A Small History of Big Evolutionary Ideas - Robin May

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The theory of evolution is often described as the biggest idea in the history of humanity. But evolutionary theory itself has evolved over time, often via landmark contributions from some very unusual characters.
This lecture investigates some of the biggest ideas about evolution, as well as some of the most ill-conceived.
We’ll meet aristocrats and criminals, clergymen and dictators and consider how evolution is as much a product of history as it is of biology.
This lecture was recorded by Robin May on 16 October 2023 at Barnard's Inn Hall, London
Robin is Gresham Professor of Physic.
He is also Chief Scientific Adviser at the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and Professor of Infectious Disease at the University of Birmingham.
www.gresham.ac.uk/speakers/pr...
The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website:
www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/e...
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22 окт 2023

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Комментарии : 109

@user-sf9kc8fl7y Месяц назад

This was a wonderful lecture to listen to. I enjoyed its interesting content as well as the very fair and engaging professor.

@ecocentrichomestead6783 3 месяца назад

One thing I never see addressed in evolution is that "Random mutations" doesn't mean "Rare" Most mutations in genetics are not really noticeable. Mutations maintain the spread of variation in a trait, they don't drive evolution. Natural selection acts on the variation to guide evolution. Survival of the fittest is on a species level, not the individual level Knowing that most animals that die, do not result in fossils, I believe that extinction may not be as common as seem to be thought. Rather that extinction, one species evolved into another without leaving fossils. WRT the wing of a bird, it would help a reptile jump further even when it was just a flatten limb. As it evolved, the species would be able to glide further and further until it could keep itself of the ground completely..

@johnking5433 Месяц назад

Your comment doesn't make sense to me. The individuals of a species are collectively termed "a species". It is the individuals who are or aren't fit to successfully reproduce. It is the individuals who die and possibly leave a fossil. Even if a species evolves into another, the individuals still die and possibly leave fossils.

@usergiodmsilva1983PT 10 дней назад

And that random mutations don't really mean random, but sporadic. There is no such thing as a mathematically random mutations.

@aminkeykha5546 6 месяцев назад

سخنرانی خردمندانه و تاثیرگذاری است . سپاسگزار کوشش روزانه ی شما برای فکر کردن منتقدانه هستم .

@seazenbones6945 6 месяцев назад

Thank you for enlightening me on the origin of eugenics. An idea that has been destructive for a century and still influential. My ability to recognise the misunderstanding of others, and to offer a simple alternative has been improved . I’m very grateful. I came to Gresham’s RU-vid channel, hoping to deepen my understanding of Cosmology. I stayed, subscribed and have been treated with knowledge that is responsible, respectful, rewarding, entertaining and trustworthy. Thank you. PS. If Gresham’s RU-vid channel had a Donate Button, I would occasionally donate. If Gresham had RU-vid Memberships, I would probably join.

@thomasjamison2050 6 месяцев назад

The idea of eugenics is hardly destructive. People are destructive, particularly ones who had a little knowledge without any serious depth of understanding. Eugenics today is a lot like prohibition. Most people will readily attest to it's end, but if one has every lost a driving license to getting caught driving while intoxicated, they can attest to the remaining operative effects of prohibition still in effect today.

@jeffg4570 3 месяца назад

@@thomasjamison2050 For an interesting connection you could Google: Margaret Sanger, Eugenics and Planned Parenthood.

@usergiodmsilva1983PT 10 дней назад

We do eugenics every time we select a mate, we do a screening for disease during pregnancy. Eugenics are not the culprit for racism.

@vladimirp2674 6 месяцев назад

Scientifically speaking, adaptation plays a pivotal role in the process of evolution itself. I desire to pinpoint, that life originated long ago in waters, fish scales was a predecessor of human skin. Amphibia fins gradually transformed into human leg. Brain size augmented with a hand of time. Crucially, horses species improved to a modern types. Finally, fashion and garments altered. In brief, it is just a few examples. Some of the are only surmises. How fine and tremendously interesting to discover novelty about nature and living creatures.. Sheer joy!

@monikagrosch9632 2 месяца назад

Not far into the lecture yet: what about Gregor Mendel?😊

@richmondshaw1947 2 месяца назад

With the 'evolution' of medicine and growth of hospitals the percentage of offspring surviving to adulthood has dramatically increased. Some of the diseases overcome are infective, measles etc, but some ailments are inherited and if fatal, or disabling, they probably wouldn't be passed on. The question I pose is does the system of healthcare in our society have a double edge in that some traits that would be bred out with natural evolution be more present in the future due to the amazing medical care available. Our modern societies have different needs than the preceding medieval ones, for example, where a strong lad who could plough all day or defend his community stoutly would be highly valued whereas today those characteristics are less needed than say abilities with computer programming etc. And healthcare is allowing those with physical weaknesses to survive, with perhaps continued medical help throughout their lives. How will this affect the evolution of humanity? Will populations need more medical help to survive; go to any surgery and you will see ever increasing numbers leave with carrier bags full of medications; unheard of when I was a child. A case could be made that in the past there were no treatments available for some ailments, certainly less so in the case of many cancers. It's a conundrum, with both ethical and moral implications that are not easily resolved.

@trebledog Месяц назад

Is the same Galton of the Galton board?

@joecalandra3169 3 месяца назад

John Hunter described an e evolutionary theory very similar to Darwin's about 100 years prior

@p.bckman2997 3 месяца назад

He only offered "half" of the theory: Mutations. He never thought of natural selection, which was the cornerstone of Darwin's and Wallace's theory. When Darwin published his book, the knowledge that flora and fauna had changed through time had been common knowledge in polite circles for a generation.

@usergiodmsilva1983PT 10 дней назад

The selection part is the important bit. That's why it's on the book's title.

@gbickell 6 месяцев назад

Fab stuff. Thank you!

@JJONNYREPP 6 месяцев назад

A Small History of Big Evolutionary Ideas 1209pm 23.10.23 even that sketch of a tree looks blakean.

@trebledog Месяц назад

I'll bet all that fidgeting of the hands are an evolutionary construct to help the speaker keep from boggling down in nervousness.

@TheGbelcher 3 месяца назад

Anyone who believes dinosaurs are extinct haven’t seen an Emu.

@rickr530 2 месяца назад

Forget the Emu, have a look at a Shoebill...

@no_more_spamplease5121 2 месяца назад

Every bird is technically an avian dinosaur. All non-avian dinosaurs were already extinct 65 million years ago, though.

@michaelconley2793 3 месяца назад

So honey bees. A queen mates with multiple drones, not one. So the relationship equation is not accurate.

@michaelconley2793 2 месяца назад

Of course I did. His point would be correct if a queen only matters with one drone. But since there are typically more than 20 fathers, those workers are not studying themselves for their "sisters". They do not share 75% of their DNA with most workers in that hive, because they only have the queens DNA in common. Which part aren't you understanding?

@Hiltok 4 месяца назад

36:11 Full siblings share 50% DNA, not 25%. For parents Dd & Mm consider a child (let's say of type DM). Now, that child compared to another child who is equally likely to be one of DM Dm dM dm: DM v DM = 100% DM v Dm = 50% DM v dM = 50% DM v dm = 0% The average overlap in DNA between full siblings is 50%.

@Hiltok 4 месяца назад

38:00 For the Bee example: 75% is correct. Parents are D & Mm with offspring types DM and Dm, so each individual offspring will match either 100% (DM v DM or Dm v Dm) or 50% (Dm v Dm or Dm v DM) giving an average match of 75%.

@togaspin 3 месяца назад

😊

@CipiRipi-in7df 3 месяца назад

I respectfully disagree. A child share 50% of his DNA with his father and 50% with his mother. For two siblings, each one share 50% of his DNA with his father and 50% with his mother. You may think that in this case, those kids share between them 50% of DNA. But is not. Because they don't share between the same genes. Kid A may got from his father a different set of genes than his sibling, kid B. Statistically, on average, only about 50% of the genes inherited from their father are the same for both kids. And 50% of the genes are different for each sibling. So, siblings are related 50% (percent of the genes inherited from each parent) of 50% (percent of the inherited genes from each parent that are the same for both kids). Which make 25%. The proof is that while siblings have vague similar appearance traits, they look very distinct from each other.

@Superiorer 2 месяца назад

@@CipiRipi-in7dfyou are wrong. On average siblings share 50% of their genes. Can be less or more ofcourse due to the random nature in which genes are selected. Tell me how much are half brothers related? They share 50% of their dna with one parent, but from the other parent they obviously do not share genes, thus they are related by 25%. Now being full siblings doubles the relatedness.

@clancyjames585 2 месяца назад

@CipiRipi-in7df Superiorer is correct in that you are incorrect. Up to the point where you say 50% is similar between siblings from their mother, and 50% from their father - that's fine. But the total is *NOT* multiplicative - it's not 50% times 50%. Nor is it additive (which would mean 50% + 50% =100%). The correct math is: fraction if genes from mother (50%) * fraction similar between siblings (50%) + fraction if genes from father (50%) * fraction similar between siblings (50%) = 0.5*0.5 + 0.5*0.5 = 0.25+0.25 = 0.5.

@ahmedbaradwan6619 3 месяца назад

We can’t have evolution for human who can act in deverant aspects to a machine which can’t be existed without human..isn’t it?

@ahmedbaradwan6619 3 месяца назад

We can instade of cant

@ahmedbaradwan6619 3 месяца назад

Instance of cant

@jeanneknight4791 3 месяца назад

Those are pheasants , not peacocks, but I am sure the Fisher's Runaway point applies.

@CamMci 3 месяца назад

He said pheasants?

@ClearerThanMud 3 месяца назад

Nice talk overall, but I have one quibble, with the statement at about @36:00 that siblings are 25% related. Siblings are 50% related. Consider a particular gene: you got one copy from your father and one from your mother. Your father had two to choose from; call them A and B. You got either A or B, and so did your brother, so you have a 50% chance of having received the same gene from your father. Same for the copy you got from your mother.

@CipiRipi-in7df 3 месяца назад

That's the point. Each kid (A and B) get 50% of his genes from the father and 50% from is mother. So each kid is 50% related to each of his parents. But how much of the genes each kid inherit from his father are the same genes? Kid A may get from his father a different set of genes than kid B. Same from their mother. On average, only 50% of each sets of genes kids inherit from their father is identical for both kids, while the other 50% inherited from their father is different for kid A and kid B. So, between them, kids are related 50% (relation to their parents) of 50% (average proportion of the same genes shared by the siblings). Which make 25%.

@ClearerThanMud 3 месяца назад

@@CipiRipi-in7df That was probably the speaker's thinking, but it is not correct. For each gene, you have a 50% chance of having the same one as your sibling; the fact that you got some of them from your mother and others from your father is irrelevant. Ask Google how related siblings are.if you still don't agree.

@CipiRipi-in7df 3 месяца назад

@@ClearerThanMud ... that's the point. You have a 50% chance of having the same one as your sibling. So, if you relate 50% to EACH of your parents separately, there is 25% chances that your sibling have the same gene as you. (0.5 of genes x 0.5 chance to be the same gene from each parent). It is as simple as that. I don't need that lawyer called Google.

@ClearerThanMud 3 месяца назад

@@CipiRipi-in7df The following might make the flaw in that logic clearer. You have 23 pairs of chromosomes -- 46 chromosomes. The genes on the first chromosome are 50% likely to be the same as your sibling's. Same with your second chromosome, so (by that logic) the chances that there is a 25% chance that they are the same across two chromosomes. So given the you have 46 chromosomes, your relatedness to your sibling is (by that logic) 1 / ( 2 ^ 46 ), which is a very tiny number. But in reality, it is an error to consider the genes from each chromosome separately and multiply their relatednesses, just as it is an error to consider the genes from your mother and the genes from your father separately and multiply their relatednesses.

@CipiRipi-in7df 3 месяца назад

@@ClearerThanMud .. I agree with first part of your logic. Yes, the chances that there is a 25% chance that they are the same across a pair of chromosomes. And this work for each pair of those 23 pairs of chromosomes. But this doesn't drop the relatedness to your sibling at 1 / (2 ^ 46). Each pair of chromosome have 25% similarities with your sibling, so overall, similarity is still 25%. Because, no matter which genes are passed from parent to son/daughter, there will still be 25% similarities. It's matter of combinatorial math. :)

@TazPessle 6 месяцев назад

@28:20 ish. This guy. P values. Did he lay the foundation for sigma? Degrees of significance. If so, he's the most underrated G out there. And @31:30 ....and so goes Dawkins. Wrt Trans No-one is perfect

@machintelligence 3 месяца назад

Heroes without feet of clay are few and far between. Dalton, however, seems to have poisoned everything he worked on except for statistics.

@rickr530 2 месяца назад

@@machintelligence Do you mean Galton? Also OP was talking about Fisher, not Fancis Galton. Who are you talking about and please be specific about what was poisoned.

@thomasjamison2050 6 месяцев назад

It's true. If the time comes to ask family members to donate a kidney, there are some families in which no one comes forward.

@thomasdonovan3580 5 месяцев назад

I offered my mother a Kidney if she needs it, her father, my GF, died of Kidney Failure.

@thomasjamison2050 5 месяцев назад

@@thomasdonovan3580 I offered a kidney to my wife. When she asked her family, they all refused. When we interviewed at the hospital, all the other families there were offering kidneys to their affected family member and my wife was reduced to tears seeing that.

@user-qp7lo8vy5r 3 месяца назад

General uninformative speaks well.

@JourneyOfStrength 3 месяца назад

23:15 I'm a holocaust denier

@JavierBonillaC 3 месяца назад

I'm so glad that evolutionary theory turned out to be liberal. One day though it might be possible to exercise the influence of one specific gene at a time.

@ahmedbaradwan6619 3 месяца назад

Why evaluation happened to human being and not to others.?

@mark314158 3 месяца назад

All living things evolve.

@rickr530 2 месяца назад

If you want to enter the conversation then at least do your research and understand theory first...

@ahmedbaradwan6619 3 месяца назад

With all respect for what u had done, is totally far way from the idea of DNA. THAT DEFFINATLY HAS A LOT OF DEFINITIONS.

@grahammewburn Месяц назад

Once upon a time There was nothing Along came nothing And made everything!

@JourneyOfStrength 3 месяца назад

22:51 How was he wrong on a scientific basis if that's what the data presented. And then the narrative of this silly tale is that, well its not genetics at all. So which is it?

@doctorarden5741 3 месяца назад

Because his concept of what was “right” was based on opinion. All he showed was that you could reproduce the same traits if you consistently bred with others that shared them, he did not prove that being white was superior. His concept of the superiority was an assumption he made because he was white. It was a bias.

@JourneyOfStrength 3 месяца назад

@@doctorarden5741 no. The iq data

@rickr530 2 месяца назад

As if any one of us, if we were raised in the 1800s, would have believed differently and stood on a soapbox to talk about it. Look at the progress we've made. We don't need to waste time shaming people who died a century ago. Yeah, he was wrong, but guess what: Some sincerely-held belief you have now is going to be regarded just as stupidly wrong 100 years from now.

@JJONNYREPP 6 месяцев назад

A Small History of Big Evolutionary Ideas 1205pm 23.10.23 scopes monkey trials aside... his nibs, bill bailey (who i have no problem with), will have something to say about this lecture. maybe bill should add his two penneth to the overall discussion re: evolution, who decided they'd succumbed to such a revelation, and who silenced this notion prior to our mate, darwin, stating evolution as an inherent fact....?

@JourneyOfStrength 3 месяца назад

20:40 Guy proves that everything goes back to the mean, and people still believe in the silly notion of evolution

@machintelligence 3 месяца назад

But the mean shifts over time, which is evolution: the change in gene frequency in a population over time.

@JourneyOfStrength 3 месяца назад

@@machintelligence that's silly. 💯. Like change equals a change in genetics.. simply not true

@budd2nd 2 месяца назад

If any religion had a shred of provable facts/evidence, apologetics and FAITH wouldn’t be necessary. Researchers are no longer looking for data to prove evolution, for the same reason we are no longer looking for evidence that the world is round(ish) or that fire produces heat. We already proved it to the complete satisfaction of everyone except a handful of religious fanatics, over the past hundred years or so. Now researchers are just examining the fine details that explain the theory.

@rickr530 2 месяца назад

That's actually not what he discovered in his data. He says "towards" the mean (he called it mediocrity), not completely back to it. This means that if both parents are random outliers in the set then their offspring tends to inherit a less extreme version of that trait -- it's like negative feedback or a method of self-regulation in inheritance. And it's for some traits, not all. Without it, however, variations would accumulate too quickly and the process of inheritance would be unstable. You can consider this concept completely outside the context of evolution -- it's just a rate-limiting feature for some inherited trains which he observed and modeled. It is not at all incompatible with the theory of evolution.

@JourneyOfStrength 2 месяца назад

@@rickr530 you're not smart

@cymatti 2 месяца назад

Can you slow the fak down!!

@purnurschneider1254 Месяц назад

You can slow down the video in the settings. You’re welcome!

@pauls6530 17 дней назад

Woke woke woke zzzzzzzzzzzzzz

@rickr530 2 месяца назад

I think we could do without the virtue signaling of calling Galton "disturbing". He was a product of his time and if he was so objectively awful then why were his worst ideas so enduring and popular? The history of science is filled with missteps and excursions down dead-end paths. It's pointless to judge a person of the 1800's by the morals of modern Western society, as well as to blame him for what the people after him did with his ideas. It is sufficient to point out where he wrong in his thinking on eugenics and move on without the holier-than-thou ad-hominem.

@downenout8705 Месяц назад

You clearly have no clue what an ad hominem is. It is the ideas that are being called "disturbing" not the person. People are wrong all the time, an argument ad populum tells you nothing about the truth of a proposition. I suggest that you put the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on your reading list, it is a great resource for understanding fallacious reasoning.

@allendracabal0819 Месяц назад

@@downenout8705I suggest that you put Dealing with Others Tactfully on your reading list.

@downenout8705 Месяц назад

@@allendracabal0819 Thanks for the example of a non sequitur.

@allendracabal0819 Месяц назад

@@downenout8705 I can only imagine what immense joy you must bring to the people fortunate enough to be in your orbit. Now get cracking on that book reading!

@downenout8705 Месяц назад

@@allendracabal0819 Well all I can say is that I am glad not to be in the "orbit" of someone who believes that they have the psychic ability of being able to discern the emotional state of others. Take the last word if you wish but I am done with this playground silliness. Goodbye

@GoogleUserOne 6 месяцев назад

Definitely don’t listen to anyone that doesn’t know how to use the word literally. Literally.

@JJONNYREPP 6 месяцев назад

A Small History of Big Evolutionary Ideas 1223pm 23.10.23 literally speaking: that monkish chap looked akin to a young Nietzsche... kindda.... well, not really. he literally didn't look akin to Nietzsche - at all!!!

@tcuisix 6 месяцев назад

It can be used with hyperbole and not literally mean literally depending on the context

@JJONNYREPP 6 месяцев назад

@@tcuisixA Small History of Big Evolutionary Ideas. 30.10.23. you mean as in a rhetorical context? quite telling that the word literally has come to mean hypothetically speaking....

@rogerbergez 3 месяца назад

And how is the misuse of one word correlated to accurate information being provided?

@annesaffer629 3 месяца назад

Ok, so we can’t take his advice on grammar. Oh wait, this is a lecture on Evolution…

@markthomas6703 6 месяцев назад

We also see examples of devolution around us. Formerly healthy societies now celebrate transgenderism, feminism and racial suicide by endless immigration of incompatible people. Gresham has also devolved downwards as well. In recent years the talks focus on the predictable fetishes of race and gender.

@Ceaseless_Watcher 6 месяцев назад

Mark, this has absolutely nothing at all to do with the video. You're obsessed with people different to you because you've been tricked into a culture war. You might want to have a think about who would benefit from that before pestering academic folks with your frothing.

@dongeonmaster8547 3 месяца назад

Devolution is a word that expresses an idea that doesn't occur in nature. Evolution doesn't have goals. You are not more evolved than a chimpanzee for example humans are just evolved differently. If it were more evolutionarily beneficial for humans to become dumber and quadrupedal than those populations among us that were able to make that adaptation would evolve that way to fit the new selection pressures. That would be evolution not devolution. The cultural things you're talking about don't have any relevance here.

@rickr530 2 месяца назад

When you say "racial suicide by endless immigration of incompatible people" do you mean culturally incompatible or racially incompatible? It sounds like you're saying racially incompatible for which I don't think there is such a thing.