When Birds Had Teeth 

Makes you wonder what crazy stuff used to exist that we may never know about.

I know right

To think that 99% of the things that have existed haven’t been discovered

The infinite symbol (sideways eight) comes from the Hummingbird's flight pattern.

@Mullerornis I'm not sure it's the same bat you're referring to, but there's one humming-bird-like bat that even has kind of a beak-like snout. That's ridiculous. If those things were creations of intelligent design, it should totally be sued for infringing on patents or at least design patents.

ooh

And that's why there's people that use geese as guard dogs, especially in rural areas. A robber may avoid the dog... and get pecked to death by a angry geese mob

my geese cut meat with those teeth.. It's not really efficient, but sometimes I give them small dead rodents that my cat killed and did not eat. But those teeth are really designed to cut grass..

Yeah. They are douchebags. They used to steal my tootsie rolls when I was a kid.

TheHelleri - Are you feeling better yet?

Thank you so so much, Reilly. I'm glad you exist, too. (BdeP)

Literally? Not figuratively?

Jon Hohensee by the context of the comment they probably meant literally

Boring=good?

Makes perfect sense.

Technically it does save weight. Teeth not only have inherent weight, but they need to be firmly anchored to the jaws, which also costs weight. In flightless animals like mammals (especially mammals since they get access to a full cutlery drawer of different teeth), the greater efficiency of teeth is preferred, especially since teeth are also very effective offensively.

When only seeds were available at the end of the Mesozoic, any birds with teeth would suffer oral injuries eating seeds, thus becoming infected and eventually their species succumbing to natural selection.

Naw, they were just sick of their dental bills. 😅

*swallows pebbles*

Ah A fellow person of culture I see.

@D. Kitch One word geese

Came here to say this

We all miss Steve.

I was listening to this half asleep in a playlist and heard "Steve!" said with such emphasis that I thought this was a new video and Steve was back. Woke myself right up before I realized what was happening.

it has been eons since Steve was on

@@koreyb lol heyoooooo

Cool!

Pretty sure there's evidence haaste's Eagle used to prey on earlier hominids too

@@theghostofyourwastedmoney9007 yup, the moa they ate would get up to 200+kg as well, much bigger than any hominin (obesity not included lol)

Holbein Crâne To be fair, mammals occupy more ecological niches than birds do, at the moment.

there are 300,000+ species of beetles

@@Lolibeth We never left the carboniferous after all

"On"?

Bacteria is probably the widest spread, and most voluminous set of organisms on the planet. Or viruses... if you're accept them as living.

You bet your Archaeopteryx it is!

Hi

yep, as is your channel

true true

Calico Jackosaur yes you are right indeed

I do that all the time! Plus eating eggs or anything with chicken in it becomes way more awesome when you realize that, yes you are eating dino eggs and dino meat!

Most people still believe dinosaurs are scaly monsters.

KhaanMan66 they do have scales, ever seen a birds feet?

Cookie Panda Well my question was about how people still believe dinosaurs are 100% scales and no feathers much like Jurassic park.

KhaanMan66 they also think theropod dinosaurs could have their palms facing downward thanks to jurassic park, however that would break their wrist, they had hands where the palms face each other (like if you wanted to clap, that kind of position) they also think Velociraptors where as big as a person even though they were the size of a poodle

I remember her from years ago. There was a recipe channel I accessed with a Roku box and she was too much fun with a banana bread recipe.

binky2819 She sells seashells by the seashore

Also “dragons”

@@moifikea8288 Mary Anning!!! :D

Ooooohhh, including the Cope / Marsh fossil Wars! That might be worth an episode of It's its own ....

Believe it or not, the Greeks were able to deduce that fossils were the remains of long-extinct organisms. Though they had no idea the age of these fossils, they were aware that eons must have passed since. They even developed their own concepts of evolution.

TheJeffreyJJones Interestingly, there are some fish which are endothermic. Seems like the trait can convergently evole in all kinds of species. I know some dinosaur specimens have been preserved well enough to suggest endothermic traits as well as mammal-like reptile specimens.

Thanks for sharing that, I knew of some shark species, and tuna that are and didn't even think about suggesting those. I think a video on this subject that covers all these different species that are endothermic would be fascinating.

Yes yes do this!

If you want to know when specific traits evolved, I recommend Aron Ra's Systematic Classification of Life. The series goes into a lot of detail and is great if you're interested in prehistoric animals.

I am pretty sure they have made a video about evolution of mammals which also explains the appearance of endothermic animals.

Hell yeah.

When lions and bears clashed? Ancient Greece.

@Desk Goji Actually, that got me thinking: why are there no bears in Africa? As far as I know, the only African bear was a brown bear (sub?) species that was killed off in the 1800's. Did bears evolve elsewhere, EG, the new world? If so, why did they largely fail while their canid cousins did better (jackals, wild dogs, golden wolves, foxes, etc)? In fact, it'd be interesting to see how/why the different groups of carnivorans (specifically the apex predator groups; cats, dogs, bears, and, to a lesser extent, weasels, mongooses, and hyenas) came to rule their respective territories and niches? Did these carnivoran branches arise in the same regions and over what time scale? Were the first pinnipeds (seals) weasel-like or bear-like? Why did both caniformes and feliformes develop long-bodied hunters with the musteloidea (weasels) and mongooses (herpestidae)(respectively)? That could be at least an episode.

Infernoraptor, that is a wonderful episode suggestion. I am so interested!

Desk Goji yesn Please!

Hell yeah it is

All I could think was MMMMMMmm they look tasty!

Cities - No, YOU are.

Fortunately it still is

+SkyPearTree - avian evolution from a group of dinosaurs has been known for quite some time. I remember 25 years ago teaching my kids that dinosaurs DID NOT all die out at the end of the Cretaceous. Small avian ones survived. At 5 years old at the beach and seeing a seagull my daughter remarked: "There goes a flying dinosaur!"

yeah, it's pretty old information. Just seems to take forever for scientific knowledge to leak into the popular consciousness. Which makes one wonder what other interesting things are currently known in the realm of modern day papers and scientific journals that we're missing out on.

+PaperDragon OR: commonly heard misunderstandings of science that the public hangs on to even those misunderstandings have been completely debunked. Take the "Coriolis Effect" on the direction of water swirl in a basin or toilet bowl or whatever. It CAN (and has) been shown that in a very controlled setup, you will see the swirl in opposite directions in the north and south hemispheres. But there is NO WAY that you can see it in a standard basin, toilet bowl, whatever; because the shape of the basin and interfering fingers and other objects create so much background "noise" that you can't make a conclusive observation. And this is just a minor misunderstanding.

I think the problem is that that information is not very well disclosed out of the academic world. Some people still don't even "believe" in evolution...

We say "rare as hen's teeth"

There's also birds like mergansers that, in a way, re-evolved teeth in the form of bill serrations and ducks that have very fine, sieve-like "teeth" that allow them to filter food from water.

not to mention the pelagornithids, massive seabirds with pseudo-teeth (technically pointed projections on the beak). they're extinct now, but existed up until extremely recently, only disappearing about 2.5 million years ago - the last surviving species were still around when Homo habilis existed! despite their similarities in appearance and niche to albatrosses, pelagornithids were actually more closely related to fowl, like turkeys and ducks.

Henry B yes, a video on the evolution of flight in pterosaurs would be awesome

unfortunately, we know next to nothing about pterosaur evolution. Their ancestors are completely unknown to science.

Well we don't know. The earliest ancestors already knew how to fly. There's no transitional fossil currently available.

Aliens, that’s how

Just a guess, but flight could have developed from some kind of early pterosaur ancestor that glided. Maybe an aboreal or coastal animal?

pisse3000 Like at night? Lol

Shadowserenity.. did you watch the same video that we saw?

Taylor Brustowicz i was suggesting that night time is sometimes a desperate and frightening struggle for survival

The saddest part is that it may occur to us someday.

I understand, however the magnitude of Darkness at the asteroid created was 10 times that of normal current day nights. It was dark, death every where, fires burning out of control createing even more ash in the air. So much Ash that most animals suffocated within hours. Just a truly horrible and terrifying time in history.

I second this! please cover this topic.

Yesss, awesome idea, cacti are amazing

Alfredo Gonzalez Actually microbiome is an aquired thing.. which a person start gaining just after the birth because enviroment is full of microorganism, place where they can survive...there they will grow.

sagarverma369 technically everything is “acquired” but we have developed physiological adaptations to have certain bacteria in our guts rather than others

We haven't developed for them to survive...few bacteria have developed adaptations to survive within us. Even commensal bacteria can cause disease in us if the person is immune compromised, this is because we haven't adapted anything for them to survive in us.

How so man, all bacteria were before all eucaryotes. It's not possible to have a clear view of the evolution of bacteria because they were so small. All the clues we have come from their chemical footprint

You guys just haven’t read the data on the microbiome ... out of the thousands of bacteria present in our gut all human beings fall into 1 of 2 enterotypes ... either a higher prevalence of bacteroides species , or a higher prevalence of prevotella species... recent data has shown that the short chain fatty acids: butyrate, acetate, and propionate function in the suppression of inflammation and cancer ... those with higher ratio of prevotella create more of these short chain fatty acids which suppress the immune system... when these bacteria are absent, our immune system is ramped up because it lacks the short chain fatty acids so it assumes there is a different bacteria present.... those with more bacteroides also have higher rates of chronic diseases like colon cancer www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/25198138/ our body has developed physiological adaptations to have certain bacteria live within our bodies as opposed to others

An episdoe on eurypterids would be gud

They now have that! I love this channel

become

Would make for an interesting episode. Especially since the very new marbled crayfish seems to get along quite well with it.

Sebastiaan De Koning *life

*amazeng

Amazing*

@@bratwurstmitbiryani amazing*

I don't. Don't you think it's little wrong to watch you tube st work?

Better than the neons?

Comi Raptor we know next to nothing about mega raptors compared to other dinosaurs. It be cool tho

Andres Amador They already did a video on that :) ru-vid.com/video/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-13aUo5fEjNY.html

Andres - Fairies.

I disagree with you. I don't think there is such a strict distinction between a theory and hypothesis. Not to mention that a theory can at any time still be subjected to doubts and tests. Or they may be built upon and altered as newer better facts, observation, knowledges, and other possible variables come to light. A theory is in essence always a hypothesis of some kind.

Geese don’t have teeth

A. Randomjack nice family there

_All Life is One_ Not philosophy, genetics says so.

A. Randomjack oke Dokie ardi chokie

There is no evidence that a meteorite caused the P-T mass extinction, though loads of evidence for a mass acidiification of the ocean+ mass carbon+low oxygen event. More importantly however, the P-T mass extinction was not one event, but several waves that hit millions of years apart during the late Permian. A further mark against the meteorite theory is the longevity of the crisis. The K-T mass extinction was swift, sudden but life soon picked up within a few million years, with diversity (speciation) high during the following Tertiary. By contrast, the early Triassic saw very low speciation, with very low oxygen levels (walking up a hill was like Everest oxygen wise) and generally little life for more than 10 million years. Clearly then, a meteorite mass extinction and Permian mass extinction were very different indeed. The Siberian traps were indeed responsible for the Permian, but no meteorite was needed (nor do we find asteroid remnents in the rock.) By the way, the Deccan traps explosion is a theory and a very out there one at that, and one not entirely in line with what we know about the K-T mass extinction from the fossil record.

Thanx, Warlord of T, forgiving us the standard narrative. However, I explained there IS evidence of impact at P-T, which deserves consideration regardless of conventional arguments. Trap volcanoes set ablaze Siberian coal beds, the resulting massive fires shot CO2 up, there was also probably a massive vaporization of Arctic methane hydrates, which then burned, ocean acid soared, etc. All of that and more, I conceded as consequences of the volcanoes. The havoc was so severe, Earth took several million years for life to recover.

From what we are learning from the fossil record mass extinctions are never that simple. The Deccan Traps were already active for millions of years before the end Cretaceous impact which is the main counter evidence towards this theory. With regards to the Permian there is not yet any conclusive evidence for an impact associated with the event though several possible craters have been proposed neither are taken all that seriously with respect to the extinction as there is no supporting evidence of a major impact and the error bars on the prospective craters ages are far too unconstrained. Other asteroid impacts dot the fossil record but do not coincide with any of the major global extinction events typically only effecting genus and species and localized effects. What evidence we do have about the major mass extinctions in the earths history all point to it being the combination of factors that separate major mass extinctions from more localized extinction events. The big 5 all show a major long lasting stressor towards the planets biosphere with a second trigger pushing the stressed ecosystem over the edge triggering the "mass extinction". In the case of the PT extinction as well as the T-J extinction we have evidence that the prolonged stressor was probably the super continent of Pangea itself due to low level of erosion leading to severe nutrient deficiencies in marine ecosystems and the interconnected nature of the environment promoting low species diversity among other factors. The lack of errosion hampered carbon sequestration allowing CO2 to build up faster than it could be depleted by biological sequestration leading to rising temperatures ocean acidity and anoxic conditions stressing out life and boosting the background extinction levels . Then the Siberan traps pushed the system over the brink by not only introducing severe pollution emitted from the vast fractured sea of lava but the location of the eruption taking place over vast Carboniferous coal deposits it set ablaze. This altogether played out in a series of eruption pulses spanning from the late Permian well into the Triassic as the Traps volcanic activity waxed and waned. The K-P extinction similarly seems to have had a long term srtressor in the Deccan Traps with a far more abrupt push over the brink in the form of the Chicxulub impact that occurred over extremely rich hydrocarbon deposits and fine particulates necessary to trigger years of perpetual darkness.

Thanx, Doc (Dragrath). Got it, you know it all. All I wanted was a discussion about the catastrophe theory associated with impacts and seismic transit. There is some math applicable, which I have done. I like my idea, and no matter how much the mainstream denies it, I'm going to go on liking it. Conservation of momentum and energy will not be denied.