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A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects-usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts-or keep them from turning.
In the UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand spanner is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-ended spanner and ring spanner. The term wrench is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench-an adjustable pipe wrench.[1]
In North American English, wrench is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-end wrench and box-end wrench. In American English, spanner refers to a specialized wrench with a series of pins or tabs around the circumference. (These pins or tabs fit into the holes or notches cut into the object to be turned). In American commerce, such a wrench may be called a spanner wrench to distinguish it from the British sense of spanner.
Higher quality wrenches are typically made from chromium-vanadium alloy tool steels and are often drop-forged. They are frequently chrome-plated to resist corrosion and for ease of cleaning.
Hinged tools, such as pliers or tongs, are not generally considered wrenches in English, but exceptions are the plumber wrench (pipe wrench in British English) and Mole wrench (sometimes Mole grips in British English).
The word can also be used in slang to describe an unexpected obstacle, for example, "He threw a spanner in the works" (in U.S. English, "monkey wrench").
Width across flats is the distance between two parallel surfaces on the head of a screw or bolt, or a nut, mostly for torque transmission by positive locking.
The term width across flats (AF) is used for the following forms:
2-socket = round material with two surfaces
4-socket = profile square section
6-socket, 8-square = regular polygons
The width across flats indicates the "size" of the spanner. It is imprinted on the spanners in millimeter (mm) values. Older English and current American spanners (wrenches) have inch sizes that are imprinted in intermediate sizes in fractions.
The two systems are in general not compatible, which can result in rounding of nuts and bolts (i.e. using a 13 mm spanner in place of a 1⁄2 in (12.7 mm)). There are some exceptions with a few sizes being close enough in sizes to interchange. This includes 19 mm and ​3⁄4 in (19.05 mm), which are interchangeable for most purposes. Sizes that may interchange, depending on the precision needed, includes 2 mm (close to ​5⁄64 in (1.98 mm)), 4 mm (close to ​5⁄32 in (3.97 mm)) and 8 mm (close to ​5⁄16 in (7.94 mm)).
The monkey wrench is a type of adjustable wrench, a 19th century American refinement of 18th-century English coach wrenches. It was widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries but is now seldom used in the mechanical trades, having been mostly replaced by the newer style of shifting (adjustable) spanner/wrench. It is still of interest as an antique among tool collectors and is still occasionally used in maintenance and repair when it happens to be convenient. The term monkey wrench is also sometimes used loosely, usually by non-tradespeople, to refer to the pipe wrench (owing to their broadly similar shapes), but tradespeople (plumbers, pipefitters) usually speak more precisely than that. A wrench with smooth jaws (no teeth) is not used for turning threaded pipe.
These are also known as a Ford wrench owing to this type of wrench being included in the tool kit supplied with every Ford Model A. They are still used by aircraft technicians, mainly when large but low torque fasteners are involved.
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