Watching these makes me realize I need to revisit my topography and make a higher resolution version to really define my world's land masses. Which means acquiring illustrator I suppose.
Affinity Designer is a fairly capable Illustrator like program. I've been using it for a long time and really enjoy it, in some ways better than Adobe's offering. I can't remember the price, but it's a one time purchase. I got my copy on sale for $30
I recently switched from Illustrator to Inkscape, which is open source and free. I honestly wish I'd done it sooner! Illustrator has some neat tools that other vector programs don't, but they're *not* worth paying the Adobe tax.
@@kittycatcaoimheagreed. If you want very rough coastlines, bring your brush size down a lot, then use the dynamic paint feature and turn down the drag to about 0.7.
The further this series goes on, the more I realize I would just... Enjoy watching someone do this process in time-lapse without the tutorialised elements.
It's soothing in a Bob Ross kind of way... though you do definitely need the tutorial elements to enjoy it, 'cause otherwise you wouldn't know what the heck is going on.
I really like how you went about this. Having the prevailing winds keep their directions right up to the last minute, and how you have all the latitudinal fronts makes so much sense! And the fun bit at the end for needing really big oceans for the ENZO events is very cool. I doubt I will ever worldbuild to this level, but it would be cool to learn how to map dipoles and those kinds of events to the point that you could predict more minor and complex monsoon patterns... one of those things on my research wishlist that I doubt I will get to. Can't wait for the next one! I love upwelling... Oh, and getting the right spin direction is the literal worst. I mess it up every time!
11:21 Edgar, Problem: the Coriolis Force is a function of latitude. And it is _ZERO_ at the equator. The way you're drawing your winds from the Southern Hemisphere highs assumes a _constant_ Coriolis force across the Equator. Momentum will still have the winds from the Southern cells directed westward slightly, even after crossing the Equator. The winds from the Northern cells will continue bending westward, and will be the main driver of the Easterlies along the ITCZ.
i dont have THIS MANY tools at my disposal, so my worlds are never this in depth, but this time my worlds history and sentient spec-bio has a lot to do with water+wind currents so thats fun. glad to know its semi-accurate.
Neat video. I am curious the wind patterns of (edit: western part of) the top left continent as shown at 30:10 . Shouldn't there be more westerly winds across it in winter and less winds at at around 35N in summer? Just because similar places to it in the real world like Europe and Western N. America tend to have rainy winters while having dry summers, at least in the south.
Bear in mind this is an oversimplified model but still you can see this reverse of direction really well in the Indian Ocean earth.nullschool.net/#2023/01/01/1100Z/wind/surface/level/overlay=mean_sea_level_pressure/orthographic=65.42,-0.79,917/loc=107.688,-87.617
@@Artifexian I too felt that the bends drawn at the equator were a little abrupt. What's interesting, looking at the Indian Ocean, is that the winds to the south start to bend eastwards about 5 degrees *before* they cross the equator. So Coriolis can't be the only factor. Also, it isn't a sharp transition; the Coriolis force gets weaker the closer you get to the equator according to the sine of the latitude (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force#Applied_to_the_Earth).
I'm not sure about this but those doglegs in the wind where they cross the equator don't look right to me. I would have thought the wind would have started to bend slowly back the other way rather than rapidly reversing. So they would start to go left less quickly, not suddenly turn right. The way I'd think about it is this. Imagine a wind coming into the equator at 1 degree off parallel. Do we really think it would reverse direction and come back out at 1 degree off parallel in the opposite direction. This seems to be the conclusion of this approach.
If those high pressure zones at 10:13 are moving clockwise, you drew the direction of airflow curved in the wrong direction. Think of how a hurricane moves. It pulls air in from the fringes and into the center in the direction of spin. Unless I'm misunderstanding something fundamental about how coriolis spirals function?
We are marking in areas of high pressure, aka anticyclones, here. They spin clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. Hurricanes are low pressure zones, aka cyclones. They spin counterclockwise in the north hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Valleys also trap heat and moisture, and thus, it might be one of the rainiest places on the planet. Also, plenty of places would be monsoon-influenced in this kind of world, so fun stuff also.
Very enjoyable series even though I have no need for the skills, I've enjoyed following along and doing my own worldbuilding project when I have the time. One small thing I'm wondering with this video - will the polar fronts be marked in?
Not really! As mentioned in the video they are pretty variable so I'm reluctant to mark them in. But we'll be referencing the polar front region in upcoming videos.
@@Matters- Even if they do, they won't recognize you as a completely different name. You may want to say what your previous screen name was if you want there to be any chance they recognize you
Great video, Artifexian! When you get to figuring out precipitation patterns on your world (I presume this will happen), take note of the positioning of those subtropical highs. If you look at Earth's subtropical highs, especially during the summer, you will notice that the western side of the highs is wet and stormy, while the eastern side is high and dry. This wetness on the western side actually extends fairly far inward into the high itself, while the dryness on the east side encroaches very close to the strongest low pressure over the continents. My guess as to why this happens is that all the moist air on the western side is very unstable and apt to rising with very little disturbance required, and that all this rising air eventually sinks on the eastern side of these highs. This sinking would be an upper atmospheric phenomena that wouldn't show up on the surface maps, but it would absolutely still hinder precipitation formation. I just thought that this quirk of circulation patterns would be worth noting, but since you already shifted your highs towards the cold currents anyway maybe this potential problem already corrects itself :)
I was having a rough day yesterday and then I saw that this video had been uploaded. I didn't have time to watch it then but just seeing that there was a new Artifexian video made me feel a little better.
One day I'll like a major re-do of the Isles and poles of Nirrini. I love the southern pattern of the continent as it is, so no change there. It will just remain unrealistic if it is unrealistic
Closest thing to the weird enclosed bay would be patagonia I think. Not sure its justifiable to give the warm current of the gyre so much power, I don't see that much heat leaking through the narrow opening in the south compared to the surge of cold water allowed in from the north. My hunch is the western side is somewhere between patagonia and texas, while the eastern side is much colder than usual. Mostly dfb with little to no corridor of cfb along the coast. The other thing that makes me think this is the highland area on the western continent: If its frozen over with an ice-cap katabatic winds will dessicate the lands downwind of it like what happened in siberia during the LGM.
I understand more about how weather fronts work/happen from watching this video than any other place I have learned about them. It might be simplified, but this explanation of wind patterns makes the weather reports I see for here in Alberta makes sense in that I somewhat understand the pattern behind it now! Had lots of "aha!" moments through the video as I realized "oh, *that's* why the weather does [thing] here"
super curious how climate zones work, do they change with the seasons? is there a new way to approximate them? is there no real true way to guess them at all?
if you use the koppen climate, then the seasons the doesnt matter. because the koppen climate already includes minimum and maximum temperature and minimum and maximum precipitation annually into the categories example, A category( the tropical climate) have a specific minimum and maximum heat and precipitation throughout the year. so if at any moment it doesnt meet the minimum or exceeds the maximum, then its not actually tropical and you accidentally did it wrong if a place meets that requirement, its that climate, no matter the season.
This Ocean 29:27 actually _is_ large enough to have an Equatorial "ENSO-like" Oscillation. What you need for ENSO is just uninterrupted Ocean straddling the Equator between 5°N and 5°S, that is both deep enough for the Thermocline to never touch bottom, and long enough for the Thermocline to develop any amount of slope. Strong upwelling at the eastern-end will also help. The Indian Ocean, for example, has an Equatorial Oscillation, just not as strong as ENSO. Also, the "Maritime Continent" [as Indonesia + Australia is called] is porous, so the Western-Pacific Warm-Pool will spill into the Eastern Indian Ocean, both weakening the Indian Ocean's "ENSO" as well as strongly-coupling it to ENSO. So, it's not the Indian Ocean's shorter-width, but the fact that its coupled so strongly to the Pacific-ENSO, that's the reason why the Indian Ocean's "ENSO" isn't quite _as_ visible or as independent. I did my doctoral dissertation on Predictability in ENSO, BTW. 😁 Still, Raoul _is_ correct that the Oceans you show at 29:46 and 29:48 will be the _strongest_ Equatorial Oscillations. Especially since the two of them will be strongly coupled. I'm going to call the ocean you show at 29:46, the Big Western Ocean, or BWO. The one at 29:48, I'll call the Big Eastern Ocean, or BEO. I'll also call the Peninsular Subcontinent running North-South and separating BWO and BEO something … NSPS. Now, here's how your "ENSO" is going to work: The BWO and BEO will _both_ have their own "ENSO"-cycles. Both will have their own version of the Warm Pool at their eastern sides, on the Equator. However, the BEO's Warm Pool will sit right off of the eastern coast of the NSPS. Now, the Warm Pools will also be at a higher-altitude above mean sea-level, while the "Cold Tongue" at the other side of the ocean will be at a lower altitude. This is actually the case with _all_ of Earth's oceans. But here, on your planet, we have a higher-altitude Warm Pool off of the eastern coast of the NSPS, that "Cold Tongue" of the BWO sitting off of the NSPS' western coast … and a _northern coast_ connecting the two! You are going to _periodically_ have _strong currents_ flowing along the northern coast of the NSPS because of that: 1) BWO El-Niño + BEO El-Niño == Weak/no BEO warm-pool and eastward-sloshed BWO warm-pool == No sea-level gradient across the NSPS north-coast. == Weak westward current across the NSPS north-coast 2) BWO El-Niño + BEO La-Niña == Strong, high BEO warm-pool + eastward-sloshed BWO warm-pool == High sea-level off of the eastern-coast of the NSPS. == Sea-level gradient across the NSPS north-coast. == Strong westward current across the NSPS north-coast 3) BWO La-Niña + BEO El-Niño == Weak/no BEO warm-pool + Strong BWO warm-pool & cold-tongue == Lower sea-level off of the western-coast of the NSPS. == Sea-level gradient across the NSPS north-coast. == Strong westward current across the NSPS north-coast 4) BWO La-Niña + BEO La-Niña == Strong, high BEO warm-pool + Strong BWO warm-pool & cold-tongue == High sea-level off of the eastern-coast of the NSPS _and_ Lower sea-level off of the western-coast of the NSPS. == Big Sea-level gradient across the NSPS north-coast. == Super-Strong westward current across the NSPS north-coast From this, we can see that there will _almost always_ be a strong westward current along the northern coast of the NSPS _except_ during a double-El-Niño, in both the BWO and BEO. Now, another thing that you can see from the above is that the NSPS will _almost always_ have a pool of warm water off of one or both of its coasts. The exception will be #3, when the BEO's warm-pool has migrated away. It is during these times that the NSPS, normally very wet, will be _dry_ … and therefore, quite succeptible to forest-fires. Lastly is the situation with Upwelling. If the NSPS continued further north, like up to around 15-20°N, upwelling in the BWO would be decoupled from the BEO's ENSO. But that's not the case on your world. That strong westward current across the north-coast of the NSPS transports both heat and water to the BWO's eastern side, where the upwelling would usually occur. So, what _may_ happen is that, instead of getting upwelling off of the NSPS' western coast, you'll instead have a subsurface, deep-water current flowing eastward from the BWO to the BEO. This is almost _certainly_ the situation in case #4, as the surface-current will just be too strong and will block upwelling. In case #1 and #2, the eastern-BWO's upwelling is shut off due to the El-Niño happening in it. So, that leaves cases #3. You might be tempted to say, "Well, we have that surface-current across the northern-coast of the NSPS, so we'll just have the same situation as case #4: A subsurface deep-water eastward current." Sure. We could. But, we could _also_ have a complex Mixing occurring off of the west-coast of the NSPS. The eastern-BWO _still_ has strong easterlies trying to generate upwelling [with a corresponding subsurface current flowing back east], but there's also that surface water coming from the BEO's higher sea-surface levels. This isn't the warm-pool, since the BEO is in an El-Niño, but the La-Niña in the BWO will lower the sea-surface level on its eastern Equatorial side. But, I could also see an argument for saying, "Nope. Case #3 is the same as case #4." If you do that, then you'll have a situation where the BWO and BEO ENSOs are strongly coupled half of the time, and weakly coupled the other half. So, if we do that, then the BWO and BEO behave _similar_ to the Pacific Ocean as far as ENSO is concerned. Even if you do the latter, you'll still have the situation where the NSPS is almost always wet. And that other ocean at 29:27 will still have its own ENSO-cycle.
I don't understand the winds switching direction at the equator. They're flipping to go directly against the direction the winds from the north are going. I'd have said they'd join up and head the same way (ie - west).
They end at the low pressure zone(The ITCZ) as they flow from high to low pressure. The East/West drift as they travel north to the ITCZ is due to the Corriolis Effect of the rotation of the Earth. The Corriolis effect has the opposite effect on South Hemisphere Winds than on North Hemisphere Winds, so they switch direction as they cross the Equator.
I'm a little confused why there isnt an AI program that automates this process. It's a lot of work, but it doesn't seem to be complicated step by step.
Check out WorldbuildingPasta's blog for software to do most of this for you. Just be aware that it really isn't the most accessible option. worldbuildingpasta.blogspot.com
The large central lake would probably be quite filled up, since in the summer, it would be rained on plenty thanks to all the on-shore winds with a lack of a rain-shadow, and it would have quite dry winters, but provided they are cold enough, what little snow arrives there would all melt into the lake in spring. A few rivers fed by the polar easterlies would also contribute to filling the lake. In fact, given the dry climate in this region, they might actually hope for a long, cold winter, since it's what would insure them enough moisture for the year.
Does the direction of the wind really change so dramatically when it crosses the equator? Near the equator, the coriolis effect is almost zero. I find it hard to believe that the wind would just curve in a sudden 90 degree bend in as such a small an area as you drew on the map just because it crossed a the equator. The planet's circumference at those latitudes and therefore the west-to-east momentum of everything at its surface changes less with a shift in a few degrees latitude near the equator than it does anywhere else on the planet.
IRL it's obviously more complicated than the simplified model shown here, but you can see dramatic changes in wind direction crossing the hemispheres in the Indian ocean. earth.nullschool.net/#2023/01/01/1100Z/wind/surface/level/overlay=mean_sea_level_pressure/orthographic=65.42,-0.79,917/loc=107.688,-87.617
@@ArtifexianI'm not sure that the sharp bend in winds in that link are down to the coriolis effect. I think they are a specific local phenomenon caused by the lower pressure stretching out from Australia/South East Asia. Note that a similar sharp bend is happening to winds in the Southern hemisphere at around 10 degrees south. These all eventually get pulled into the stonking great low over Australia. I just cannot see any physical reason for the sharp dogleg. As I said in a comment elsewhere on the video, I would expect the coriolis effect the slowly bend the winds so that initially they just headed a little less towards the West and a little more towards the North, which looks like much of what we see over the Pacific in the link you posted.
Can't wait for humans to be on the planet! Creating a conlang could be difficult for me especially this is my first time trying to create a conlang, I think you are the perfect person to teach conlanging, especially making it a series, and you could explain the steps as well so it is easier to understand to the viewers plus your style of teaching is great.
