the jungly past that affects what ending you get in the icy present? I dunno I'm just spitballing here. :P

@jourdansarpy4935 2 года назад

*take it back a few million years lol

@TigirlakaLaserwolf6 4 года назад

Have you guys done an episode on flowering plants? That's something I've always been interested in. If you wanted, you could even throw in how pollenators came to take advantage of them rather than having to be tricked by them. If not, I understand, not everybody wants to sit down and listen to somebody talk about flowers for 6-10 minutes haha

@BobSchoepenjr 4 года назад

My aunt calls Aunt Artica, weird ...sounds almost like...

@randomperson-cq6lb 3 года назад

lol

@Riceball01 4 года назад

For anyone living in the greater LA area, the Natural HIstory Museum of LA has a special exhibit on Antarctica right now, its focus is on the dinosaurs found there but it also covers the history and geology along with the flora found there. It's an extra charge to see it but it's a pretty nice exhibit and goes into a pretty decent amount of detail on the continent and not only touches on the recent expeditions to there but past ones and artifacts from those past expeditions.

@odemata87 4 года назад

What was the Earth's tilt during this time and how did it effect the climate of the continent?

@VictorbrineSC 4 года назад

Likely 23 degrees as it has always been since the formation of the Moon. The Moon stabilized our axis to 23 degrees. It makes a procession every 100 thousand years I think (don't remember the exact number, could be more or less) so the seasons shift along the orbit as time passes, which could have caused some changes in climate over millions of years. But during that time the axial tilt was likely 23 degrees, like today.

@connordrake5713 4 года назад

Earth's tilt is always changing because of earthquakes. The last earthquake in Indonesia change the Earth tilt a little bit. So it's hard to predict the Earth's tilt before since it is dynamic overtime.

@jonathanh222 4 года назад

The changes in tilt from earthquakes are way way too small to have any impact on climate. The tilt is basically static, even though technically it isn't

@hunnicbarbarian103 4 года назад

The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891

@PremierCCGuyMMXVI 4 года назад

Raoul Simon it varied a lot in the PETM, it’s peak hearing lasted only 700,000 years but the warm period witch was 6-9°C hotter than today. Lasted tens of millions of years. So you probably did have cooling and warming from the orbital cycles. But what kept Earth was CO2 around 900-1,000 ppm (today it’s only 415 ppm but with human caused global warming, it could be as high as that by end century) most of the time a major climate change event will occur because of the composition of Earths atmosphere. What lead to the PETM cooling after was because CO2 was being sank to the ocean thanks to microbes, Antarctica and arctic isolating itself causing glaciers to form causing cooling and the formation of the Himalayas due to India colliding with Asia, exposing Rock, drawing carbon from the air cooling the planet.

@viviondioline 4 года назад

I want pbs to produce videos in this format about other subjects. I love this channel!

@garettcline1365 4 года назад

You guys are doing incredible work. Please keep spreading the love of science and all its bounty!

@Dwumper 4 года назад

Why did I only start watching this channel now? This channel is amazing.

@CrispyTheBomb 4 года назад

Dwumper because there are no more sports to watch

@kairatturganbayev7114 3 года назад

I don't know man

@johannessigurdsson8660 4 года назад

I would like to see a video on what life at the equator was like when antarctica had palm trees.

@susannebrunberg4174 4 года назад

Ice

@cdemr 4 года назад

superhumid and very warm equatorial forests

@PremierCCGuyMMXVI 4 года назад

Johannes Sigurdsson during the PETM, places near the equator we’re very hot, remember, 56 million years ago, Earth was about 5-9°C hotter than today. But with modern global warming, we could see a preview by 2100. Lol

@hanselsihotang 3 года назад

Probably very hot and humid, just like today's tropical forest, but on steroids since the temperature was several degrees Celcius higher. For a modern human living in it must've felt like hell.

@AlexAnder-rv1gu 2 года назад

It would've been hotter to an extent, yes. But remember that those temperature differentials are averages for the whole planet - much like they are today. So while one place may vary greatly in temperature, others may not. They explained that the major reason for the cooling of Antarctica was the breaking away of other continents, leaving it to develop a sea that surrounds it. Therefore today as the world begins to warm, Antarctica will never become the warm temperate place it once was because there are other geological factors at play affecting it's temperature. In that same sense, a long time ago when Antarctica was more temperate, that doesn't necessarily mean that the equatorial regions were furnaces - they would've had other factors such as wind and sea currents which would mediate their temperature levels. And the global temperature change would've been most represented in certain areas, not all equally. Think of it like a Neanderthal in ice-age Europe saying "man, when this ice-age is over, I wouldn't wanna live in Equatorial Brazil! It'd be hella hot!" But not all regions gain/lose an equal amount of temperature, so humans managed to live there regardless.

@sdsa007 Год назад

Wow! Amazing! I actually took notes! I find the biological and geological history of Antarctica fascinating! And this episode, in particular, helped me understand some of the theories behind the cooling trend and of course, the emergence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Circulation is important to understand. I can't wait to watch the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Max video, you say is a very nuanced topic! LOVE YOU FOR THIS!

@ceewin644 Год назад

I have these PBS videos playing while I'm falling asleep and hers is the most soothing voice!!

@solanceDarkMOW 4 года назад

Such a lonely place, ever trapped in it's polar prison.

@Aladato 4 года назад

Not for long...

@TheRealMirCat 4 года назад

@@Aladato And the ancient trees shall rise

@Alusnovalotus 4 года назад

solanceDarkMOW or hiding from the horrible plague called humans.

@Jasonmanmosa 4 года назад

@Rage Quit a plague for all other life forms. We make animals go extinct far faster than a plague though. We are an extinction event

@MaureenLycaon 4 года назад

Not forever, even after global warming passes. The continents will inevitably come together again, and in 500 million years or so Antarctica will no longer be isolated.

@Boom12 4 года назад

The revelation of Antarctica being green first dawned when watching Walking with Dinosaurs. 'Spirits of the Ice Forest' was such an awe inspiring episode, my family and I were gasping at how it use to be a rainforest. By the way, this episode has the best ambient music ever!

@jenv9782 3 года назад

Fascinating - so why do I feel so sad for all the lost animals and green plants that once flourished in Antarctica?

@joshhellerich4316 3 года назад

This was uploaded on my 11th birthday! A great video for a happy day (for me!)!

@selenacruz754 4 года назад

I get terrible grades and I dislike school strongly but I enjoy watching videos like these because I learn so much. I should be doing my homework but I'd much rather watch this lol

@qpeluso 4 года назад

Can you do a video on dinosaur reproduction, specifically the mystery of how stegosaurus mated? Or maybe just the evolution of reproduction.

@DrD0000M 4 года назад

*How stegosaurus mated?* Very carefully.

@qpeluso 4 года назад

Unfortunately

@shadowmax889 4 года назад

Stegosaurus? mmmmm maybe tails ups and back to back

@HyperionaSilverleaf 4 года назад

I think Tyrannosaurus Sex covered that.

@nathanmahmod9025 4 года назад

By staring at each other....i guess

@jaydonbooth4042 Год назад

The most surprising thing I learned in this video is how small Antarctica is lol. Darn maps have been tricking me my whole life. I always thought it was like the size of all of Africa at least. Like I just assumed they were only showing the top edge of Antarctica with the rest of it, the main center, off the map or something, and I just never really thought about it further. Like the classic case of believing that Greenland is the size of Africa because of the Mercator projection.

@ohmnesia Месяц назад

For me, I felt the opposite. I had always imagined it was rather tiny. But hearing that it‘s bigger than Australia? Now imagine just how much ice must be on there…

@ShmuelWeintraub 4 года назад

These science "quick hits" are wonderful, thank you. Also thanks to Christopher Scotese for his excellent continental drift animations.

@WordUnheard 4 года назад

Last time I was this early, was August 29th, around 4:00 PM. It was raining.

@Niinkai 4 года назад

I asked this question on an episode earlier this year, thank you for making me feel a bit special, even though I'm sure I'm not the only one who's been asking for this :)

@cavemanooga 2 года назад

This was an amazing and enriching video. Makes me wonder what kinds of things remain buried in the glaciers of Antarctica.

@saschaforeal3009 3 года назад

This presenter is awesome! Great delivery. nice voice. a pleasure

@OrpheoCT 3 года назад

As a fan, her prononciation of Antarctica was an unexpected pet peeve

@fugithegreat 4 года назад

I love this channel! It's so mindblowing to see some of the distinct creatures that used to live on Earth.

@TurquoiseFire 4 года назад

The great thing about Pbs eons is they always have fresh new content

@caseyrayharris.esquire489 4 года назад

Ooh wee! Please do an episode where each host reveals their favorite fossil/archaeological discovery story/ missing fossil record!!

@Dimensionalalteration 2 года назад

Yay,Antarctica and narrated by the lady with the calming Sid voice ...perfection...thank you for that treat it is wonderful.

@barbiquearea 4 года назад

Its hard to believe Anartica used to be warm and tropical and teaming with life. But you guys have made it easy to imagine.

@elka7823 Год назад

Its al gibberish

@AspireGMD Год назад

@@elka7823 Yes because you know everything and all the thousands of pieces of literal proof and millions of scientists from multiple different fields are just wrong and dumb because you say so, okay. I would love to see your evidence disproving all of the fossils.

@elka7823 Год назад

@@AspireGMD thank you

@michaelspero6157 4 года назад

I learned this long ago but really enjoy seeing visual. Technology is a wonderful thing.

@shaunb1414 4 года назад

Additional information that many people clearly don't understand, judging by the comments on here; Antarctica, 90- million years ago was near the equator. Plate tectonics. The Earths crust has moved about as it's cooled over hundreds of millions of years, shifting things about and creating mountain ranges.

@janetruh7476 4 года назад

Love this program. It makes science easily understandable. What fun!

@raijinoflimgrave8708 4 года назад

I never gave it much thought that south america was an island continent just like austrailia still is today. This channel teaches you so many fascinating things about geologic history in a way that is so easy to visualize!

@Scaredycat1963 4 года назад

*H P Lovecraft sweats nervously*

@Madhijz 4 года назад

everytime they dig up more giant penguin bones I get more fearful

@jamesfry8983 4 года назад

@@Madhijz lol yeah they would of been something like 12 to 15 feet tall I think

@ingaheligakor8560 4 года назад

I LOVE her voice. It is soo sooth.

@windhelmguard5295 2 года назад

her voice is nice. her pronouncing Antarctica like "Antardiga" is not.

@TheDylPickle 9 месяцев назад

Imagine all the frozen plants and lakes / rivers and ecosystems just sitting there encased in a permafrost cocoon. I can’t wait until we discover the unique biodiversity that evolved in Antarctica’s “golden age”.

@philiptite1082 4 года назад

Thank you for such a wonderful video on one of the most fascinating areas on the globe (at least to me). I really enjoyed and learned from this piece. But I wanted to comment less on the video and more on the comments (at least those I've read through). I am amazed at the friendly, funny, and respectful exchanges in this comments section. I've rarely seen such friendly exchanges online and it is refreshing. So thank you to all the comment writers for just being awesome.

@matth.4320 4 года назад

Nobody: Antarctica: G'day mate

@ugoeze7360 4 года назад

Chile: Buenos días, señor. Argentina: ¿Qué?

@matheussanthiago9685 4 года назад

I've come from a land lower under

@linmal2242 3 года назад

Great posting and excellant naration. Thankyou.

@movesbooze6225 3 года назад

She's a wonderful speaker and narrator. Thank you. Great stories.

@mueffe1357 4 года назад

Antartica: I was Green before it was cool.

@richardross1166 3 года назад

Icy what you did there.

@TheWebsOfCorruptionNeverFail 4 года назад

Brilliant Video. Although I knew that Antarctica was once home to dinosaurs and rain forests, I did not know that it lasted for so long and even facilitated mass migrations of mamels. It is incredible to think that the ancestors of the Kangaroo had once set out from South America. Absolutely fascinating. Keep up the great work! Oh and also could you do a video on the Sahara and the last time that it was green....and what role it might have played in Human evolution and migrations.

@Aliquis.frigus 4 года назад

This is good, PBS! Keep it up!

@susmitanayak2101 3 года назад

Thank you so much for this amazing information:)

@brycetsawyer 4 года назад

That's great.. I always wondered why the change in animals at the Wallace Line.. makes sense now. Thanks

@evelynrose2257 4 года назад

This blew my mind. I love learning. Thank you.

@jeffpope7811 Год назад

I REALLY LIKED this presentation. Excellent writing, research & presentation! We studied 0 of this in school, shame!

@abelp40 2 года назад

I like what PBS does as this channel so I subscribed!

@SevenStarlitLakes 4 года назад

Thank you for the amazing content and great presentation !!

@Redmedal001 4 года назад

Love the channel! The team is very dedicated and likeble, and the content is aways very interesting! Every new video have is an instant like from me! Hugs from Brazil!

@marcusgrotenfelt4075 4 года назад

Those beetles went extinct when their young ones started rolling snowballs instead of dungballs

@enzoeclipsed Год назад

This video essay is written really well!

@monsoon_magic2874 4 года назад

Excellent video. Can we have a video on the Pantodonta, the first great mammals after the K-Pg Extinction? Thank you.

@TheSeldamoo 4 года назад

“...and Steve!” Merch! Oh this is exciting to hear! This was a fun video!

@ted4ps581 2 года назад

Great document. Very informative !! Thanks.

@rs0620 4 года назад

I was wondering if you guys could do a video on how you classify timelines for the Earth's lifespan. I hear names like Eocene and Pleistocene epochs and Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and often end up confused while keeping track. I feel this in general would help folks understand your videos better especially if they involve a lot of eras.

@AndrewTBP 2 года назад

They already did that video soon after they started.

@abnnizzy 4 года назад

Thermal Maximum sounds like a Power Ranger attack move.

@banjofunk 4 года назад

I got to send all the love to everyone involved in the making of these vids! So much information in an easily understandable way. Thank you so much, I know now I want to learn more, thank you for making me realise i want to do something.