When The Atlantic Ripped Open A Supercontinent 

Worse, you called this „temperature“ an excess „heat“, which is a common misconception mixing up temperature and heat, but it still hurts me a little as someone teaching student science teachers. But overall, a great video with a cool topic!

Shouldn't heat be measured in Calories ? Temperature vs Heat.

@@michaelpytel3280 well, if you live in the 19th century, you can use calories for no particular reason. In the 21st century we use Joule as for anything related to energy, with heat being thermally transfered energy.

If it's temperature differences, they should technically be given in Kelvin, not degrees Celsius. IIRC there's also a Fahrenheit-scaled version of absolute temperature units, of which the name escapes me right now.

@@little_forest Thanks.

I wish we split at the cratons not our current continent shapes

Decades, if not centuries of fieldwork. Paper maps and best guesses. And now with super computers we can run all that info to see if it matched our guesses.

I really wonder how correct that simulation is to what actually happened.

You need to thank Robert Scotese and his paleomap project 😊

Scotese!!!!

Gratz for your doctorate! Keep on learning

Well that's awesome!

6 years is a lot of time

Me too! Started early in college. Now I’m a doctor.

Stoppp I’m in high school right now, been watching eons for 3-4 years now and as I’m think about my future.. I’ve been considering going for a phd in evolutionary biology 😭😭 I’ve been looking for reasons to NOT spend lots of time in school not the opposite

????

😂

😂🤘🤘

A Magnum opus before their final extinction

Back in the past, they split due to "irreconcilable differences". I guess you could say they just drifted apart.

I'm 70 and sometimes I feel older than plate tectonics. 😂 Actually, I remember reading as a kid in a science book in our school library that one of the leading theories for the origin of the Pacific Ocean (because it's so big) was a collision with another planet. It was half right - a collision did result in our Moon after all, though at the time Earth was a ball of flaming rocks.

we have learned more in the past 30 years, than the past 200 years, it is all being proven and accepted

That's why a lot of hippies believe in Atlantis and Lemuria and other stuff, because the going hypothesis at the time was that landmasses sink.

I'm 68 and never adequately learned about plate tectonics. We heard the term "continental drift" but nothing about how it might work.

I had to stop doing the Permian my sinuses were dried out all the time

The Holocene aint gonna end pretty.

Living life generally is an extreme sport. Deep history is formed by huge and horrible mass extinctions. History is formed by wars, famines and pestilences in this order. Just open up a conscise history encyclopedia. It is basically a list of horrible wars and it's battles, sprinkled with uprisings, coup d'etats.

I didn't mind it.

@@patreekotime4578 We already facing Holocene Mass Extinction tho

This should be top comment 💯🤣😂

😂

Pangexit means Pangexit

Control Alt Delete Controls the type of life Alters that life and land and can Delete that life all at the same time

Delete you? Yes, at any given moment!

​@@Alexadria205 who hurt bro

Rawr xd

@@Alexadria205did yo parents say ur a disappointment like chill man

And therefore it had the opportunity to enjoy the weirdest animals in our entire evolutionary history. 🦕

I wonder who the next dominant species are going to be.

These two more famous flood basalt eruptions as well as two others associated with the Carnian Pluvial event, linked to the Wrangellia flood basalt eruptions and associated mass extinction around 230 Ma, and the Capitanian mass extinction event 262-259 Ma linked to Emeishan Traps are likely all linked together in origin. The latter of which was only recently with more precise dating determined to be a distinct extinction event from the more famous Great Dying some 7 million years later with the lack of a prolonged recovery period likely contributing to the severity of the mass extinction that followed. There is also a slightly earlier Permian mass extinction which isn't well understood in terms of what caused it which when combined with the Carboniferous rainforest collapse as a result of Pangaea's formation brings the total of Pangaea associated mass extinctions to 6. In essence with these flood basalt eruptions it seems to have taken 3 rounds of failed super continental break up before one finally succeeded. While the reasons behind the break up have yet to reach a consensus Geochemically their melts are all similar and have geochemistry's analogous to the more primitive melts of Mt. Paektu a volcano which we now know is fairly uniquely driven by compositional upwelling of saturated sediment enriched hydrated mantle forced out of the stagnant subducted Pacific slab as it undergoes recrystallization at the Mantle Transition zone. Notably Mt. Paektu produced the Millennium eruption of 946 a high end VEI 6 possibly low end VEI 7 eruption. The ash layers from ice cores are notable for the lack of a strong sulfur dioxide spike a trait only seen contemporaneously with the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai eruption and like that eruption the high amount of water is likely the culprit causing the sulfur dioxide released to react with water and combine into sulfuric acid though as a subaerial eruption that sulfuric acid would have been injected into the atmosphere directly. The Millennium eruption was also notably immediately followed by the Medieval warm period in the Northern hemisphere which has been linked to the northwestern Pacific notably the same part of the world where Mt. Paektu is located. In other words water may very well been the driver for all of these events and the aforementioned eruptions which broke up Pangaea and the previous long lasting Supercontinent Rodinia. (Pannotia was breaking up as soon as it formed or alternatively could be considered two minor supercontinents sliding past each other and so it never experienced this kind of cataclysmic break up). Incidentally the Cryogenian glaciations have been linked to Rodinia's break up which again had the same relatively unique volatile enriched magma chemistry notable for its extremely high levels of phosphorus compared to typical magmas. Incidentally it is an unsolved question how much water these magmas had when they started we know it is quite high likely well above the 1-7% water by weight typical of subduction melts but was it 10%, 20%, 30%, +...? We don't know but regardless of the value it would have been bad for life especially given the land locked conditions of a late supercontinent with very little of the hospitable coastal and continental shelf habitats effectively minimizing the livable land area. There is a reason why some paleontologists have taken to blaming Pangaea itself for these mass extinctions. Supercontinents are hell for life. In the end the Triassic began with a mass extinction experienced a smaller mass extinction part way through and then ended in a mass extinction. Its hard to say life was ever thriving during the late Permian and Triassic as pretty much every time life started to recover a new disaster occurred with extinction levels staying well above background rates at even the best of times, it was only in the Jurassic after Pangaea had finally truly ended increasing the hospitable continental shelves and costal land areas that life really began to recover.

@@kellydalstok8900 I think after this it's Dolphin World

​@@Dragrath1 TLDR

I had similar thoughts in middle and high school. The shape was just too close. It wasn't until a geology class that the spreading was covered in depth. It is really interesting how they put it all together.

This is the immediate effects that was happened after that damn squirrel turns the earth's core

Lmfao

Glaciers aren’t tectonic plates.

​@kiuk_kiks he breaks more then just glaciers with that acorn. He flies a space ship with that thing

his name is Scrat XD

😒

We don't have that degree of certainty about the future of plate tectonics.

The planet will go on, and life will find a way. However, humans may become a very limited population or extinct. Regardless, the planet will keep on spinning until the Sun swells and devours it or a cosmic cataclysm affects the planet.

Me too . I am interested in the connection between the Deccan traps and the extinction of the dinosaurs

Same here

Yes please!

They listened ❤

@@ayushbharadwaj2536 😭👏👏👏

100C = 374K.

@@rimbusjift7575 not for a change in temperature, adding 100 C is the same as adding 100 K

I was going to say exactly this, but I shouldn't be surprised I wasn't the only one to notice.

That is correct! A change of 100˚C is 180˚F! Thank you for watching so closely!

@@Ryan-fi4qp Ah... missed the "change".

forbidden cobbler

the bubbling fruit cracks the crust 🥧

Just need a bering straight bridge and you could go from the bottom of south America all the way to the UK but it will never happen the USA actively discourages trains/mass transit.

@@michaelmayhem350 how does America discourage trains when they use Amtrak ?

Gross

@@animallover7072 I'm not sure if you're in the USA and never ridden amtrak or in EU & think that amtrak is comparable to trains in modern countries but your comment is really funny.

@@michaelmayhem350 I live in America and I’ve never rode Amtrak. Lol I don’t know much about trains.

Why is that crazy?

Yeah, why would that be crazy?

I thought they were brains.

Getting scoured by glaciers also helped

@@ellenbryn Any neighbor of Finland probably also got scoured.

Panthalassa! Say It's Name......

The Pacific is already terrifying as it is

The waves 🌊 must have been sky high.

that's what a supercontinent is, all the land is on one side of the planet

Gonna need a bigger boat

Plate tectonics started being discussed in the 10s actually. The first theory of continental drift was based on the same argument of "they fit together". As for why it wasn't considered or even accepted until way later, the main reason is that people didn't accept the idea of the crust being fragmented

As any man can tell you, just because it fits, doesn't mean they should go together

Happened to me over 50 years ago. It's a bit of a boggle to the mind that what I assumed as a 10 year old was "discovered" or solved decades later.

@@jacobgame2757😂

we have learned more in the past 30 years, than the past 200 years, it's just being proven in front of us

I think we need to throw more money at them to make that happen. We'd all appreciate more Eons, though!

It’s probably area covered by the eruption vs. amount of material erupted. The CAMP covers a far larger area, basically all of the coasts around the Atlantic. The Siberian traps cover a smaller area but the amount of lava in them would have been more. The CAMP is like taking all of the volcanoes of the pacific rim and considering them one eruption. It’s a huge amount of territory.

Duration is also a factor. Siberian Traps likely occur for 2 million years while the CAMP only lasting over 600,000 years

Is this a fellow Zentnerd I spy? Anyways yeah the onset of major subduction out in Panthalassa was likely huge for actually driving the true break up. That said the tenure of true supercontinents does seem to involve a duration of prolonged reduced tectonics slowing down the nutrient cycling. The kinds of magmas associated with the break up of supercontinents are strange being abnormally rich in phosphorous and other light elements with the only contemporary analog volcano in terms of magma composition being Mt. Paektu which thanks to seismic tomography we know derive sits melt from the oversaturated mantle above where the stagnant Pacific slab is undergoing recrystallization. This likely played a role in these events and the 4 associated flood basalt eruption which occurred during Pangaea's tenure. If I had to guess the magma likely helped drive the onset of major slab pull which then took over as the dominant driver of splitting the continents apart.

@@Dragrath1 hahaha. Guilty. I’ve watched almost everything Nick has posted. But the Baja-BC series, specifically showing Karin Sigloch’s work blew my mind. I’ve always been skeptical of the breakup of Pangea having to overcome the push from the Faralon. Your explanation is amazingly detailed. Love it!

@@PlayNowWorkLater There is so much fascinating stuff out there and the Karin Sigloch and Robert Hildebrand episodes/material were so mindblowing they sent me on a major research binge. Trying to piece together the likely picture of all the competing models with the new data is so interesting and somewhat complements my academic background in physics. The picture of ocean plates we have been taught increasingly seems overly simple with the oceanic crust looking to more or less be the thin oceanic crust formed by lowered pressures and temperatures being merely the skin of mantle convection cells that arise primarily from slab pull downwelling. Its clear the main player is subduction but the deep structure of major mid ocean ridge systems compared to other minor ocean ridge systems seems to be complicated and part of the picture. I suspect its the pile up of slab material which is increasingly dominant in driving the cycle after all the Large Low Sheer Velocity provinces down in the mantle appear to feed the deep rooted mantle plumes and some other work has shown that contrary to the standard picture these plumes do move generally converging with mid ocean ridges and feeding into these systems in some way. A complicated thermochemical convection system mainly powered by water. Generally across disciplines if something looks simple you probably don't have the full picture. I like that Nick takes dives into those depths letting us know about them but generally not getting so deep that you get lost in the depths. I do think the Bretz Ice age megaflood livestream A to Z series this past winter was a bit too long winded for my taste (over 3 hours long for some of those) I hope he can keep the next one a bit more focused even as it is allowed to wander with the direction of new revelations/ data. The amount of old historical notes and records was amazing but it was a bit to much all at once.

Well, if you build a bridge over the Bering strait (about the same size as the currently existing longest bridge), then you could already get from Texas to Asia, Europe and Africa (ignoring that a few strips of road are kinda unsafe due to wars and stuff). Australia would require a few very expensive bridges and tunnels across the Pacific / South Asian islands - not sure how feasible this is - are you okay with taking a ferry instead? After that we only have to close that tiny jungle gap in Mesoamerica and build a little bridge from South America to Antarctica and ... voila! You can go to every continent by car! That of course leaves a few pesky island nations which are too far out to build a bridge - Madagascar, Hawaii, Guam....

@@KonradTheWizzard I’d prefer that things be closer together. Having all the continents squished back together would be a lot more convenient. Plus, I’m not a fan of cold weather, so driving across Alaska and Дальний Восток России. Once the Gulf of Mexico is squished back together with Africa, it’ll be a much shorter and warmer trip by car. Guess I should get my car’s A/C fixed first, though, as the interior of the new supercontinent will probably be a giant, hot desert.

The middle of a supercontinent is not that nice. Think climate of central Asia, only more so. Mostly dry and alternating between too hot and too cold.

@@wwoods66 yeah, the biggest desert the earth ever had

What if another of these eruptions occurs and lasts for a long time.

they can track where the crust is moving, and work backwards to see where it came from, that's how we know what Pangaea and other supercontinents looked like using data models

@@danielzhang1916 I see, but still, continents are gigantic

it's really just one big world ocean, we just give it names to split it all up

Pulled apart, surely. Pressure in rising magma can be relieved by its flowing up and onto the surface of the plates.

Two sides of the same coin, it depends on the perspective

Yeah, the Devs been lazy for too long

Is it a mistake or there to give a reference point? I'm thinking the latter.

No

It was!

it's like two cars slamming into each other, the force and pressure pushes the ground up

Geological time scale is crazy

There’s been 6 since the Cambrian started the Phanerozoic eon.

Microplastics will live forever