At the limits of astrophysics - with Katy Clough

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Why does modern astronomy often sound like science fiction? And how do objects like supermassive black holes, wormholes and warp drives fit into our current understanding of physics?
Watch the Q&A here: • Q&A: At the limits of ...
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This event was recorded at the Royal Institution on 23 March 2023.
Much of modern astronomy sounds a lot like science fiction - gravitational ripples in the fabric of spacetime, supermassive black holes hiding at the centre of galaxies, habitable exoplanets within the reach of our telescopes…are there any limits to what is out there?
Whilst largely considered to be firmly in the category of fiction, such concepts are nevertheless based on solid scientific ideas about the curvature of spacetime from Einstein’s theory of general relativity. This theory is known to be hugely counter-intuitive, giving rise to singularities, event horizons and time dilation around black holes. In strong gravity regimes things behave very differently to the low gravity environment on the Earth, so our intuition, which is based on our everyday experience, can mislead us. Studying these objects can help us to challenge our understanding of what is “natural”, and better understand the extreme limits of gravitational theory.
Katy Clough is a lecturer and Ernest Rutherford Fellow in the School of Mathematical Sciences at Queen Mary University of London. She studies systems with strong dynamical gravity using numerical simulations, including black holes and the early universe. She is part of the fundamental physics working group for the future space based gravitational wave detector, LISA. Katy’s first degree was in Engineering and her degree in Physics was obtained from the Open University whilst working as a chartered accountant. After her PhD at King’s College London she worked in Goettingen in Germany and in Oxford University in postdoctoral positions. She believes that science is for everyone and that there is no right way to be a scientist.
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26 апр 2023

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Комментарии : 335

@rbee6507 2 месяца назад

Every so often, I hear a discussion of this level and somehow it brings me an even higher level of enlightenment, curiosity, and inspiration! Amazing presentation, delivery, and insight. I agree with you wholeheartedly in your interpretation. Considering gravity as a force absolutely limited my thought and I hadn't even realized it before hearing you! Don't you worry...I am confident it will catch on very soon. Thank you SO much! All the love and appreciation to you Katy! This completely changed my way of viewing even the things I already knew. I wish you much success and discovery.

@tormodguldvog8405 Год назад

She is one of the best lecturers I have seen in a very long time. She is so cheerful and explains difficult concepts so easily. Captivating and well done!

@Vaeldarg Год назад

She was a bit quick when going over the "Novikov consistency conjecture", probably because it's so much closer to being correct than what many physicists WANT the answer to be. If this conjecture includes the trope of "the universe has some active system preventing past events from being changed" then yeah that part is clearly wrong. But the present is made from the events of the past, including anything a time-traveler did. The gun doesn't jam, because the time traveler can't kill someone who is somehow just meant to survive: the would-be victim survives into the present BECAUSE the time-traveler's gun jammed in the past.

@techslugz Год назад

I agree @Tormod Guldvog Absolutely amazing lecture, I really am enjoying it. She is great! And gives off such a lovely and friendly vibe.❤

@techslugz Год назад

@@iridium8341 why does it matter what gender a lecturer is?

@ahsanmohammed1 Год назад

Yes. Good flow and rhythm.

@uneducatedguess6740 Год назад

Chat GPT can spread mainstream/ignorance. What it cannot do is show how triple mistake in Hubble law can plunge humanity into Dark Science for a century. Check: Medium: Time Speeds Up In The Universe, By What Formula?

@Syntax753 Год назад

Lately, have been delving into learning more about astrophysics/quantum mechanics - and the RI impresses with every presentation. The lecture format with live demos always manages to offer alternative representations which has influenced my understanding across the videos. Coming from a classical maths background, I particularly enjoyed this one! Thank you for all the hard work putting this together! I still love you Newton ☺

@georgeangles6542 2 месяца назад

There is no limit to how long I'd be able to listen to this woman speak. She's great💪💪

@_eduardolps_.7361 Месяц назад

She's a splendidly captivating lecturer. I would move to the UK just to hear her speeches on this matter. BTW, knowing not only Astrophysics' possibilities but also its limits is a wonderful way to acknowledge the place of science in our society. Could it possibly solve all of our problems? I hope to cherish new "Katys" Clough in action

@punditgi 8 месяцев назад

Brilliant presentation! ❤🎉😊

@JoimFormula Год назад

Kip Thorne should be credited for the accurate black hole visualization in Interstellar movie

@ahsanmohammed1 Год назад

23:00 An astrophysicist saying, “I've got no sense of distance,” sounds a bit off to a layman like me.

@davetubervid 8 месяцев назад

Brilliant. I usually give up on these types of videos well before the end because I simply can't follow them. I am fascinated by cosmology but totally out of my depth with physics and mathematics. (yes, I am a humanities graduate for my sins). This however was totally understandable, partly due to the brilliant teaching style and personality of Katie Clough, and indeed the whole approach of other lectures in this RI series.

@abdessamadhasnaoui6887 4 месяца назад

I loved the lecture.. Thank you for explaining these valuable things And thanks to Thé Royal Institution for making these lectures accessible for free And know that you researchers are and will be forever the best people thar have ever existed😃😃😃

@real_DrDummkopf Год назад

As many of these I've seen as well as world science festival I've never actually explored the comments area of it and it paints a better picture other than just trying to get my own understanding. Thanks a million

@savage22bolt32 Год назад

I find a lot of interesting ideas & opinions in the comments section. Take them with a grain of salt, as they say. But reading comments enhances the the whole shabang.

@stevefromsaskatoon830 Год назад

Reading comments is by far my favorite thing about the internet

@mariam_tigress 8 месяцев назад

I love how nonchalantly she talks about time space - like, we can fold it, no problem, it's punching through that is difficult

@toma5153 Год назад

A very enjoyable and practical lecture. I encourage more lectures like this.

@elenalosseva4912 Месяц назад

Amazing lecture!

@orangetee5 10 месяцев назад

Loved it!! Thank you 😊

@laurajohnson307 9 месяцев назад

This research is so up my alley!! WOW I love your lecture also :) I was born in Reading England currently in the states.

@robertspence7766 3 месяца назад

Excellent talk about a complicated topic!

@andreadelucia4969 Год назад

Such a wonderful and pleasant explanation, very kind, nice and professional at the same time. Thank you so much

@revitdviser4769 4 месяца назад

Watched the whole video in one breath. Talented speaker.

@crazywickedcustoms7272 Год назад

Thank you , I learned alot

@danielpark4028 Год назад

This is so great Katy, moving in curved time is a really good analogy 👌🏼

@bilinguru Год назад

The universe is not expanding, but curving in the time direction. Love it! First time to hear it expressed this way, and it really helped me visualize what's going on.

@adairjanney7109 Год назад

except none of it is going on, they wont admit they made a huge error years ago which is why everything is so confusing, the CMB isnt real and most of the data that they base all of this on comes from data from the CMB which isnt even real, they never detected it at L2 that signal comes from the hydrogen bond in water which is why they should have known better when cobe got such a STRONG signal in polar orbit, it should have been a red flag but they didnt care

@yanikkunitsin1466 Год назад

Oh, it's Mitch more complex than that.

@adairjanney7109 Год назад

it isnt doing any such thing its all lies, the CMB doesnt exist at all they MISCORRECTLY applied the hydrogen bond to that signal and they wont admit it even though its beyond obvious and very provable see Dr Robitille for details. This is why cosmology is so broken

@MTSVW Год назад

This is the first time I’ve heard gravity explained as a product of curved time in a way that makes sense. I love the analogy of two people hiking north and meeting at the North Pole, and it looking like a force pushing them together even though it really isn’t.

@joskeguereza3714 Год назад

it doesn't really work though, if ONLY the north-south dimension was curved and the east-west dimension wasn't, then the students would never meet at the northpole. So i wonder if that means that both space and time have to be curved for it to work? interesting analogy though :)

@cloudpoint0 Год назад

It works if you choose an appropriate coordinate system. But curvature is purely a function the coordinate system you chose and not of the physical universe. Imagine an East and West Pole on Earth instead of the north-south coordinate system we have adopted, and indeed you can keep going north forever.

@davidgould9431 Год назад

@@cloudpoint0 In your example you can't keep going east or west forever. On a sphere, when you set two people off locally parallel and they keep going according to their local metric, they will always meet. Calling it east, north, banana or whatever is arbitrary: any two parallel travellers will eventually meet.

@cloudpoint0 Год назад

@@davidgould9431 The equator, the two tropics and the two polar circles never cross. Any two people on any of these separate paths will never meet. East and west are indeed forever since in the coordinate system we use on Earth there is no East and West Pole. "Locally parallel" is a semantically defined term that has meaning only in a specific coordinate system. Two people heading North on the curved surface of the Earth are not on parallel paths. They are headed toward a common arbitrarily defined coordinate point. They just think they moving in a parallel way because of the way words like north and south are defined.

@davidgould9431 Год назад

@@cloudpoint0"Semantically defined term". That's what semantics is: definitions. And coordinates have nothing to do with it. Coordinates are arbitrary and convertible one to another, so that's a non-starter. When talking about parallel lines, it's generally understood to be about straight lines which, on a sphere, are great circles. So lines of latitude are, on the sphere, curved because they aren't great circles. For example: concentric circles in flat, Euclidean space don't ever meet but are only locally parallel, not globally parallel. If you start two people pointing on lines of latitude and get them to each walk along the great circle in their respective directions they will meet. If you want to "semantically define" parallel according to your preference, that's fine: have a ball.

@Feenix102 Год назад

Is the stretching of space-time in the warp drive colapse in any way analogous to the spaghettification phenomenon that would be expected to happen inside a black hole?

@richardcaves3601 8 месяцев назад

Depends on mass applied. Also on size of warp bubble. And on size of power/energy input.

@yungsookevinhong7943 Год назад

Space time curvature is layer and layer sheet stacked or could it be explained as it’s density change, it is the high density to the low density to balance the spacing evenly. The universe is condense of physic. Therefore its has to balance to the low density as explain as the universe expansion phenomenon.

@QuesoDePalo Год назад

Beautiful!

@Ryan_Hokanson Год назад

Excellent & nice.

@savage22bolt32 Год назад

I wonder where that famous desk has gone? Perhaps a little refinishing?

@gidi1899 Год назад

16:50 - how to explain to 2 galaxies moving away from each other: 1. they have different initial speeds 2. they have different mass 3. they are viewed rotating on a sphere from inside the sphere

@eldraque4556 6 дней назад

totally excellent

@BeelySalasBlair-uy5wn 6 месяцев назад

Thank you.

@paulgrosse7631 Год назад

Time-travel films - try 'Predestination' You will love it: One timeline; Novikov-consistency-conjecture proof; Chronology is proected; and, the physics is interesting.

@vinnyvdalidemonet8527 Год назад

Dr. Clough did a fantastic job. Her explanations gave me a much better understanding to the space/time principles. She is a really good teacher. Her passion is contagious.

@vladimirp2674 Год назад

Astronomically speaking, this is a bright one lecture! Space and time are actually questions, that i firstly met during my school days, when i went through primitive books, that historically speaking, become quite obsolete and old-fashioned, even pretty ridiculous, when i have a jerk to remind myself, how first things about physics were explored to me, so i rarely moved towards old stuff, on the other hand, such an inventive and wise approach, naturally, reorganized my knowledge though i am not these days particularly into it. Well done!

@ExecutiveChefLance Год назад

I studied Biochem and Microbiology but been hardcore into Quantum Physics and Cosmology for past few years. And currently I am obsessed with the fundamentals. Hate the Copenhagen Interpretation. There HAS to be A Reason even if that reason does point to why Probability is a Fundamental Building Block. I think if we truly understood these questions it would point to obvious answer in Cosmology. My opinion is Energy itself can only exist in the form of EM Wave. And that the transition of energy to matter around the Big Bang is what gives us the Perception of Time. (What Spacetime is, Why it warps when Matter is present is another crazy ) Therefore if you can see a standing EM Wave you aren't moving Forward In Time. Given that Energy Distribution is the Basis of Entropy. And High Entropy means Hidden Information. Energy itself reveals Information. So it makes no sense to be able to SEE Energy. At the basis of Energy is just Vibrating Quantum Fields. Energy is like a Movie and the Observer Effect is like seeing a slice of that movie. So we see it as Particle Nature. All entropic relations go from High Stable to Low Stable with an intermediate Chaos. That is what we see in the spectrum of Nature between Waves or Energy and Matter or Mass. That Intermediate Chaos, the Probability or what some QM Scientists refer to as Choices that split Realities. Its like a Law of Nature. You cannot have 100% determinism or Energy and Time itself doesn't make sense. Sorry for the rant just drank a really strong coffee. Maybe in 20 years I can hammer down the details the of my Universal Law of Energy, Time and Determinism.

@NeonVisual Год назад

I see gravity as a curvature of causality. Matter has a causal relationship with other matter such as quantum fields interacting, molecular structure, and the more matter there is clumped together, the more complex interactions arise. For example on planetary scales like Earth we get really complex interacting systems like weather, plate tectonics and even life. It seems that the more matter is clumped together, the harder the universe has to work to allow all those interactions to take place, analogous to a really complex 3D simulation in a computer. In that analogy a computer's rendered framerate may drop as the rendering becomes more complex. I believe something similar is happening in the universe, and so to maintain causality and and the constant speed of light at which those interactions occur, the metric which has to bend is the rate at which time flows. For you sitting near a black hole's event horizon time appears to be flowing normally as you're next to an extremely compact clump of matter, but for everyone else it looks like time has slowed down for you, again the lowered framerate analogy. Causality has become curved the closer to the clumped matter. So I think if the universe didn't do this, then the only other metric which nature could alter is to increase the speed of light near clumped matter like overclocking the computer, but this would create causality paradoxes, and obviously this isn't what we observe. Furthermore, particles which don't have mass can't create complex interactions like regular matter, and so they don't curve spacetime at all, but are still affected by the slowdown in causality near matter and so are apparently bent by gravity. So, gravity is in essence the apparent local reduction of the rate of causality relative to flat spacetime in the presence of complexly interacting baryonic particles.

@rang069 6 месяцев назад

Can you elaborate on the concept of causility as you have it in mind here?

@andycordy5190 Год назад

Well worth watching for the visualisation of a black hole. The notion that the black hole is an area/volume of spacetime where/when mass density is so great that a singularity is created. In a manner of speaking, it represents the opposite of total vacuum. Thinking about Katy's idea of the universe expanding into the apparently infinite future, works perfectly with looking back into contacting, finite past time. Lastly, it makes sense that continual paths on an evenly curved spacetime must converge but what/where/when is that convergence?

@kano6325 Год назад

❤❤

@dodatroda 10 месяцев назад

That makes no sense at all.

@phenixorbitall3917 Год назад

Brillant! :)

@rudyvanderhoeven9628 Год назад

At last I understand

@loweha69 Год назад

Dr Clough, we need another lecture about what you mentioned in the last minute! :-) Great lecture!

@chyldstudios Год назад

Excellent lecture.

@jeffroberts6865 Год назад

Katy says spacetime for the Universe overall is curved in the time direction so that galaxies mainly move apart as they go through time. This makes sense to me. However, does this mean from a topological perspective it is like a saddle shape? I had understood from previous readings and videos that it was regarded as mostly flat.

@jeffroberts6865 Год назад

She actually answers this in the Q&A video.

@phillipcoetzer8186 Год назад

I do actually have a question ... space time is treated as one thing when it is two entities if a wormhole is made on the time fabric we travel through time .. if a wormhole is made through space we travel through space ... how does time behave in the latter ... I assume understanding that will enhance our understanding of how time works. And it seems to me a space wormhole is indeed a blackhole ... what would a timehole look like?

@ElinT13 Год назад

Very nice and informative lecture! Thanks very much!

@ahsanmohammed1 Год назад

13:00 Two parallel lines going straight meet up at the North Pole? Seems they’re not parallel. Seems they’re angled to point to the North Pole. Shouldn’t parallel lines that start at the equator be going around the earth in perpetual parallellity?

@hrgwea Год назад

Unfortunately she used a bad analogy to explain space-time curvature. North is a single point, not a direction. Therefore two people walking north will always meet at the north pole because they started walking towards the same point. What she tried to do was to use north as a direction instead of as a point. So, if two people walk in the same direction starting from two different points, they should never meet each other if space-time was flat.

@sns8420 10 месяцев назад

How does mass bend Space-Time? Does Space-Time exist if there is no Mass/Energy?

@saad-kb3er Год назад

What a brilliant exposition! One of the best talks I have heard.

@mooseyrambling5838 Год назад

Well done Katy, Brilliant, really enjoyed. thanks.

@JoimFormula Год назад

Also, Alcubierre should be credited for the warp drive idea

@derabidian Год назад

Where does the space curve into?

@VijayGupta-cz4ef 11 месяцев назад

In PicoPhysics the observations leading to some conclusions like space curvature, Potential energy, exploding universe and propagation, reflection and refraction of light are all related to understanding of space. There is a mis-conception about what space is. In PicoPhysics space is the identity that is not Konserved. Konservation is Conservation sans neutralization. Though this characteristic of space can be mathematically/logically established, to make it easier to understand, it is incorporated as Unary law "Space Contains Knergy". With this as fundamental law of nature, we don't need such weird concepts as curvature of space as if space is some rigid curvy identity. Note: No. of spatial dimensions is derived characteristic of space (Non Konserved) in PicoPhysics.

@brian554xx Год назад

Utterly delightful, and she captures some of the nuances I so often see missed. Nice.

@jessech8047 7 месяцев назад

it was a great lecture for understanding the universe. the theory seems to explain the universe spacetime. my skeptical views lie in how mater and energy cause the curvature. a star like Sun created its own curvature for other objects ( planets) in sky. during the formation of Sun, it got more energy and mater through the process until the current stage of the Sun where energy and mater are not increasing anymore. spacetime did not say how mater and energy can form a curvature, and can the spacetime theory describe characteristics of curvature?

@JustNow42 Год назад

Protest: time do not progress in the empty room. Time is a progression and in empty space there is no progression. There is random energy variations that when you immerse particles in it drive a progression. So the random variations has a spectrum that determine the speed of time when probed. A little like you do not know certain parameters of particles unless you measure them. Is that so difficult?

@user-fz1nh3mt1c Год назад

it is going to be an extremely curious talk, thank you so much

@kano6325 Год назад

Research scientist has processor

@stephenjones3946 11 месяцев назад

Our boundary knowledge is very limited. We are a young intellect in the scheme of things. Physics - has it really moved on.

@billdecat855 Год назад

ER=EPR this conjecture interests me insomuch as it somewhat says that wormholes = quantum entanglement.

@0.618-0 11 месяцев назад

So I have one question from this fine presentation, If ime progression 25:47 es in one direction and the shape of time is divergent, and the universe is hubble expanding...is there a causal link between the two Katy?

@schmetterling4477 11 месяцев назад

Time is a local phenomenon that has nothing to do with the Hubble flow.

@0.618-0 11 месяцев назад

@schmetterling4477 Time and Hubble expansion are linked by Entropy. Time maybe local, Katy described time as producing gravitational effect on matter by warping space in a divergent world line. The Energy of an expanding universe, pushing galaxies away from each other by inserting space in between conglomeration of matter is the second law of Entropy or energy conservation. I think there is a link between expanding space and the arrow of time on matter.

@schmetterling4477 11 месяцев назад

@@0.618-0 The best clocks don't use stochastic phenomena. They use coherent energy flow. You need to pay more attention to details.

@0.618-0 11 месяцев назад

@schmetterling4477 The world you and I are aware of is stochastic is it not.

@schmetterling4477 11 месяцев назад

@@0.618-0 I don't know what you are aware of. Whatever it is, it doesn't seem to match with reality.

@njdinostar Год назад

Great talk! Thanks for sharing!

@Triring65 4 месяца назад

I believe that the analogy of gravity is curvature of space and is not a force. Even if there is an indentation as acurvature of space, if there is no attracting force between two mass then the smaller mass should be able to stand still on the side of the hill. The only reason mass rolls down the hill is because gravity is actively attract the two mass.

@ImtiazKhan-xk9nh Год назад

This may be a stupid question, Katy explained that in 3d Spacetime time dimension is bent bringing the 2 students together as they move from Africa, so in 4d time this is bent which should bring convergence? further in her QA session she replies that time dimension derives this bent force from Dark energy, The very property of dark energy is expanding spacetime so isn't this counterintuitive? Dark energy is the very constituent of spacetime, so who is moving whom?, which came first? aplogies for my ignorance

@yanikkunitsin1466 Год назад

Dark energy, unlike say gravity, is a 'placeholder' term to explain discrepancy in calculation and not very well understood physical phenomena that we can detect and make experiments or link to other things.

@jimmifoulis 3 месяца назад

Understanding space time is very simple. 1 time is perception. 2 time is a number. 3 is form of measurement. So if you understand this space time is magnetic fields flowing at a specific # or time lol

@opperhoofdgeilebizon Год назад

Great talk, always imagined space to bent the most though. Not time. I now have to re-evalute my entire existence 😀

@SonicImmersion_ Год назад

The time dimension of spacetime is curved by mass. Rather than the spatial dimenions of spacetime being curved by mass. I love watching talks such as this, because of opportunities to learn something that hadn't occurred to me before. Now, I want to go learn more about time curvature.

@jasonhayward6965 Год назад

The real problem is PhD are trained to prove with experiments. But workers are trained to solve . So give workers technology to be able to look up the answers study new things and pound for pound the citizen scientists can rip apart and get an answer by solving it . While PhD are really only educating students.

@yungsookevinhong7943 Год назад

Weight is the actually measure of density of matter.

@garlicgherkin Год назад

No, density is mass/volume, and weight corresponds to just mass. So for instance Jupiter 'weighs' more than Earth (has more mass, over 300 times as much) but because its volume is so much greater, it has only 1/4 the density of Earth.

@EduardoRodriguez-du2vd Год назад

In my impression, "curved space" implies a deformation of space with respect to something. But "curved time" cannot be the same and different from "curved space". Curved Time can only affect the pace of time passage. Apparently, she thinks that curved time is the inverse of curved space. There is a problem here with the idea of time. :)

@yanikkunitsin1466 Год назад

You should research basic general relativity concepts. 'Pace of time' is meaningless.

@stellarwind1946 Год назад

The absolute worst thing in the world is when you see Ad 1 of 2 with no option to skip.

@VijayGupta-cz4ef 11 месяцев назад

Space Curvature understanding on the basis of no force acting on the object - raises the question - why do photons move through space. What is the forcing them to move through space. Why they move with constant speed. Conservation of momentum is satisfied if they don't move at all as well. In PicoPhysics you get the answer to this question. The phenomenon (Space-Knergy interaction) that makes Photons move is common to observations leading to conclusions like space curvature, Potential Energy, exploding universe and propagation, reflection and refraction of light.

@schmetterling4477 11 месяцев назад

Photons don't move through space. You simply didn't pay attention in high school when they explained photons to you.

@VijayGupta-cz4ef 7 месяцев назад

If you have an inquisitive mind; you question all that is told to you as gospel truth. The first such challenge you come across is concept of potential energy (in the context of gravitation) to keep principle of conservation of energy. This misplaced conception about energy is the basis of all prevailing confusion in Physics - to the extent that now if universe we live in is questioned ? It it really exist or is just an imagination? Confusion about wave particle duality is only a small part of the prevailing confusion. In PicoPhysics there exist no such confusion. It is a simple deterministic theory based on single principle "Space Contains Kenergy". All laws of physics find their origin in this Unary principle.@@schmetterling4477

@schmetterling4477 7 месяцев назад

@@VijayGupta-cz4ef I don't have the energy to explain to you how to carry a piano up tp the fourth floor. If your teachers couldn't make you understand, then nobody can. ;-)

@VijayGupta-cz4ef 7 месяцев назад

No explaination required - No students are here - all are colleagues trying to understand nature - by listening to others or developing a robust thought process which enables understanding of observations on nature. @@schmetterling4477

@rajeevgangal542 Год назад

Since both gravity and electrostatic equations are the same in form, is electromagnetic force not a force?

@yourguard4 Год назад

Only Newtons gravity has this form. And Newton thought of gravity as a force.

@maxziebell4013 Год назад

I like the visualization in computers as a 3d grid deformed by mass

@sakismpalatsias4106 Год назад

This may be stupid question.. but are essentially saying time is de-sitter and space is flat space.. how would math work in this interaction?

@sakismpalatsias4106 Год назад

Because the way I understand it is... Space and time are two different geometries interacting with each other in uniformity. It may be right but how would the math work ?

@real_DrDummkopf Год назад

@@sakismpalatsias4106 word!

@skylark8828 Год назад

I don't think you could separate the two. There is adS space inside a black hole but spacetime is still spacetime even if the time component (axis) does get stretched the most.

@DrDeuteron Год назад

no, in weak fields at slow speeds, a moving mass couples to curvature through energy and momentum, but momentum is small, and the energy has big fat mc^2 in it, so the energy couples to time curvature, and....the space curvature is further suppressed by a factor "c", just to make the units work. If you do a linear approximation for small curvature, you get Newton's Law of gravity...it's kind of amazing. In spacetimes where space curvature matters, it's just too complicated to visualize.

@gidi1899 Год назад

21:36 - I would like to say "Nothing bigger/heavier/softer than light can travel faster than the speed of light"

@extremesis Год назад

51:30 "Dammit Tim, I'm an astrophysicist not an Engineer"

@chrissiriska8086 Год назад

My one regret about having to die eventually is I will never get to see just how far the human race can go. I want to see how far we can push and test the bounderies of science and the universe.

@Robinson8491 Год назад

Really?

@tux1968 Год назад

Alas, each of us is only a member of the human race, not the human marathon.

@chrissiriska8086 Год назад

@Resh I am unsure of what I would be hoping to see. Mostly, I just want to know what is and isn't ultimately possible I'm reality. As far as where will we be? I have no idea, I'd like to believe we would have moved on from our capacity to destroy ourselves. I'd love to see our first contact with an alien race, if ever.

@kano6325 Год назад

Special relativity 😂

@kano6325 Год назад

@@tux1968 ❤

@eldflaug Год назад

Thank you so much for this great lecture

@phenixorbitall3917 Год назад

Is there a topological reason which prohibits us to build a wormhole from scratch?

@davidschneide5422 Год назад

Chandrasekhar left the U.K. for the U.S. in hopes of finding less racism. Amusing.

@MasterBlaster3545 Год назад

A lecturer that explains things in laymen’s terms. Give her a bigger chunk of taxpayers money (raise)

@ryanlange6766 Год назад

DS9 is indeed the greatest of the Treks...excellent lecture

@jemhoare2105 11 месяцев назад

If space expands more quickly above me than below me do I move downwards?

@schmetterling4477 11 месяцев назад

Relative to what? Things above or thing below you? ;-)

@rogerphelps9939 Год назад

The other fundamental forces are mediated by particles specific to the force. To say that mass or energy concentrations cause the surrounding spacetime to be warped really begs the question. What is the mechanism? Gravitons are theorised to be the carriers of gravitation but if you accept that, isn't the concept of warped spacetime superfluous?

@user-zh2hx6iu4r Год назад

What does it mean? : the universe is mostly curved in time direction

@ExcretumTaurum Год назад

Since you like Deep Space Nine, the following seems apt is response to wormholes and temporal paradoxes: “I hate temporal mechanics” - Chief O’Brien to Chief O’Brien

@milkmanproductions1837 Год назад

What is the void that the universe stays in? And can we fill it or escape it? And if the universe has all these holes in it, why is it not deflating?

@SiqueScarface Год назад

I actually did not see Interstellar. Somehow I was not thrilled by the plot as announced.

@ricocapili6990 11 месяцев назад

As the lecture points out the universe moves in an expanding direction. There is no point of reference from the outside only from the visible inside with the red shifting bodies. My theory is our universe has reached its tipping point of not reversing but bending back to its origin like a boomerang returning to the thrower in several dimensions. Heading destruction while our twin counter balance universe awaits creation.

@drnaveengopal Год назад

Wow what a beautiful mind she has...i love it

@dosesandmimoses Год назад

Thanks!

@TheRoyalInstitution Год назад

Thank you! So glad you enjoyed Katy's talk

@gorillagaming1117 Год назад

Can we inject exotic matter into regular matter to enhance our travel speed through said matter, maybe exceeding what people believe the highest achievable speed could be?

@fyutffdtuibgfetu Год назад

More of Dr Katy Clough please

@hochathanfire0001 9 месяцев назад

Why does matter, mass curve space-time?

@SnoopyDoofie Год назад

Not sure why she says the universe is curved when virtually every authoritative source says it's flat.

@sunroad7228 Год назад

E=mc² - If it is a constant, then all the universe would know about it - Mass, Energy and all the rest... "A derived Value must not violate the Concept of its Value. In any system of energy, Control is what consumes energy the most. No energy store holds enough energy to extract an amount of energy equal to the total energy it stores. No system of energy can deliver sum useful energy in excess of the total energy put into constructing it. This universal truth applies to all systems. Energy, like time, flows from past to future".