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(01) Amoxicillin - Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the penicillin class. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Specifically, amoxicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. These PBPs are crucial in forming peptidoglycan, a key structural component of the cell wall. By inhibiting these proteins, amoxicillin disrupts the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to a weakened cell wall. As a result, the bacterial cell eventually undergoes lysis and dies, effectively eliminating the infection.
(02) Azithromycin - Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that works primarily by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, specifically interfering with the translocation process during protein synthesis. This action prevents the bacteria from growing and replicating, leading to a bacteriostatic effect. In some cases, particularly at higher concentrations, azithromycin can also exhibit bactericidal properties, effectively killing the bacteria. It is active against a broad range of bacteria, including many Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical pathogens, making it useful in treating various infections.
(03) Ciprofloxacin - Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination in bacteria. By binding to these enzymes, ciprofloxacin prevents the supercoiling and unlinking of bacterial DNA, leading to breaks in the DNA strands. This disruption in DNA synthesis ultimately inhibits bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the death of the bacteria. Because of its mechanism, ciprofloxacin is effective against a broad spectrum of gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria.
(04) Cefpodoxime - Cefpodoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. These proteins are crucial for the cross-linking process that gives the cell wall its strength and rigidity. By disrupting this process, cefpodoxime causes the bacterial cell wall to weaken, leading to cell lysis and ultimately the death of the bacterium. This action makes cefpodoxime effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
(05) Moxifloxacin - Moxifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial enzymes called DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are essential for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. By binding to these enzymes, moxifloxacin prevents the supercoiling and uncoiling of bacterial DNA, which is necessary for its replication and other vital processes. This inhibition leads to the disruption of bacterial cell division and ultimately causes bacterial cell death, making moxifloxacin effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
(06) Clotrimazole - Cotrimazole, commonly known as cotrimoxazole, is a combination antibiotic consisting of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Its mechanism of action involves two sequential steps in the bacterial synthesis of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial growth. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved in the conversion of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to dihydrofolic acid. Trimethoprim, on the other hand, inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, which converts dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. By blocking these two steps, cotrimoxazole effectively inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis, leading to the bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect, depending on the concentration and susceptibility of the organism.
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19 сен 2024
