Take-off and landing ( short stops ) is less efficient. Not withstanding inefficient air-routes, which are common especially near cities due to minimising noise pollution. The climbing to cruising attitude costs quite a lot fuel. Long hauls are more efficient than shorts stops for planes by far due to spending more time at attitude rather than climbing and descending at less optimal heights. Air-resistance is greater at lower attitude and the plane engines are of course made to be maximum efficiency at higher attitude. While descending can be done gliding if the route is decent quite often planes can be stuck at lower attitude on approach or/and descend due to air routes or actually take a steeper less efficient dive. Many factors come at play around airports and with short flights this means that the fuel-economy per unit of distance is just worse.
Did you know the EU is forcing all countries to adapt to the same signaling system so trains will be able to travel through multiple countries. Also interesting is they wanted to do the same with the powering system (50Hz) but it's kinda in limbo since Germany refused to bear the cost of changing systems and now all other countries that where supposed to changed are doing the same. Still just the signals is likely the biggest single project in the EU at the moment, it'll be so nice when you don't have to change trains in the middle of the night when traveling across borders, (you can build trains with both power systems like they have in Sweden/Denmark.)
50 Hz is a current frequency used in the whole Europe for a very long time, but voltages are different. Nowadays, most trains can at least work under two different voltages, and some locomotives, like the Taurus and the Vectron by Siemens or the Traxx by Bombardier, have a transformer capable of making the train work with nearly all the different voltages. Actually the biggest problem is Spain, because the train tracks in Spain are wider than anywhere else (except on their high speed lines to be able to run trains to France)
Whether 25 kV 50 Hz, or 15 kV 16⅔ Hz doesn't make that much of a difference, since it's all AC. More of a problem are the DC systems, like they have in the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Italy. Eastern Europe largely uses 25 kV. But I think that "forcing" is a bit of an exaggeration. Germany, Austria and Sweden are large areas (plus Switzerland and Norway, which aren't in the EU), and it's impractical to change those systems. So it's extremely doubtful that the EU would have ever considered forcing anybody, because the countries involved would have made sure it wouldn't have left the meeting rooms. Also, the EU isn't forcing anybody to change their entire signalling systems to ERTMS. What's important is that international routes, both for passengers and especially freight, are equipped with ERTMS.
imaginox9 I know for a fact at least Sweden and Germany use 16 2/3 Hz systems to power their trains due to that they electrified early on and the electric engines at that time couldn't handle high frequencies well. And most trains today and for the foreseeable future won't have the capability to run on both frequencies unless they are especially built for it. (Usually a transformer on the train as well as separate connector-arms.) But you can also retrofit older models, however it's not cheap and won't be done on a whim.
@@imaginox9 This is not a major problem because they invented an axle that can expand/contract when the gauge changes, but I think the trains have to travel very slow through a section of track designed for the changing axle size. Of course, that technology is expensive and slows down the service, so I think Spain choose to use standard gauge on high-speed trains for improved service to the rest of Europe and because the special trains are very expensive. With standard gauge, Spain can also get bids from companies that have trains designed for standard gauge.
@@afh7689 That already exists actually, but yes it's very expensive to build and to maintain. And I think that only a few passenger trains have it, if not none, but some special freight trains might have it probably. That's why when going between France and Spain with a regular Intercity train, you have to change trains at the border towns of Hendaye (France) and Irún (Spain), where the Renfe (Spanish Railways) have their own platform at Hendaye to permit direct transfer from the French train to the Spanish train stopped at each side of one platform.
Croatia is currently not a part of the Schengen Area, they are just part of the EU. So if you're crossing from Hungary to Croatia you'll have a border control as well because Hungary has to confirm that you have left the Schengen Area but you don't get a stamp into your passport (only if your passport has been issued by a Schengen, EU or EEA member state, otherwise you do) because you haven't left the European Union. This situation gets a bit more complicated if we are talking about a person who has a passport that needs a visa to enter the Schengen Area or the EU. So when this person has a Schengen Visa which provides him/her only one entry to the Schengen Area for example, he/she can leave Hungary to enter Croatia but can not go back to Hungary because the passport will now have a stamp that the person left the Schengen Area, and if this person wants to go to Dubrovnik through Bosnia and Herzegovina even if his/her passport allows him/her to enter the country, the person can not go back to Croatia because he/she left the European Union. So yes, border crossing is a bit complicated...
The new shinkansen will do the 438 km Tokyo-Osaka trip in 67 minutes, so while saying "slightly under two hours" isn't exactly wrong, it's a bit inaccurate. It travels at 505 km/h.
ibx2cat Why? With a vehicle capable of over 500 kilometers an hour, with three stops, 438 km in a little more than an hour seems perfectly reasonable. It wouldn't surprise me if they get it below the one hour mark with the next generation of train.
“So um here is err the first um megaproject so it’s like this um kinda like this sorta bridge between like this island and then so like basically it’s kinda sorta gonna like bridge this gap like um between Bosnia, um, err...”
as someone from Frankfurt. I would say we have 3 and a half runways. The (07L/25R) Northwest runway (the upper one) is ONLY for landing. On the (18) runway west ( on the left side of the airport pointing south) is ONLY for Starting and not for landing. Also Starts are only permitted to the south despite having a taxiway to the north is is never used except if the start is aborted. The (07C/25C) Center runway (former north runway before the Northwest runway was opened in 2011) is build to handle both starts and landing but at the moment is not used for landing only for starting. the (07R/25L) South runway is currently only used for landing but can support starts if needed. due the fact that flights between 11PM and 5AM are not allowed the fist jets of the day also start from the center runway.
i live in gothenburg sweden and they have been working on infrastructure for a long time here... the currently biggest project is "västlänken" (translation: the west link), i dont know much more about it than its a train tunnel under the whole city so the trains dont have to go into the one-way platforms in the current central station, it will also add more train stops in the city other than just the central station such as at "korsvägen" (the crossroad) which is an important place in terms of entertainment and business. they are also working on a replacement bridge for a 60 year old bridge that definitely seen better days (and wasnt designed to carry the heavy trams and cars and trucks going over it today). there are probably a lot more projects all around the city atm than just those 2 mentioned above
Neum has been Bosnian since Dubrovnik sold it in the eighteenth century, to affect repairs after an earthquake. Croatia is in the EU, the border check is a real thing. It's not in the Schengen Zone. That's Slovenia. Been on the ferry to København, too. Germany has a land border with Denmark, so the link is less than tenuous.
Of course it will always vary significantly which projects someone chooses to highlight, but if scale, scientific value, potential for the future, and European cooperation are likely parameters then the ITER project must be near the very top of any list of major projects to come. Paving the way for DEMO in Japan as the first commercially viable fusion reactor on earth. Of course this project isn't wholly European, with participation from other nations, but the vast majority of it is.
Your argument about environment is something that I can relate to. In Montreal, we are currently in the beginning stages of the construction of the REM. the CDPQ has gone to great lengths to protect the environment. Near the airport, there is an artificial marsh which was created as a result of the modifications of the surrounding lands. Wildlife thrives in that environment and, to satisfy environmentalists, the CDPQ chose to extend the airport tunnel under the marsh rather then building through the marsh. Now that construction has started, the environmentalists are in uproar over a few branches being broken or removed as part of the construction work. I'm actually rather happy to see this project moving ahead. It will make quite a huge difference in Montreal by doubling the amount of km of the metro network. There are also several other major projects undergoing in Montreal including the reconstruction of the Turcot interchange and the replacement of the Champlain Bridge and there are plans to rebuild the metropolitan highway. All of theses are multi-billion projects and there's likely even more to come. We simply can't let environmental concerns stop theses projects. For example, Turcot's concrete was so weak that it could be crushed by hand. The current Champlain bridge, is in such a bad state that external supports were added over the last two decade to take some of the load off of the concrete beams. Theses reinforcements have been putting more strain on the concrete pier caps which also had to be strengthened as a result. Part of what we have to do is build smarter, using materials that can be recycled. The new Turcot and Champlain bridge both have massive steel, girders supporting their weight and are engineered to last longer.
As an Irish person hahaha I don't hate you I love ya videos, and I don't expect you to want a United Ireland, I do, and I'm hoping it will happen but it's ok to disagree
I'd be down with a united Ireland (if people wanted) or even a more fragmented one! My only position is that people should stop turning the name and current situation into a political issue. Makes it hard to talk about the facts when people get angry when you state them
@@ibx2cat that's true totally agree with you. Northern Ireland is very complex, the political situation is complex, but as a republic observer it's not hard to see that there are two parties elected who have no interested in the stormont assembly, and they're politizing the issues and the average Joe is suffering
Related to the Rail Baltica 12:25 there's is a plan for an undersea rail tunnel between Tallinn and Helsinki, under the Gulf of Finland. The around 50 km long tunnel would be the longest undersea tunnel in the world. The tunnel, if constructed, would open sometime after 2030.
From Denmark. I've actually taken the train-ferry thing but I completely forgot about it. Thanks for reminding me. The Femernbelt Bridge is something I wish could be built soon, it would definitely make me want to visit Germany more often if I could get to Hamburg in a couple of hours by train. Danish politicians have been talkning about it for as long as I can remember though so I have a certain amount of skepticism every time they say they're gonna build it for sure.
The hole reason behind holding back on growing airports is because the hole of Europe is agenst local euro flights. Because there have to be green energy. Like high speed trains. So if you're having high speed rail your just as fast af boarding a plane so there just willing to take international flights and linking the trains to them there wil be las airport needed
I have a very stupid idea for expanding heathrow airport. Instead of building the second runway at heathrow, build it at gatwick, then have a train going between the secure area of the airports, so you can have a connecting flight that arrives at gatwick but departs from heathrow. Again, i know it's a stupid idea.
Joining the two with a high speed train ain't a bad idea, but an expensive and faroff one of course. The real problem is that Gatwick, with only 1 runway and still being a huge airport, is also at capacity and can't take much more flights. Gatwick needs a 2nd runway as well as Heathrow needing a 3rd, it'd be less awkward to build one at Gatwick though.
I have an idea: disable all airports until we have electric planes, or a fuel tax that includes the cost of removing every kg of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere a litre of fuel emits.
There is a proposal for a new High Speed Line, called HS4Air connecting Heathrow and Gatwick, and will also extend to Ashford to connect with High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel, and to Old Oak Common in London to connect with the under-construction High Speed 2 towards Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds, so potentially there could be direct services between cities north of London and the rest of Europe, as well as a high speed airport shuttle service on the same line which would better justify the cost
some other suggested bridges/tunnels in europe include: • a tunnel/bridge between Helsingör (Denmark) and Helsingborg (Sweden) (dubbed the HH project). • connecting Ireland with Great Britain, through a bridge or tunnel - proposals include Stranraer - Belfast (Galloway route), Liverpool - Isle of Man - Belfast (Isle of Man route), Kintyre - Country Antim (Kintyre route), Dublin - Holyhead (Irish Mail route), and Fishguard - Rowhich (Tuskar route). • a tunnel across the strait of Gibraltar. • a tunnel across the strait of Messina. • a tunnel linking Corsica and Sardinia together. • a tunnel between Tallinn and Helsinki, that would probably be part of the Rail Baltica project mentioned in the video. anyone know of any other ones?
I agree with you in the fact that Dublin has a very bad transport network but a lot of the things you said about Dublin was wrong, and u didn’t mention the DART which is a major part of the network lol.
At least the DART extension is finally happening, and they're making the bus network less crazy pants. The metro would've kicked off ages ago had it not been down to a bunch of NIMBY southsiders.
well isnt frankfurt not only 4th biggest? schipol is bigger or not? (passengers per year). maybe when the new terminal is finished it will be 3rd biggest.
I know this is nearing 2 years old,but Dublin has 1.3million as of 2020 ,ireland has 4 million , 1 quarter ,not half ,but besides that good(again,late to the part by two freakin years im bad at this)
Or a video about the most likely (insert country here)-exits in the nearish future - Hungary definitely up there, but Italy and a couple others are getting close. Maybe show how the map of the EU could look like in 30 years when some countries have left and some joined. Also accidental leaving like if Catalonia or Scotland go independent and so leave the EU at least "technically". I think those other potential leaving countries are watching the UK now to see how it goes. The likely mess it'll be (due to terrible leaders and negotiators on both sides IMHO) could set back their leaving, but it'll probably happen someday anyway - it's just when.
I am Hungarian. Hungary is not leaving the EU, because it would be a stupid move for us. Orban is just an opportunistic, populist criminal not a moron like Farage.
mrcreepercraft48 Far more likely to be kicked out or at least lose their voting rights. However, it still is unlikely considering that more than 20-21 of the countries must agree.
@@ylette you get to decide in the EU parliament elections and your national elections. EU countries are one of the most democratic in the world, despite what some delusional people, who by the way tend to worship autocrats, think.
@YouDontKnowMe If you're a law student, you should do a video and educate the masses about it. Right now people don't know shit and that's a problem because that's how brexit happened.
You forgot the Lyon-Torino railway a project that is: -expensive -useless Perfect example of bureaucrats creating a utopia from their office in Brussels.
Yes Heathrow only has 2 runways, which is measly when you compare it to other large airports...but we do have several other London based airports, which those other cities you compared do not have (City, Gatwick, Luton, Stansted & Southend) I know most of these don’t have many flights from outside of Europe but perhaps instead of extending Heathrow, where there isn’t really any free land, we could enlarge another London airport to facilitate more international flights. Take Stansted for example. There are a lot of fields around, which could be bought potentially. Expand the airport and its runways and then improve the rail link to London so it’s faster... I think this solution is better than trying to enlarge Heathrow.
expanding other airports removes the connection possibility, and as many people do not like flying to the "out of city" airport, it creates problems. Also, the government refuse to let expand any of those airports too!
foxy 2002 metro north would connect up past the airport to somewhere around st Stephens green. There’s also plans for a metro west and a DART underground. They’re only plans and have been around for a few years now so they wing have much about them in the news. If you look up metro north Dublin on RU-vid you’ll get vids of the proposed plans.
Lol Croatia did not stole any land of Bosnia. Actually whole Bosnia was part of Kingdom of Croatia until Turkish invasions. It was Croatian teritory. Turks conquered that teritory of Croatia. That is why Croatia now has a shape like someone take a bite from her. Soo that meme is stupid.
croatia and bosnia should do a land swap with croatia giving the bottom off their country to bosnia so bosnia can build a coastal city whilst bosnia gives them their present sea access and land surpassing their gains to make up for having a proper coast, then their boarder problems will be solved and it would add billions to the local economy from their being a 1 bosnia major coastal city
@ dude that was so long ago. And the criminal rate comes with bad adaption to our society and how they can't even escape it. It's sad but nationality has nothing to do with it lmao.
@ This was actually a really good description of the ups and downs of refugees. in this day and age, it seems like you have to say either all refugees are bad or all are good, and its nice to see that other people can see the middle ground.
The hole reason behind holding back on growing airports is because the hole of Europe is agenst local euro flights. Because there have to be green energy. Like high speed trains. So if you're having high speed rail your just as fast af boarding a plane so there just willing to take international flights and linking the trains to them there wil be las airport needed
I went to it after reading how it was going to be finished that year.. needless to say the only difference is the line separators now have the new airport name on them
The day the BERLIN-Brandenburg Airport (BER) is finished will be the day of the apocalypse. That is the only reason the end of the world was not december 21, 2012
Congratulations for another interesting video. The bridge in Croatia is connecting mainland Croatia not to an island but to the Pelješac peninsula (you never actually said it is an island, but other people have said it in the coments)
I live in Copenhagen In Denmark, and i have never heard of the project before (and i can't find much about on the internet), but if you live in Copenhagen and you wanna see a different country, you just go to Sweden... But everywhere else in Denmark you go to south jutland and buy VERY cheap cigarettes, alcohol and candy
It's been in hiatus for the last couple of years awaiting German litigation. It was already planned in the early 00's, and as far as I remember the original finishing date was set to 2018. So it's kinda depressing that they haven't even started building it yet. And it especially seems unreasonable that it's the Germans holding it back, since Denmark will pay for the whole thing.
I live in northern Germany and I have heard about the Project, but In also heard that it got canceled because the germans living at the half Island, do Not want to live near a motorway.
Reminds me that my country (Singapore) often catches cigarette smugglers as our tobacco taxes (~S$8/€5 per 20 sticks) are pretty high, making cigarettes 3-4x more expensive here (or around in-between the cost in the UK & the rest of Europe) than in neighbouring Malaysia, thus making smuggling a lucrative business. To combat this, in 2009 the country also became the world's 1st to require anti-contraband markings on cigarette sticks
No, Iraq and Bosnia-Herzegovina aren't landlocked. You're getting his question reversed. Other countries that are almost landlocked are Belgium and especially the Democratic Republic of Congo. There aren't a lot of countries that are close to a sea, but still landlocked. Perhaps Swaziland and Lesotho. One painful example is Bolivia, which used to have access to the Pacific Ocean, but lost it over a war with Chile and Peru. They're still not exactly on speaking terms.
@mjouwbuis: What I meant was that Belgium has a very short coastline (67 km) compared to its surface area. Compare that to the Netherlands, which aren't that much bigger (just over 30%), but have over 500 km of coastline. Plus, Belgium's largest harbour, Antwerp, can only be reached via Dutch territory.
your wrong on the economics as unemployment in the Mediterranean is 40% its only good for germany and france as france can force other countries to do what they want and germany with a under priced currency
You forgot about Spain. Barcelona is currently building the longest metro system in Europe with the L9 which will connect three of the biggest cities in Catalonia. Also, Barcelona is planning to open in 2027 a brand new airport terminal, which is going to be the second biggest in Europe. Barcelona also is finishing the Sagrada Familia after almost 300 years of construction, it will become the highest church in the WORLD. On the other side, Madrid is going to build starting from 2020 a new business area, called Castellana Norte, in which will raise the highest building in Europe, with 362m. Also, Spain is creating the Hyperloop, the train that will become is less than 6 years, the fastest ever seen by humanity and will connect the EU, probably with mainland China or with the UAE.
Huh? Dublin has 527,612 population, Birmingham has 1mil. Edit: You meant the greater area, but west midlands combined authority has 2.8mil. Greater Manchester also has 3.3mil
The connection and infrastructure that the EU brought is amazing for loads of countries, and essentially helps everyone that's involved. The EU has gotten a lot of shit these past 2 years (especially from the UK), but regardless of one's opinion on the matter, this is a pretty sweet part of being an EU member.
Most projects are not funded by the EU and the ones that have a small amount (so they can plonk down their sign and pretend they built it) are essentially taxpayers money as the EU has no money of its own. It is a giant redistribution scam for bridges and trains to nowhere.
ImperialJohn, no nation has money of it's own, it's all taxes so don't try to be clever. Your taxes afford us Scots a slightly better quality of life to that elsewhere in the UK while Scottish oil is the reason you didn't spend the last 5 decades living in a slum with an outdoor shitter like half the UK did up until the early 60's.
@@im_so_bored3896 Yes. But you can't compare the two. At least in North Korea they don't try to look democratic. In the EU elected representatives can't repeal or make laws. All the power is in the unelected commission.
The Fehmarn connection is actually a bit controversial here in Denmark. Most towns and "cities" along the Great Belt - Funen - Jutland route are fearing economic damage as far fewer of the many international cargo and passenger journeys to Copenhagen and the rest of Scandinavia will no longer pass through the area.
Yes and it was a condition to get sweden onboard when building the bridge between denmark and sweden. Denmark doesn't really care about it, Germany doesn't really want it. The ones that really want it is swedish rails so they can have a faster connection to Berlin and the rest of mainland europe.
Roads are already jammed, and air quality is beyond lethal and is illegal under EU law. Heathrow runway expansion is a stupid idea. Double Gatwick capacity instead.
Yeah I agree, same is happening around Schiphol. It needs more runways, but because of environmental and traffic related reasons a nearby airport will be expanded instead. Why would you expand in areas that already suffer the consequences of being close to a big airport?
@@RAD1SHARIF Schiphol is the biggest airport in terms of flights in Europe, because it does not only serve passengers but also cargo flights. In terms of passengers it will soon surpass Heathrow and CDG because it's also the fastest growing airport. So yes it will soon need more runways.
There's too many megaprojects going on right now even to Europe to mention in one video..but take a look at Norway's plans to build a new Fjord bridge. Look amazing!
Dublin is not the second biggest city in the British isles. Chicago is not one of the most crowded cities in the world. I’m afraid you just ramble false facts
Unfortunately, the last ICE that went on the Ferry between Puttgarden and Rødby went in October 2017. The Deutsche Bahn discontinued this service, as it was expensive and less reliable due to diesel powered trains. Found that out, when I wanted to from Hamburg to Kopenhagen and was very disappointed about this. :-(
If we go back about 25 years, then there was 3 different places in Denmark where the train was on the ferries, the one from here at Femern [Rødby-Puttgarden], and then there was at Storebælt [Halvskov-Knudshoved], and last but not least from Helsingør, Denmark to Helsingborg Sweden, and now 25 years after, they are no more...
Another interesting Norwegian project (not extremely huge, but very unique) is the Stad ship tunnel. A tunnel for big boats. Its just 1700m long, but are supposed to be about 37m high and 30m wide. It will bypass a dangerous place to go with boats today because of the weather and how the waves and water flows around the area.
I know Heathrow was officially given the go ahead to build the new runway but when you talked about limiting the ability for tourism I think maybe you should have mentioned the fact that some of the opposition wasn't just people not wanting more flights but the fact that they felt Gatwick was more suitable and far less likely to face opposition as well as helping to see south London see much needed investment.
