Sjórinn, sævið, sjáfar - all different forms and inflections of the same word for ocean/sea in modern Icelandic and have these variations without being dialectal but grammatical.
Fantastisk video! Som okunnig blev jag lite frustrerad över att det aldrig kom någon översättning av texterna till modern svenska. Fast besluten att göra något konstruktivt av min frustration ägnade jag en betydande del av lördagskvällen åt att skrapa ihop en 'översättning' av Upplandslagens företal (0:37), enbart utifrån förklaringarna som du ger i den här videon. Hur pass nära skulle du säga att den här översättningen är jämte originalet? "Lagar ska syfta till att hedra de rättfärdiga och vettiga, och till att bättra de felaktiga och ovettiga. Om alla vore rättfärdiga skulle vi inte behöva tillämpa någon lag alls. Den som skapade lagarna var Wiger, en hedning från den hedniska tiden. Det som finns i hans lagsaga är till nytta för alla människor, och därför skriver vi nu ner dem. Det som är onödigt eller till belastning kommer vi utelämna. Det som hedningen inte tog upp, men som är rätt i den kristna läran och enligt kyrkolagarna, kommer avhandlas i inledningen av den här boken. "
Probably even as late as the year zero AD there were more language families than today and more branches of so-called "Indo-European". Mass migrations of Kelts, Romans, Germanics and Slavs brought a high level of homogeneity and completely different languages, as all transitional dialects got eaten through conquest. Historical evidence shows a cultural continuity among most Aryan derived peoples up until 4 to 3 thousand years ago, fuelled by a massive dialect continuum
You make it sound as if there was only one Germanic language around 500AD, while East Germanic split off in the second half of the first millennium BC and West and North Germanic diverging only a few centuries later. Around 500AD, East Germanic already was a language family, and West Germanic has to have been a very large dialect continuum, that rapidly diverged in the following centuries into several languages, albeit still kinda existing on a continuum. The continental West Germanic continuum is still a thing, kinda, but if it wasn't for two major standardized languages (Standard German & Dutch), one of which more or less everyone on it will understand, people living more than 100 kilometers apart would be not far from actually speaking different languages. There's a reason for those dialects to be classed into at least 7 different languages (Frisian, Dutch, Low German, German, Luxembourgian, Swiss German and Bavarian). Sure, the Bavarian thing is debated and Luxembourgian is mostly political, but you're still left with 5 if you account for that.
Doubtful that Gothic split of that early. Also, modern dialectal diversity rarely maps well onto the medieval languages. For example, much of the dialectal splitting in Swedish happened around the 14-1600s
It is also due to the somewhat artificial distinction between "Nordic" and "Germanic" that was largely invented in the 1800s due to nationalism, coupled to the bad connotations that the latter got during the 1900s that creates this. Early modern scholars for example did not have this distinction. Hence, Old Norse gets a kind of role as "the original language" in Scandinavia, a role that Gothic once had.
@@-RXB- we dont know where proto Germanic began, dont pretend othetwise. The sound shifts that define it occured somewhere around 500BC and we have zero comprehensive picture of whereabouts they originated. The estliest attestation of Germanic is from modern day *Slovenia*, not Scandinavia.
@@EVO6- Actually, we do know. All the Germanic tribes that then spread outward to places like the British Isles, France etc. originated somewhere around southern Scandinavia. Just google "origin of Proto-Germanic" and all the links will say the same thing. The channel "Viking Stories" by historian Sturla Ellingvåg also has a video that, among other things, touches on this topic, it goes through what we know about the Germanic tribes, the language and the spread southward during the Iron Age.
@@tidsdjupet-mr5ud Jag förstår vad du menar. Vi islänningar är bara känsliga för att kalla Eddadikterna, eller sagorna, för norska. Eddan återspeglar den isländska dialekten, inom det västnordiska språkområdet. När allt kommer omkring, kommer mycket färre textexempel från Norge än Island.
@@francisdec1615 Jag förstår inte varifrån denna sammanblandning kommer. Många verkar tro att "Norse" och "Norwegian" är synonymer, och kan tala om t.ex. "Danish, Swedish and Norse".
Wodnas with no i is the oldest runic inscription of the gods name. Also are you sure about the voicing s to z in the end of words for proto germanic? Ive always considered that to be as old as gothic not older.
Old english was spoken from 600 to 1200. Old norse was spoken from 700 to 1400 So old english is like a century older, but yea these are medival germanic languages.
@@tidsdjupet-mr5ud Middle English is difficult for a modern English speaker, but you can generally puzzle things out -- so I guess that means English has evolved less than Swedish, at least in basic grammar and vocabulary (thought English has picked up a ridiculous amount of new words).
@@scottnance2200 Swedish changed a lot faster I would say. There is a huge difference between early 1300s Swedish and late 1400s. Middle english seems like a more even pace.
Language phases are just snapshots in time, what is the "Old", "Middle", or "Modern" phases of a language are a linguistic construction & is totally relative.
Jag har länge letat efter en sån video. Tack. Jag pratar inte svenska som modersmål dock så jag kan inte förstå något als. Kanske om du kan, skulle du kunna ge utskriften till texten som du läste. Jag försökte hitta den men jag kunde inte.
Old Norse really isn't that old, it's medieval. It is about from the same time as old french. It is mostly pop-culture that puts it in the wrong context.
Some level #Jorma #chronology fda. = forndanska (ca 800-1525 e.Kr.) feng. = fornengelska (ca 700-1100 e.Kr.) fgu. = forngutniska (ca 900-1500 e.Kr.) fhty. = fornhögtyska (ca 750-1100 e.Kr.) fin. = finska (1543 e.Kr.-) fisl. = fornisländska (ca 1100-1400 e.Kr.) ffin. = fornfinska (ca 500-1543 e.Kr.) flty. = fornlågtyska (ca 800-1200 e.Kr.) fno. = fornnorska (ca 750-1350 e.Kr.) fry. = fornryska (ca 900-1400 e.Kr.) fsv. = fornsvenska (ca 1225-1526 e.Kr.) furfin. = förurfinska (ca 1500-700 f.Kr.) furgerm. = förurgermanska (ca 1000-600 f.Kr.) fursa. = förursamiska (ca 700-300 f.Kr.) gfin. = gammal finska (medeltiden) got. = gotiska (de första århundradena e.Kr.) gsv. = gammal svenska (ca 1526-1906) meng. = medelengelska (ca 1100-1500 e.Kr.) mhty. = medelhögtyska (ca 1100-1350 e.Kr.) mlty. = medellågtyska (ca 1200-1600 e.Kr.) murfin. = medelurfinska (ca 700-1 f.Kr.) mursa. = medelursamiska (något före och efter tideräkningens början) PIE = det indoeuropeiska urspråket (Proto-Indo-European) (‒ca 3500 f.Kr.) post-PIE = senurindoeuropeiska (ca 3500‒2300 f.Kr.) rsv. = runsvenska (ca 800-1225 e.Kr.) surfin. = senurfinska (ca 1-500 e.Kr.) surgerm. = senurgermanska (vid Kristi födelse) surnord. = senurnordiska (ca 500-800 e.Kr.) sursa. = senursamiska (ca 200-600 e.Kr.) sv. = svenska (1526 e.Kr.-) turfin. = tidig urfinska (ca 1000-700 f.Kr.) turnord. = tidig urnordiska (ca 200-500 e.Kr.) urbalt. = urbaltiska (ca 1500-500 f.Kr.) urfin. = urfinska (ca 1000 f.Kr.-500 e.Kr.) urgerm. = urgermanska (ca 600-100 f.Kr.) urkelt. = urkeltiska (ca 1200-500 f.Kr.) urnord. = urnordiska (ca 200-800 e.Kr.) ursa. = ursamiska (ca 700 f.Kr.-600 e.Kr.) urural. = ururaliska (ca 3000-2000 f.Kr.) änysv. = äldre nysvenska (1526-1732 e.Kr.) ynysv. = yngre nysvenska (1732-1906 e.Kr.) surgerm. *Harjawaldaz kuningaz rīkaz, wīsaz jah hurskaz fin. rikas, viisas ja hurskas Harjavalta-kuningas sv. den rike, vise och förståndige kung Harald ty. der reiche, weise und verständige König Herold eng. the rich, wise and understanding King Herald (f)isl. inn ríki, vísi og horski konung(u)r Harald(u)r ”Sanoi herra Heinärikki: Lähkämme Hämehen maallen.” ”Sade herr Henrik: Låtom oss bege oss till Tavastland.” Ett utdrag ur Kvädet om biskop Henriks bane. "My academic dissertation Bidrag till Fennoskandiens språkliga förhistoria i tid och rum (“Spatiotemporal Contributions to the Linguistic Prehistory of Fennoscandia”) is an interdisciplinary study of the linguistic prehistory of Northern Europe chiefly in the Iron Age (ca. 700 BC-AD 1200), but also to some extent in the Bronze Age (ca. 1700-700 BC) and the Early Finnish Middle Ages (ca. AD 1200-1323). The disciplines represented in this study are Germanistics, Nordistics, Finnougristics, history and archaeology. The language-forms studied are Proto-Germanic, Proto-Scandinavian, ProtoFinnic and Proto-Sami. This dissertation uses historical-comparative linguistics and especially loanword study to examine the relative and absolute chronology of the sound changes that have taken place in the proto-forms of the Germanic, Finnic and Samic languages". - Bidrag till Fennoskandiens språkliga förhistoria i tid och rum, Mikko K. Heikkilä
I still think you should have included the icelandic ri-words which are the only modern traces of verb preteritum redublication as so: *Rerō 'rowed' => isl. reri *Sezō 'sowed' => isl. seri
Yes. And I could also have included the remnants of Germanic *ga- like granni, glíkr, gnógr etc. Maybe also "of" in poetry as a filler word sometimes corresponding to it before participles.
@@jak11111 no. that's just an irregular verb and while it is partially derived from a reduplicated PIE verb, the problem is that it's a merger of two separate verbs and one of them was entirely reduplicated. Idk if that made any sense haha
Oxen is the original plural. Old English had Nom. oxan, Acc. oxan, Gen. oxena, Dat. oxum. Some Old English dialects preserved a different root form in the plural with œxen/exen (from Proto-Germanic *uhsniz). But as you can see, the /n/ has always been there in the plural. Actually, the /n/ wasn't originally a plural marker but part of the stem as ox is part of a group of nouns called n-stem nouns. The /n/ was just lost in certain singular forms (specifically the nominative) which were then generalized. The point is ox has never been plural
Of the top of my head I can say a single fosalized thing in my latviešu language. The way to say - We are of the same mind - is - Mēs esam vienis prātis - what the hell is this? one / ones: n - viens / vieni ģ - viena / vienu d - vienam / vieniem a - vienu / vienus i - vienu / vieniem l - vienā / vienos v - vien / vieni mind / minds: n - prāts / prāti ģ - prāta / prātu d - prātam / prātiem a - prātu / prātus i - prātu / prātiem l prātā / prātos v - prāt / prāti No vienis, no prātis, what are these conjugations? Clearly the stable word phraze is understood in its own right and thus frozen in it is an example of older gramer. Dont remember what exactly this conjugation meant in medival baltic tho.
PN waritu "I write," faru "I go." Sw gå man ur huse "to go out of house (and join an activity/effort, jointly)"; lagom "just right; fitting (in moderation)" from dat. pl. of lag "law." Apparently we use lagom in English in philosophy to mean the concept of balance in one's life, but I've never seen it. OI styrr "tumult, brawl." You can really see the porousness of the boundaries between neighboring groups in Germanic dialectology, both old and modern. It's a lesson that comparative linguists would do well to remember when positing hypotheses about much more ancient and scantily attested groups of lects. I remember when I was first learning linguistics in '00, this stuff was almost never mentioned in regards to reconstructed languages, almost as if for whatever reason they worked differently from ours-perhaps a holdover from the neogrammarians, or all the way back to Jones or even earlier, to biblical philologists who viewed history through the lens of the fall of man from perfection. It is one issue I take with Beekes' exceptionless attribution to Pre-Greek (meaning a non-IE language of Greece) of anything that doesn't seem to follow the normal sound changes from PIE to Greek. One odd blind spot in a work of otherwise unsurpassable quality.
All the irregular "leftovers" from various outcomes of Verner's law in the older attested Germanic languages (like the example hiughl) show that there must have been a lot of stuff like this in Pgmc too, much like in any language.
@@svolfron6496 Mig grunar að framburðurinn líkist nokkuð vel því sem búast mætti við af málgerð þess tíma. Það er Skandinövum hollt að fræða sig um þennan hluta sögu sinnar og menningar. Að lokum verður það íslenskunni okkar til verðskuldaðrar upphafningar.
