Who decides how long a second is? - John Kitching

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Discover how scientists developed atomic clocks, which use the vibrations of atoms to measure and maintain a globally consistent time.
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In 1967, researchers gathered to answer a long-running scientific question: just how long is a second? It might seem obvious at first. A second is the tick of a clock, the swing of a pendulum, the time it takes to count to one. But how precise are those measurements? And what is that length based on? John Kitching digs into how we scientifically define this fundamental unit of time.
Lesson by John Kitching, directed by Tjoff Koong.
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Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible! Po Foon Kwong, NinjaBoffin, Jesse Jurman, Josue Perez Miranda, Scott Markley, Elija Peterson, Ovidiu Mrd, Lawrence Wu, Xavier Dupont, Aravind Battaje, Nathan Giusti, Helen Lee, Anthony Benedict, Karthik Balsubramanian, John Hong, Annastasshia Ames, Sebastiaan Hols, Aries SW, Amy Lopez, Liz Candee, Kathryn Vacha, Anthony Arcis, Jeffrey Segrest, Karmi Nguyen, Yelena Baykova, Harshita Jagdish Sahijwani, Nick Johnson, Carlos H. Costa, Mohamed Elsayed, Les Howard, Jennifer Kurkoski, Ryan B Harvey, Abhishek Bansal, Jose Arcadio Valdes Franco, Karl Laius, JY Kang, Charles A Hershberger, Robert Seik, Heidi Stolt, Alexis Hevia, Brady Jones, Christina Salvatore, Karlee Finch, Michael Goldberg, Mario Mejia, Nicolas Silva, Kurt Almendras, Denise A Pitts, Doug Henry and Kristiyan Bonev.

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18 янв 2021

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Комментарии : 1,7 тыс.

@abbyf1183 3 года назад

This is what Ted-Ed is for: answering random questions you’ve always wondered about.

@TheIndieGhost 3 года назад

its for answering random questions i've never wondered about until they've asked it and I think "huh, that's a good question"

@ilickcatnip 3 года назад

Or rather, it's for : answering the questions we don't find answers to in schools because they are 'not quite important'

@ishworshrestha3559 3 года назад

So why do we need to measure such small chunk of time we will almost neglect it in most part of physics?? I mean since theta is very small sin(theta) = theta to derive pendulum time period...Huh?? Well maybe because of some specific cases like GPS when neglecting difference of arrival of small unit of time can give us inaccurate data of where person is located by factor of thousand miles I guess... 😅😅

@ashutoshmahapatra537 3 года назад

@@ishworshrestha3559 Also that sin theta= theta thing is mostly used for exams and theory I guess, while when they are really dealing with real life problems I think they must be using actual value instead most of the time.

@anadraguleanu8710 3 года назад

Agreed!

@glorysky1998 3 года назад

"Who decides how long a second is?" Me: Mississippi.

@TheIndieGhost 3 года назад

i see

@zyansheep 3 года назад

1 Mississippi 2 Mississippi 3 Mississippi...

@cibinthomas4007 3 года назад

Ross after reading this: *I'm fine*

@dontspikemydrink9382 3 года назад

@Grzegorz Dziedzic what

@shalevasor911 3 года назад

@Grzegorz Dziedzic what

@XEinstein 3 года назад

As an engineer I wonder: how the heck did engineers in the sixties make a device that apparently was able to count something more than 9 billion times in one second. 🤯

@joelm4887 3 года назад

Yes, I'd still like to know how it's done now.

@whi2gan 2 года назад

SAME

@brudamonas8208 Год назад

@@abiryaakovalmoznino3395 computers don’t think for us, they do work instead of us

@Ausea33 Год назад

@@abiryaakovalmoznino3395 Yes they can crunch numbers that would otherwise take far far too long for a human to replicate

@Ausea33 Год назад

@@abiryaakovalmoznino3395 Wait I think I misunderstand your position here. I'm not saying that's all computers can do, but they can assist humans with doing work that is otherwise too tedious or impossible within a reasonable time frame. Obviously they can do more than crunch numbers.

@oliverperson5795 3 года назад

That’s pretty cool

@Kenjinu 3 года назад

The only person who decides how long Is a second is our parents counting down from 10 to clean our rooms

@priyanshudutta9463 3 года назад

Underrated comment 😂😂

@skibur848 3 года назад

So when it hits 2 everything slows down

@yourtrashcan7 3 года назад

definitely 😂

@feero9680 3 года назад

True af

@lilypads3033 3 года назад

@@skibur848 Parents: ZA WARUDO

@omarhanif9101 3 года назад

It's strange to think that something so obvious like a second wasn't even a thing years ago. It makes me wonder...

@patrickbueno3279 3 года назад

yeah it is strange but not really as out of the blue. We have the same problem with economy, evolving throughout the time on what we think is useful to us.

@chandramohan_sonder 3 года назад

Second has been a thing for a long time, it's the precise definition that we lacked. As pointed in the video, they used the formal definition of the second, you know 365.25x24x60x60, to arrive at a reference that's agreed and replicable all over the world. We didn't use the ticking of Cesium electrons to define second, we used the already existing definition of a second to find out how many ticks the Cesium electron makes.

@GuiiBrazil 3 года назад

while watching the video I was thinking, from where and when comes the "It will take only a second."?

@hamadhamdi188 2 года назад

Honestly, we should stop using our planets version of a second for scientific research. It works adequately enough while humans only colonize Earth, but what are we going to use once humans are living on multiple planets, or even beyond this solar system. Our version of a year/day/hour/minute/and second would seem ridiculous to others not born on Earth, since our measurements of time are based on our planets orbit and rotation around the sun. Future planets colonized by humans would find it difficult to learn and remember, especially if their time measurements are not comparable to ours. I think we should define a universal timescale based off a constant that doesn't favor one planet over another. Perhaps use the time it takes light to travel 100,000,000 meters as a new universal second (almost 1/3 of our current second). That way it will be the same no matter what timescale measurements future planets use, and we can set it to a metric system of base 10 for easier calculations. We will all have a common, accurate measurement to share future research with one another.

@ROCKSTAR123456789110 2 года назад

Hamad Hamdi nah, let em figure it out when they decide to change planets.

@ead630 3 года назад

*Why does this channel know the questions I want to ask before I ask them?*

@blueeye2281 3 года назад

Because the one who makes this videos already asked themselves in their childhood.

@hindifabulousstories9817 3 года назад

By thinking it all questions get begin *Thinking of a human being can create or destroy the world* *-Albert Einstein*

@vas2.1025 3 года назад

Haki.

@jbiliHacker 3 года назад

@@vas2.1025 hahaha

@feero9680 3 года назад

Have u asked them a topic before

@mala967 3 года назад

This is the definition of “I don’t need sleep I need answers”

@drkshadw01 3 года назад

oh you sheldon fan !

@enby_dreamsss 3 года назад

Ironic... I should be asleep

@stef511 3 года назад

Yeah lol it's like half past twelve in the morning but I'm watching this

@mala967 3 года назад

@@stef511 it’s 3 am and I just read your comment

@e.knutsson 2 года назад

@@mala967 I read this at exactly 02:59 am

@beactivebehappy9894 3 года назад

This is how I want everything to be taught in schools. Not the other way around. Like telling first, we have Cs-atomic clocks and then justifying it. "The best explanations of human phenomena lie in story-telling and not justifications." - me

@veen88 2 года назад

That's brilliant quote 👍

@davidsevic8317 2 года назад

@@veen88 you really quoted yourself

@Jordan-oy3bg Месяц назад

You should be a professional quote maker

@captainvane104 3 года назад

And later on we discovered - Every 60 seconds in Africa a minute passes.

@hasanmuhammad6651 3 года назад

Together we can stop this

@voiceofneha7196 3 года назад

I was waiting for this

@muhammadhashirsalman4193 3 года назад

😂😂😂

@weirdface3838 3 года назад

wtf his fingers are the same length

@Cat_in_Spacetime 3 года назад

RIP minute.

@Mswordx23 3 года назад

"With precision that's _second_ to none." We all saw what you did there.

@jahjoeka 3 года назад

I didn't...

@pkyrohit 3 месяца назад

That's what a good writing is..

@essee3984 2 года назад

The Mahabharat written in 400 BCE defines the smallest unit of time as the wink of an eye. Surya Siddhanta, the Sanskrit Text on Astronomy written a century later clearly defines the smallest units of time from 1 breath (inhale-exhale of 4 sec) to hour,days,months,year,century. Quite fascinating.

@TaraMishra-gs5yd 2 месяца назад

Wow

@brianking2365 2 года назад

These videos are incredible. The animation and narration, plus the way the science is distilled and easier to understand makes these such a valuable resource.

@gajendrasonare 3 года назад

Fun fact: second is called second because it is second division of an hour. i.e 1second = ((1/60)/60) hour

@cardamundo295 3 года назад

Brilliant fact!

@mung_pi 3 года назад

@@mrafi7166 ...it's minute compared to a day?

@aryanbhatia1729 3 года назад

@@mung_pi lmao

@vedants.vispute77 3 года назад

@@mrafi7166 Everything is made up of minute particles. Every hour is made up of minutes.

@Gabboele 3 года назад

@@mrafi7166 the word "minute" comes from the Latin "pars minuta prima" , meaning "first small part"... in fact minutes are also called "primi" (firsts) in Italian, idk about English

@jjOnceAgain 3 года назад

The dislikes are from chemists who were rooting for a different element to be chosen

@adrees 3 года назад

Actually, Yterrbium or Lutetium are actually used to make the world’s most accurate atomic clock. This will allow for GPS to be accurate within 1 mm which has vast implications for self-driving cars and even store product stock locations.

@Micahsaurus 3 года назад

What if I disliked this comment?😡

@jjOnceAgain 3 года назад

@@Micahsaurus Then I'd keep on going with life

@Micahsaurus 3 года назад

Lol

@smartart6841 3 года назад

What if i liked this comment like i just did?!😄

@noyn9142 9 месяцев назад

This question has been on my mind for far too long. Now i finally have a SECOND to look it up

@JustyRBLX 3 года назад

TED-Ed is the best. It answers all questions you've always wondered about, but never found an exact answer to it. Keep the good work, you help people!

@MeekOmni 3 года назад

I like how the intro turns on the thinking machine in our head

@SunniDae333 3 года назад

TED-Ed asking the real questions.

@AnkitYadav-il2fo 2 года назад

Wow, what a work this channel is doing, I am so emotional by it's work. I would like to give a special thank to them for spreading free knowledge to us. Thank you so much

@uknownada 3 года назад

I always wondered why such a seemingly random number was picked to define a second! But now I'm wondering how we were ever able to measure an atom's ticking, especially back in the 60's. This video gave me a rough idea about that, but how do those machines work? And how are you able to put a single atom inside? And how do we know if it works the way we think it does?

@farziltheweebo4841 Год назад

The answer is the most used word in physics "probably "

@uknownada Год назад

@@farziltheweebo4841 Since I made this comment I did find out how the number was picked! It's because it approximately equalled 1/60 of 1/60 of 1/24 of a day. So just use it to redefine a second, and you're gold. Still not sure how they measure it, though.

@aname6984 3 года назад

The animations are so good. The animator has done an incredible job.

@whiteboardanimatorhamna 2 года назад

Amazing job on animation always!

@astgfrallah771 2 года назад

Mashallah

@tomfooIeryz 2 года назад

@@astgfrallah771 Jesus died for your sins.

@attiamustafa8569 2 года назад

Oh pls be quiet 😒

@abbasshah-jr2uc 8 месяцев назад

@@tomfooIeryzReligion is one's choice. Respect it and accept it.

@karelprochazka2709 3 года назад

Last time I was this early, a second wasn’t properly defined

@jerickoposs3747 3 года назад

Wow you must be old

@kurosakiIchigo9626 3 года назад

@@jerickoposs3747 LMBO

@Comprehensiveseat07 3 года назад

Wait a second

@neonWHALE002 3 года назад

I love these videos, they are simultaneously educational and relaxing; it is certain that they will either teach me something or send me to sleep, depending on which I need more at the time.

@pathikdesai5853 3 года назад

This used to be my question as child. Thank you for answering. Ted Ed is a great initiative. Keep up the good work.

@TristanSamuel 3 года назад

"Who decides how long a second is?" Uploaded 53 seconds ago *I don't understand*

@GauravKumar-qr8pt 3 года назад

🤣🤣🤣 nice one

@alex2005z 3 года назад

Good one

@lilyjay8530 3 года назад

RU-vid

@leeangu7059 3 года назад

I guess the same PERSON who decides " which AD can be skipped and which can't be! "

@GOD-LOK 3 года назад

Smart answer and TRUE

@yesitsmojo24 3 года назад

"Atomic clocks allow us to measure time with precision that is second to none" Oh my god, i love this channel

@gopalakrishnakolapalli1453 3 года назад

I never seen such a simple and effective explaination about measuring second.

@rekhac12 3 года назад

The animation never fails to amaze me!

@miwochi 3 года назад

I love how this video is about seconds, and it just appeared to me in seconds.

@DJwldnn 3 года назад

Lol, same as well

@badhrihari1705 3 года назад

Same

@user-uq6uj7fn3h 3 года назад

Lol same

@mayankverma932 3 года назад

Lmao same

@ind0266 3 года назад

Abosulutly

@space1607 2 года назад

At 3:35 TED-Ed said that there are 118 elements to choose from but back in 1967 (The time that the conference took place) there were only 105 discovered elements.

@psltmtir Год назад

Perhaps it also included different isotopes of the same element, which explains why Caesium-133 is specified, and not just "Caesium."

@zack7122 3 года назад

once again the animations are perfection!!! they really accompany what's going on and allow you to understand things so much easier, thanks to all the ted team who put these vids together 🥺💕

@duckymomo7935 3 года назад

The definition of a second is defined in 1967, based on a measurement of the number of cycles of the radiation from a particular cesium-133 transition with reference to the second commonly used in civilian timekeeping, which at that time was based on astronomical observations.

@sweatycommenter Год назад

it says it got measured in 1967 and created another definition for the second, acording to this it was already based on "a day/24/60/60" in late 1500s

@shirleygomes2004 3 года назад

When Ted-Ed teaches you more than school.

@unlinedphoton7965 3 года назад

When Ted ed doesn't teach you more than school " Wait that's illegal"

@srijanumesh5355 3 года назад

I actually learnt this before. Arrest Ted Ed. It broke the law!

@greyheart3001 3 года назад

Always did

@nopenope8369 3 года назад

No it doesn't

@greyheart3001 3 года назад

@@nopenope8369 You must study in a great school

@frankydman 3 года назад

While it is fantastic that we have figured out how to standardize the second, what’s arguably just as mind blowing is the fact that even though we’ve figured out atomic clocks, it doesn’t change the fact that from a physics perspective, we can’t actually prove that time exists

@professorx3060 2 года назад

Neither can you prove that it doesn't exist

@PneumothoraxBlueneck Год назад

Its subjective exist and not exist from different perspectives

@krlllx 9 месяцев назад

@@professorx3060 you cant prove anything doesnt exist with certainty

@MrVibriocholerae 8 месяцев назад

We have used time in billions of experiments without problems. That should be enough proof of its existance...

@aworm 3 года назад

The illustration and animation in this one are amazing

@shirleygomes2004 3 года назад

Thank you Ted-Ed for teaching me so much. You've really made my 2020 knowledgeable. I look forward to watching all of your future videos.

@JustADioWhosAHeroForFun 3 года назад

Why do people say "I'll be back in a second" when they didn't?

@brodown64 3 года назад

Truly big brain

@matikashu6033 3 года назад

“I’ll be back in a moment.”

@unholycrusader69 3 года назад

@@matikashu6033 me too

@hindifabulousstories9817 3 года назад

Me too #Matikashu

@vikasjaiswal9888 3 года назад

Due to Heisenberg's uncertainity principle.

@johnsavard7583 2 года назад

Another thing you missed: the length of the atomic second was indeed based on the length of the day... but the average length of the day between 1750 and 1892, as determined by Simon Newcomb. This was the basis for Ephemeris Time, a uniform scale of time based on the motions of the Earth and the other planets, and it was the second of Ephemeris Time, not 1/86,400 of the solar day in 1967, that was the basis for how many Cesium oscillations were in a second. That's why they needed leap seconds as soon as the switch to atomic time was made. And this, of course, is central to answering the question in the title.

@aminawinterwater2915 3 года назад

I learn so much by watching these videos! Thank you!

@alvinpoly2781 3 года назад

Ted-ed always manages to make me watch videos on topics I've never given thought to but never really understood!

@SMAT-gc3yl 3 года назад

“Dr Strange would like to know your location”

@fairarizkiano3845 3 года назад

this narrator's voice is one of my favorite. thank you narrator!

@maxdukhovskoy1406 3 года назад

This channel answers questions that I never knew I wanted answered

@shreya...007 3 года назад

When we count as kids we say tick-tick one, tick-tick two so that we don't count too fast when playing hide and seek lol

@classicambo9781 3 года назад

What country was that? Haven't heard that before in Australia.

@shreya...007 3 года назад

@@classicambo9781 Im from India Im pretty sure it's just an Indian thing

@dhruvasoyantar9656 3 года назад

Mississippi!

@shreya...007 3 года назад

@@dhruvasoyantar9656 yeah it like saying Mississippi Ive heard some people say that

@dhruvasoyantar9656 3 года назад

@@shreya...007 I know about about tick tick as well.. I'm an Indian too.. but mississippi just sounds great 😅

@swetakumari4747 3 года назад

Had read about it years agoin brief but didn't seep into mind , only knew that it's related to Cs atom , but now understood it fully . Very well explained.

@ZEEQ011 3 года назад

that is one of the most interesting knowledge i ever known and never have i thought of it. good job Ted-Ed

@ayrusification 3 года назад

Ted Ed answers the questions I never knew I wanted answers for!!!!

@karthikkappagantu5885 3 года назад

I kinda love those quotes that they put at the beginning.

@andevm5922 3 года назад

The Gregoria Calendar was made in the university of Salamanca, Spain. The British colonies started around XVII, a hundred years later.

@vultschlange 3 года назад

Video said it was *spread* by the British, not invented by them.

@user-qx5cn1si1q 2 года назад

This is actually really impressive. I never even wondered about the topic, mad

@mohamedoucheikhchewaf4019 2 года назад

What a great platform !👌🏻

@hamad7586 2 года назад

I mean literally, everyone knows it's TVA who decides how long a second is.

@protector_of_the_realms 2 года назад

You mean Kang

@Tufteputten 3 года назад

My mom did this thing when she was mad and counted down until I had to have started doing what she wanted me to do. When she came to ONE she would drag it out so long, just to give me a last chance. That's how long I wish a second was, because then I could brag about so many things I do in one second. Just ask my wife.

@shrenalforever2135 3 года назад

😂😂😂

@satgurs 2 года назад

"I killed 70 people in a second!"

@smamoden1523 3 года назад

I have been wondering my whole life. thank you.

@esmirspace4826 2 года назад

Sometimes I wonder how good schools could be if they incorporated RU-vid as a main source of teaching. So many bad teachers distracted me from learning in the past .If I could use my own mentors here,I would never be bored.There would be no pressure of bad grades,lame books,lame definitions and forced learning word by word...Learning should be fun,not strict...Same goes for testing...Appreciated the smart people that figured these things out ,and I'm thankful for pasionated educators who are so underrated and smart of course.

@michaelpuglisi1647 3 года назад

I didn’t know electrons orbited the nucleus of an atom. I was under the impression that instead of it being in orbit around an axis, the electrons existed as a cloud surrounding the nucleus. I also thought these seconds came from the ancient Sumerians who use the number 60 instead of 100 or 10 in their measurements. And the second represented a heartbeat.

@DoomFinger511 2 года назад

It is a cloud, but it only appears that way because they move so fast. Just like how rain cloud is only a cloud when viewed far away but up close you can see every individual water particle in suspension. You are also right about the Sumerians however they never defined anything smaller then a day. The ancient Egyptians defined hours as 1/12 of the day and 1/12 of the night using a sun dial (hence 24 hours in a day, which is not base-60). The Greeks then made a whole solar day 24 hours and defined an hour as 1/24 of a solar day. It wasn't until the invention of pendulum clocks that sundials were replaced and minutes and seconds could be defined. Because of the math of hours, days, and months; minutes and seconds had to be base-60 in order to be properly geared to have 24 hours in a day. That pendulum swing (or one second) was defined as one swing of the pendulum over one meter of length over the Earth's surface.

@pneumonoultramicroscopicsi4065 2 года назад

But one heartbeat is variable according to heart rate

@michaelpuglisi1647 2 года назад

@@DoomFinger511 thank your so much!! Your response was very informative and has given me much to think about!

@psltmtir Год назад

To add to DoomFinger's comment, the clouds are effectively a way of saying how likely an electron is to be there. We know that the electrons are moving in an orbit around the electron, but it's very hard to know exactly where. The electron cloud analogy is how we know where exactly the electron is going to be orbiting most of the time.

@_syedmx86 3 года назад

I think heard the narrator's happiness at the "...second to none" joke at the end 5:23

@salanijames4350 3 года назад

Ted ed has the best animation ever. Period.

@kheonArtStudio 2 года назад

Awesome knowledge just right in time.

@keddrikyvan 3 года назад

So if I will be late again in my classes, I can actually reason out that the length of our second was drastically different.

@brodown64 3 года назад

RU-vid determined that this video was sent a second ago

@OXIR 2 года назад

This was an amazing video and information. I never knew this historical decision. And I thought a second was decided for much earlier.

@sahilprasad8343 Год назад

Mann! The animation and the way of explanation are too good on this channel. am a student of 11th grade and these videos helps me a lot to understand some typical writing in HC VERMA book.

@keddrikyvan 3 года назад

So if I will be late again in my classes, I can actually say that the length of our second was drastically different.

@farzanask1088 3 года назад

Me while counting : 1,2,3,4 Oh I think it's fast 1...,2.....,3.....4.... Too slow 1,2,3,4 aah! where is my phone

@lincyjoby4005 3 года назад

This video is so informational and underated

@pandascheme9266 3 года назад

The animation is sooo clean !

@mahantesh1243 3 года назад

Who decides how long a second is? Ans: John kitching

@Rajeevkumar-gz4mv 3 года назад

Ok, I had this question in mind for a very long time😂😂

@hdr2540 3 года назад

Wow. So when my parents were born, seconds didn't exist. Mind-blowing. Thanks for the lesson Ted Ed.

@kinni02 3 года назад

Its about TIME someone made a vid about it

@MrSprikiting 3 года назад

I'm interrsted to know how they counted the 9Bn+ ticks of the Caesium atom.

@lunam7249 Год назад

elves...

@brunomachado9634 3 года назад

Actually, in 1967 there were several elements that hadn't been synthesized yet, so their choice was a little easier!

@lordsiomai 3 месяца назад

1:46 that transition is absolutely genius

@mounilshah9598 8 месяцев назад

The entire video was a build up for the pun in the last line. Brilliant work 💯

@mareen129 3 года назад

and I thought who invented second was just the observer of his heart-beat and was a very calm person.

@organicfarm5524 3 года назад

And he was most likely 50+ years old at that time.

@KuK137 3 года назад

I like how you said Britain started spreading Gregorian calendar in 1500s when they adopted it in 1752, actually...

@mo__2808 2 года назад

and also the second dates back way before 1500, as far back as Babylon. It’s not from the British

@akilishilo7902 3 года назад

The animation is absolutely beautiful

@nikoballic1490 3 года назад

Wtf Ted?!? I have always wander this thing! Thank you bro.

@gartrux 3 года назад

You forgot that a second is also defined as the distance that light travels in free space in one second, and is equal to exactly 299,792,458 metres (983,571,056 ft)

@pranav7994 3 года назад

i guess something like this is needed for other units of measurements too. like how much exactly is a gram

@StraitjacketFitness 3 года назад

Actually... yeah...

@sciuresci1403 3 года назад

They already exist for those units.

@bovardgabriel5335 3 года назад

A gram is 1000 time smaller than a kilogram. A kilogram is the weight of a cubic meter of water at the temperature of 4 degree celsius

@sciuresci1403 3 года назад

@@bovardgabriel5335 not that's not how a kg is defined anymore. It was changed like 2 years ago. It is completely reliable and based on constants now.

@KuK137 3 года назад

@@bovardgabriel5335 Cubic meter of water is a TON, you're thinking of decimetre...

@NeoFighterX 3 года назад

The animation is just perfect

@TheEmperorYt 2 года назад

Nicely explained

@twitzmixx8374 3 года назад

Them: How long is a second? Me: Why did I never thought of this? ;-;

@atharvagunde832 3 года назад

Can I please know what Software was used for this awesome animation ? The animation and the explanation were Fabulous! I love to watch TED videos, always answering some unique questions!