When Rome Left England | History of the Middle Ages

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When the Roman Empire left Britain, England retained the city of London but was said to be so destitute that residents scavenged among ruins for metal goods as simple as nails for everyday use. National and ethnic identities were up for grabs between the Franks, the Gauls, the Saxons, and more. Grab your phone and get ready to dish on the ultimate celebrity break-up: Rome and England.
This video is episode two from the series England: From the Fall of Rome to the Norman Conquest, presented by Jennifer Paxton. Learn more about Middle Ages Britain at www.wondrium.com/RU-vid
Table of Contents:
00:00 The Rise and Fall of Roman Britain
04:30 Hadrian's Wall Is Constructed
08:07 What Roman Britain's Landscape Reveals
11:53 Roman Britain's Mixed Linguistic Influences
13:28 What Caused Roman Britain's Decline?
18:45 Britain's Economic Collapse and Political Crisis
23:51 The Impact of the Barbarian Conspiracy
27:48 Romans Withdraw as Britain Loses Military Strength
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#FallOfRome #MiddleAges #BritishHistory

Опубликовано:

4 июн 2024

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Комментарии : 303

@WheelieMacBin 9 месяцев назад

Historians were pretty sure of the timeline of decline in Roman Britain until 2017. In that year an amazing discovery was made that re-wrote the history books for the 5th century in post-Roman Britain. Until this discovery, historians were certain that British life had declined and reverted to something more tribal during and after the Saxon Advent. However, a mosaic was discovered at Chedworth Roman villa in the modern day county of Gloucestershire. That mosaic has been positively dated to being laid around the mid 5th century, and certainly after 424 AD, and probably as late as 450 - 480 AD. That strongly suggests that Chedworth was occupied by a wealthy individual who was living a Roman lifestyle, and that artisans still existed who could manufacture and lay a mosaic floor. That further suggests that other artisans and tradesmen existed, but more importantly, it indicates that some form of Romano-British administration existed, along with a military force. That would tie-in with the famous Romano-British victory at the Battle of Badon around 500 AD, which held back the Saxon advance in the west for at least fifty years.

@sinsitysinderella790 7 месяцев назад

That's fascinating! Thanks for sharing!

@kevwhufc8640 4 месяца назад

Historians are slow in catching up with the evidence info archaeologists discover.

@spacebeagle3810 22 дня назад

...in which a Sarmatian named Art killed like, 900 guys. Killed them to death, if I remember correctly. All seriousness aside, that is indeed an intriguing and cool tie-in.

@ac1646 21 день назад

I just saw a video on this! It makes sense. The Romans were in Britain for three and a half centuries. I can't believe that the whole of the civilization just went 'back' to what it was before.

@heofonfyr6000 20 дней назад

I don't really understand what people thought was the case before... pretty sure nobody seriously imagined a sudden, complete and total withdrawal of all Roman culture and administration and cessation of any and all armed struggle in 411 AD 🤷🏻‍♂️😆 that wouldn't make any sense. I don't really recall the narrative being previously different or changing after 2017... indeed I remember lots of talk of battles and a receding Roman culture eventually ending with the last Roman administration in Wales. from 2017 there was simply a solid example of what everyone already figured was the case.

@jrlaz0001 2 года назад

This was absolutely fantastic! What a true teacher!

@BB-yh5rd Год назад

I was working in Gloucester area off and on for two years during the pandemic and my hotel was a short walk from the ruins of a Roman villa. Was pretty amazing that stuff like that was all over the place. An old structure in the Rocky Mountain region where I live is around a hundred years old. The depth and variety of history in the UK is pretty mesmerizing.

@juniorjames7076 Год назад

"Futuristic" stories about a devasted dystopian landscape are really just our vestigial memories of past civilization collapse.

@julianhermanubis6800 Год назад

I find it fascinating that Magnus Maximus appears in Welsh chronicles and histories and is said to have had a family connection to the very earliest Welsh kings.

@KevDaly 11 месяцев назад

There also seems to be a distant memory of Caratacus, which is even more impressive - although it's hard to be sure since the name also occurs for different people in Ireland (whence McCarthys) so it's not obvious whether it was just a popular name in aristocratic circles, or even was a popular name because of his fame.

@kimberlyperrotis8962 Год назад

I’ve watched all of this professor’s courses on Wondrium, I think she’s great.

@TheGreatCourses Год назад

Makes us happy to hear you are enjoying the courses!

@7harrylime 2 года назад

Professor Paxton is the best. Her history of England from King Arthur to the Tudor conquest and 1066: The Year that Changed Everything are outstanding.

@garryowen8875 Год назад

Arthur (if he existed) was 500 years before England.

@7harrylime Год назад

@@garryowen8875 She teaches how the idea of Arthur influenced England’s national identity, not Arthur as an actual person.

@kevwhufc8640 Год назад

@@7harrylime Arthur didn't influence Britain, he was created by the earl of Monmouth in 12th century. Libraries didn't exist in Saxon times ,,, doh. I hate yanks talking about British history, its so wrong

@7harrylime Год назад

@@kevwhufc8640 There were oral traditions about a King Arthur figure going back to the Dark Ages. Gildas, Bede and other monks wrote about this figure going back to the fifth century. I’m not talking about Malory and the later French stories. Also, your 12th century date is irrelevant because the course goes until the Tudor conquest in 1485. Henry named his eldest son Arthur for a reason - to establish legitimacy as part of the Arthurian tradition. Maybe be a tad less condescending next time.

@kevwhufc8640 Год назад

@@7harrylime I think it was around the late the 9th century the name Arthur was used, or something similar like Ambrose or artorius, but he's a composite figure at best, if not completely mythical.

@george11419 9 дней назад

I loved this presentation. All too often, presentations are like television programmes. In this case, the presenter/lecturer is highly literate and knowledgeable.

@StraightWhiteGuy33 9 дней назад

Who else was not expecting such a fantastic video when they clicked

@teddyjackson1902 10 месяцев назад

It’s pretty awesome that they had prefab mosaics. Had never heard that before. It’s like having access to target art.

@sinsitysinderella790 7 месяцев назад

Lol, right?

@riorockers 18 дней назад

It makes one wonder where Western Civilization would be now if Rome had never fallen. A Moon Base and a Martian Colony?

@teddyjackson1902 10 месяцев назад

It’s confusing to me why Caesar’s expeditions to the island are often downplayed. He established the foundation on which the province was built by forming patronage relationships in the southeast where Rome ultimately gained its foothold with the assistance of local chieftains.

@KevDaly 8 месяцев назад

I think it's largely because everyone there went back to business as usual after he left. They were accustomed to strong leaders imposing tribute and exercising sway for as long as their power lasted - the general model of war in Britain was the old one: you kill some people, you take their stuff, and you go home, maybe with some slaves or hostages. That's largely what Caesar did. It was only under Claudius that a permanent Roman presence was established - the majority of the island was very clearly under new management, and the freedom of the Britons was ended.

@sinsitysinderella790 7 месяцев назад

I absolutely agree. The vast majority of mentions of Caeser in regards to Britain are how he was run out on his initial attempt. His actual contribution is mainly overlooked.

@michaelgardner8523 Год назад

Well said and explained. Thank you.

@arkaig1 3 дня назад

1. Wonderfully excellent. 2. Highly informative. 3. Set playback speed to 1.25 or more, and it's enjoyable too!

@ttq3661 Год назад

Love this, a great lecture!

@nerdmassa9086 Год назад

This is exceptionally engaging and clear on many levels, and I'm not even a native speaker.

@Azilla00 7 месяцев назад

Great video, very informative

@sinsitysinderella790 7 месяцев назад

This was fantastic, and so well written and orated. The mention of "Pre-Fab" mosaics kind of cracked me up, it's funny to think of things of the ancient world that way, but as you said, a really interesting indication of the stratification of society. Thanks so much!

@riorockers 18 дней назад

I'm sure you could order a mass-produced, stone statue or column, so why not a mosaic? 😊

@ulrichschliz1076 2 года назад

Excellent in form and content.

@TheGreatCourses 2 года назад

Thank you, Ulrich!

@robbabcock_ 2 года назад

What a terrific video! ⚔🙏

@bassinblue 10 месяцев назад

We truly have a LOT to thank the romans for. Amazing.

@petelove9731 Год назад

Thank you, sitting here at work in a warehouse in West London watching this film. Great work.

@erichodge567 11 месяцев назад

You're fired.

@stushaw3858 11 дней назад

Do some work

@Michael-fl1tm Год назад

Thank you for this, it was a lot of good information.

@TheGreatCourses Год назад

Glad you enjoyed it!

@HutchKansas 2 года назад

Nice to have something real unlike the History Channel with the big foot, aliens landing programs.

@altacalifornio5375 2 года назад

Well... the winners write the history “real” or not...

@martingrey2231 2 года назад

What's wrong with Bigfoot???

@MPM6785ChitChat Год назад

@@martingrey2231 Short of one foot I'd say 😆

@gurunathanm2677 Год назад

FANTASTIC MADAM, YOU HAVE JUST TOOK US BACK TO SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS. WORTHY OF WATCHING FROM CHENNAI, INDIA. THANKU MAM.

@BB-yh5rd Год назад

This is the kind of great stuff I learned in university 30 years ago instead of the online nonsense that annoyed my kids and almost immediately decided to go into trades and sales instead. Really cool video.

@kevwhufc8640 Год назад

At least there's more money to be made in trade and sales than any history job, ;)

@BB-yh5rd Год назад

@@kevwhufc8640 For sure. None of my boys want to go to college now. Trades are definitely where it's at because they're actually useful.

@gandolph999 Год назад

Brilliant video.

@JamesWylde 2 года назад

Excellent video

@smooth_sundaes5172 Год назад

Germans were here long before the Saxons. Many were settled here following their military service. At Romes height, Britain was seen as a fairly sedate posting. The reason for pulling back from the Antonine wall was because Galloway was difficult to hold down. The rugged and mostly forested region consumed a lot of Auxiliaries and proved an expensive and pointless undertaking.

@frankenstein6677 Год назад

Looking at the map like this, I'm really assuming the Antonine Wall was built more to protect Rome's northern allies, than the border itself.

@trustedgyan5268 2 года назад

Amazing explain ❤️❤️❤️

@TheGreatCourses 2 года назад

Glad you think so!

@gregoryrollins59 2 года назад

Don't know if I'd say amazing. She talks about Christianity that came there. That's misleading. Christianity wasn't, hasn't ever been one religion, one belief. In the 3rd and 4th century the Christian church was divided. Hence the reason why Constantine called the council of nicea in 325ce. Constantine was baptized by eusebius of nicomedia a western church Christian who didn't believe in the nicene creed. So was Constantine the 2nd. So was the first king of Rome. Infact non nicene creed, non trinitarians ruled Rome until around 590 ce. So who were those Christians? It matters. She wrong for not saying which she knows. That makes her a liar. Screw her narrative. Peace and agap'e

@ryangerrard4048 2 года назад

Great video

@eric2685 Год назад

I suspect that many Romano British soldiers did not leave Britain when the orders came to do this . They had families here , and these went back generations . Roots , in other words . Whatever legends built up around resistance to Saxons probably have their sources here . In A.D.410 , the depleted garrisons of Britain were removed to defend Rome ... I bet some stayed here ...

@johnhill9595 Год назад

Rome never left England. It left Britain.

@sebjornsprauten1406 Год назад

Fantastic content 👏

@TheGreatCourses Год назад

We appreciate your feedback!

@jodintlz5491 2 года назад

Love her explanation

@bumblebeeeoptimus Год назад

This videos have some Great Courses Plus vibes, and are as much good. I miss TGC+ on RU-vid. 😔

@ngwailung3751 Год назад

Thanks for the video.

@icarusairways6139 Год назад

History presentation the way I like it.

@valmarsiglia Год назад

Funny, here I was thinking that England didn't exist till four centuries or so after the legions left.

@johnmaclagan2263 Год назад

940 ad or sometime about then

@neilog747 Месяц назад

It existed in Jutland as a tribal territory for at least 300 years before the Anglish came over to Britain.

@valmarsiglia Месяц назад

@@neilog747 Yes, because that's exactly the same thing, lol. [Slow clap]

@aurelienyonrac 2 года назад

Ecelent. May the history channel match your exelence.

@beachboy0505 Год назад

excellent video 📹 the people of Britain then knew that must unite through force and politics.

@honvun8002 Год назад

The best ever !!

@juniorjames7076 Год назад

"Futuristic" stories about a devasted dystopian landscape are really just our vestigial memories of past civilization collapse.

@dragoncrackers7660 17 дней назад

I think its amazing that we know as much as we do. We are talking about centuries and centuries of war, neglect of records and all of the other bad things that came about with the collapse of a major civilization. The fact that we have records at all is astonishing... mind you, Im aware that not all of these records are the originals and that we have had to fill in the blanks because there are gaps and contradictions... but we still have enough to piece together timelines and pretty good details in some cases. We even have names and details of their lives. Lots more entertaining to me than fiction.

@RPe-jk6dv Год назад

roomans were never in "england", so they could not leave it.

@TheGreenmangrove 20 дней назад

good docment

@basilmcdonnell9807 19 дней назад

The evidence of decline I find most striking is the various caches of silver plate that have been dug up from the late Roman period. These would have been buried by the locals, who evidently never had an opportunity to come back and retrieve them.

@cacambo589 29 дней назад

Anyone know what "sedullars" are?

@londonbudgetgardner5205 20 дней назад

Excellent video An American came up with the truth.

@jjsmallpiece9234 Год назад

The Cornish tin mines shown early in the video are not from Roman times. A bit misleading to show them. They are more like 17-1800 time period.

@peterallman8474 9 дней назад

I'm not very far into this, but already a little sceptical. In terms of the Boudicca uprising I have never heard the attack on Londinium referred to without mention of the attack and burning of the Roman Castrum of Camulodunum (Colchester) that preceeded it and kicked things off. It's like looking for causes of WWII and not mentioning Poland.

@dnstone1127 2 года назад

Where is that 1:34 please ?

@maryearll3359 2 года назад

@ DN Stone.... sorry, I haven't a clue. I hope someone will help us ☺️

@fayeelizabeth3351 2 года назад

Hi, this looks to be the Dinas Dinlle Hillfort in Gwynedd, North Wales

@melekcancesmebas3755 2 года назад

It s wonderful

@kevin-parratt-artist Год назад

So where Ma"am, do the Vikings fit into this? The English language with all its ingredients could be described as a dog's dinner. Or Lapskaus, the Norwegian word for a stew with a bit of everything in it. Could we simplify it as saying that English is a Germanic Language with a Romanic overlay? There is Old Romanic, from the Romans, but from centuries later then Modern Romanic, modern Romanic brought over by the Norman's. There was the time when the elite of England spoke French. There are many words in English which are directly from the Norsemen. .. and a few more in Northern England and Scotland. eg. the Scottish word for child: bairn Norwegian: barn. port & starboard - starboard comes from styrebord, 'steering board' = rudder, which was always installed at the stern on the right hand side of the keel on Viking ships. (port is romanic)

@johnkochen7264 Год назад

Vikings came some 300 years later as I am sure you are well aware of. On a side not, starboard in Dutch is stuurbord and in German it’s steurbord. Both words mean steering side as you mentioned. There are many such words. Hosen = trousers or pants in German Hose = silk stockings and flexible piping for water in English Hoos = a twister or small tornado in Dutch. In all 3 cases it describes a flexible cilinder-like object. Then there is shirt/skirt, water/wotter/water/wasser.

@dontgivamonkeyz Год назад

Bairn is not Scottish in origin but of old English and was brought to Scotland by the Angles who settled the lowlands of Scotland. Bairn is still used by many in the very north of England particularly Northumbria, Northumbria once stretch as far as Edinburgh and itself of Angle origin. The Scots language is derived from old English, ironically the Scots language and the Scottish accent today would be more similar to how the English spoke back in those days than they do now.

@johnmaclagan2263 Год назад

@@dontgivamonkeyz Scots is our version of English- it has germanic and Dutch roots

@Knappa22 Год назад

There is no old Latin in English because the English were not in Britain at the time of the Romans. Welsh is the only UK living language today where you can see a significant amount of very early Latin loanwords. This is because Welsh is basically modern Brittonic - the language that was spoken in Britain before, during and after the Roman occupation.

@WagesOfDestruction Месяц назад

I doubt that Roman Britain was ever economically self-sustaining. While the province did make some revenue from industries like mining, agriculture, pottery, and trade, it was an expensive territory for Rome to occupy and defend. Maintaining military control required a significant commitment of legions and resources. Over time, the costs likely outweighed the benefits Rome derived from Britain. Holding distant provinces like Britain became an unsustainable burden that drained resources from the capital. Once the Roman army left, the local economy, which depended on military money, collapsed.

@py8554 Год назад

How many Romans left Britain, and how many actually stayed?

@neilog747 Месяц назад

Not many British stayed behind in post-imperial India. Why the comparison? Empires are there to prioritise wealth extraction rather then settle the land (where there is already a large population). When the legions left, they took many young British men with theme to fight in pointless wars on the continent. It is unlikely that the British would have missed their oppressors.

@randomcamus9445 20 дней назад

It was not, when the Romans left, the Romans did not stay because they knew that they would attack other tribes and they were in the lands as foreigners.

@prechagirl 2 года назад

This was good however I was left with the question what caused the economy to change and manufacturing to decline. I know she mentioned demand but it must be more than that for the impact it had

@michaeljohn2826 Год назад

Contstant and persistent harassment of western European supply lines over the course of many decades made getting goods in and out of Britain not worth it.

@raultalmon1467 8 дней назад

German tribes conquering all western europe

@kevwhufc8640 Месяц назад

3:00 it wasn't as simple as saying 'the tribes didn't unite' many did unite , but some made deals with Rome such as the Regni which made it easier for the Romans, to land and unload their ships on friendly territory without any hassle , north of the Thames could have been defended but the Iceni had already promised the Romans they wouldn't join forces with the catuvellauni and trinovantes, The Iceni remained on their own land after bending the knee to Rome, something that would they would regret over the following 18 years..

@genekelly8467 19 дней назад

Brittania (Cornwall) was an important source of tin (for making bronze); this trade continued long after the Romans left.

@brianferris8668 6 дней назад

Belerion or Bolerium during the Roman occupation.

@roolenoir3183 2 года назад

Just started. She’s got a smirk on her face . Like she’s enjoying telling us about Rome leaving…

@altacalifornio5375 2 года назад

If it weren’t for the Romans the English wouldn’t have London, just sayin

@roolenoir3183 2 года назад

Go read some history.😉

@hands-ongaming7180 Год назад

@@altacalifornio5375 that makes zero sense

@edwardhogan1877 Год назад

What language is that text which appears. on screen? Guessing from Armenian to Indian!

@cymro6537 Год назад

The title is something of a misnomer - The Romans didn't leave 'England' - but Britain.

@cambs0181 23 дня назад

It's refreshing to see an American explain our history in such a well researched and respectable manner. Rather than getting their knowledge from hollywood movies or some book they read as a child. I mean she hasn't even brought up the argument for aliens helping the Romans.

@eriktopolsky8531 Год назад

The fall of Rome or even fall of its provice such as BRITANNIA is great tragedy and CATACLYSMIC event for Europe as it has brought fallen Roman provinces centuries back in development. No surprise that when Rome collapsed, western partof known world immediatelly entered PERIOD OF DARK AGES, we can see here why, it was greatest empire that ever existet. Why have you left ROME again Brittania ? Is it not cold and lonelly out there on the edge ?

@redemrys5342 Год назад

So, Professor Paxton, did all this happen before or after the reign of the Emporer Donald?

@joandark2 Месяц назад

She shows just how important it is to establish and keep at least a basic level of craftsmen and manufacturing knowledge so a country can maintain a comfortable civilised lifestyle, when foreign trade dries up. At a time when the whole of Europe is in flux, keeping our manufacturing processes must be fought for

@kopynd1 2 года назад

shes gud and a gud luka, luv from Bernicia

@Valhalla88888 5 месяцев назад

England was founded 450 years later ie 970 AD😂

@zacsayer1818 6 дней назад

If you class a “surviving language” as one with less than 500 fluent speakers, then yes Cornish survives!

@ndoungonecelestin6071 2 года назад

❤️❤️💥🙏

@justmenotyou3151 18 дней назад

In some ways, it's like you are describing brexit. 😂😢

@user-qk4qy3tu5l Месяц назад

And

@garryowen8875 Год назад

I always find statements like ‘When Rome left England’ as England didn’t exist until hundreds of years later. I’ll watch it later.

@nicholasjones7312 Год назад

Yeah, I agree; so the Romans didn’t leave Wales then?

@garryowen8875 Год назад

@@nicholasjones7312 yma o hyd.

@garryowen8875 Год назад

@@nicholasjones7312 anyway. You know what it’s about. Neither existed then.

@caliburncymro7988 6 месяцев назад

The word "Wales" is a foreign expression. The Romans left Cymru, our name for Wales then, our name for Wales now. Greek mariner Pithaeus in the 4th century BC said that the natives called their island Pritaen, We still do,, we call it Prydain, or Brtain to you. Not bad after 2500 years. The Britons are still here.@@nicholasjones7312

@s.r.howell1297 20 дней назад

@@nicholasjones7312 Funny you should say that. Look up Magnus Maximus.

@kcbowman4042 3 дня назад

hate the grammarly ads.

@johnstuart7244 18 дней назад

England didn't exist at the point in the time frame referenced. I believe the author of this piece is referring to the British Isles.

@richardabraham3667 5 месяцев назад

Very informative and fun to watch. And really smart women of a certain age are hot.

@DocEmCee 14 дней назад

We are in a similar decline now

@andybarry3435 Год назад

Don't forget the Jutes

@triciasomogyi5431 2 года назад

👍

@yasseralsaidi1168 4 месяца назад

The Cornish either disintegrated and disappear or got infused and therefore became waterd down and lost there identity

@neilog747 Месяц назад

Watch a comedy video by Jethro. Plenty of identity there!

@ortensiorusso4775 3 месяца назад

Ave Aeterna! Aeterna! Victrix

@paulgibbons2320 23 дня назад

They are still here.

@gellionnen Год назад

Yma o Hyd !!

@user-rg2hj7ex6p 28 дней назад

I remember as a kid: finding my parents old music collection and hearing an Iron Maiden song called "Hadrians Wall", among others. Two or so weeks later in history class the teacher said: "today we will learn about Hadrians Wall and Roman Britain. 😮 I was shocked and amused at the cross-pollenation of subjects.

@thehum1000 4 месяца назад

The welsh are not germanic or irish

@silasgabriel4462 Год назад

13:17 Well that explains why the french are civilized and the english have the british museum, its the looter blood from the anglo-saxons.

@Scotty-P 12 дней назад

When Rome left Britain, you mean.

@user-bj3jv1jn6s 3 месяца назад

The Italians began brits Education and the Vikings finished it

@Simonsvids Год назад

She fails to mention that recent DNA evidence shows the extent of Germanic immigration was not as much as was traditionally thought. British DNA is still predominantly Celtic.

@albertdeleon6272 Год назад

Their DNA evolved from Africa

@schmozzer Год назад

Yes, the approach is conventional. She talks about waves of immigrants but it took the English over a hundred years to take Bath and Gloucester from the British.

@giadacarbone8979 Год назад

non è vero niente

@JosephPercente 22 дня назад

Roman culture endured somewhat until plague of justinian.

@keithmurphy5156 8 месяцев назад

I am enjoying watching your video BUT what a HUGE error you made at the beginning saying Roman invasion in 44AD when all know it was 43 AD don't know how you got that wrong

@zacsayer1818 6 дней назад

There is a comparable decline in Britain’s economy today. Items that I once took forgranted are now, too, comparatively more expensive and difficult to obtain. Well done Brexiteers, I’m sure you must be very proud of yourselves, imposing trade sanctions on oneself has to be one of the most moronic things a society can do to itself! 🤦🏻‍♂️

@17garm Месяц назад

Weren’t the ‘middle ages’ rather later? Perhaps more the ‘dark ages’?

@robsurname4054 Год назад

England nor English existed at the time when the Romans left Britain ..

@neilog747 Месяц назад

Yes we did. We were living in Jutland next to the Danes and Frisians. England does not begin in Britain.

@robsurname4054 Месяц назад

@@neilog747 Be sensible .. England did not exist in Britain nor did the English language at that time

@revolutionaryhamburger 15 дней назад

So... At the end of the Roman era the elites, the educated and the literate were having a bad time of it. Meanwhile, the barbarians and brigands and benighted bumpkins were having a smashing good time looting the ruins. History and the past it supposes to describe are all a matter of perspective.

@danielferguson3784 6 месяцев назад

The Roman never 'left' Britain, but simply lost control of the nearby continent, & then contact was lost, money stopped being sent over to pay the remaining troops in the Province. Only those troops most useful for the continental wars, the Comitatensian Field Army units, would have been taken out of Britain for these wars. The troops of the British Limes will have been retained within the Province, as they would be of little use abroad, & would likely have been reluctant to be sent away, & may have refused to do so, having been born & bred in the Province for many generations. The many auxiliary units, the bulk of the British garrison, were spread around the northern part of the Province, in order that they could police the area, & to live off the land. These forces may have been reduced in number from the peak the 2nd century, they cannot have been reduced to a useless number. It cannot be said for certain that ALL of Britain spoke Brithonic languages. The eastern part may have been more Germanic, like their associated & related Belgic neighbours across the English Channel. The reduction of markets & production. with the loss of coinage, was the result of the removal of a major part of the army, which was the biggest market for produce, but also the producer of much necessary items, & also where the expertise was largely based. The population without the Army, without new supplies of coin, could not retain enough of a customer base to maintain the necessary quantity of production.

@oye4511 7 дней назад

Good for Rome...!!

@spartanwarrior1 Год назад

It‘s Britannia or Logres 😏

@andrewlewis9231 20 дней назад

Rome never left England - England didn't exist until centuries later. The Romans erected Saxon Shore forts to prevent their incursions. The various boat peoples, who later became the English eg the Saxons (which is what both the 'Welsh' and Scots still describe them as being), Angles, Jutes. Franks, Frisians etc came after they left.

@jjsmallpiece9234 Год назад

Wrong title. England as a country didn't exist in Roman times.

@GH-oi2jf Год назад

The title does not imply that England was a nation in Roman times. She is relating the history of the part of Britain now known as England. Everybody understands that perfectly well.

@jjsmallpiece9234 Год назад

@@GH-oi2jf Yes it does, when Rome left England is a clear statement