Bell Beaker DNA: What Was the Genetic Makeup of the Culture that Changed Western Europe?

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Bell Beaker DNA: What Was the Genetic Makeup of the Culture that Changed Western Europe?
Chapters:
0:00 The Bell Beaker Culture
1:53 Are you related to them? Genetic Legacy
4:09 Genetic Makeup
8:09 Appearance
What was the genetic makeup of the Bell Beaker people, a culture that had a profound impact on the genetics of Britain, Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula? Now before this, let’s get a quick overview of the Bell Beaker complex for those that are not too familiar with it? I have made other videos on them but as a general overview, the Bell Beaker Culture refers to an archaeological culture that existed for around one thousand years, from around 2800-1800 BC. It gets its name from the shape of their pottery, drinking vessels in the shape of inverted-bells.
The people who were part of the Beaker culture can be identified as they were buried with distinctive artefacts such as their pottery. This pottery first appeared on the Iberian peninsula, but within less than 100 years, this ancient culture had spread across much of Western and Central Europe and into Britain and Ireland, including reaching parts of Europe such as Sardinia and Sicily, in addition to parts of northern Africa.
Now why should we care about what the genetic makeup of the Bell Beakers was?
Sources:
National History Museum, The Beaker people: a new population for ancient Britain www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2...
Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190-196 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/nature25738
Britannica, Beaker folk Beaker folk | Bronze Age, Megalithic, Britain & Ireland | Britannica
Bell Beaker culture en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Be...
Barry Cunliffe (2018) The Ancient Celts (Oxford University Press)
Corded Ware culture en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_...
Funnelbeaker culture en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnelb... ]
Cassidy, L. (2015) Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome PNAS 113 (2) 368-373 Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome | PNAS
Zedda, N., Meheux, K., Blöcher, J. et al. Biological and substitute parents in Beaker period adult-child graves. Sci Rep 13, 18765 (2023). doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45...
The Past - Andrew Fitzpatrick, Jacqueline McKinley, Alistair Barclay, Ian Armit, Iñigo Olalde, and David Reich Family ties: deciphering the DNA of the Amesbury Archer and the Companion - The Past (the-past.com)
Current Archaeology - Prehistoric pop culture: Deciphering the DNA of the Bell Beaker Complex Prehistoric pop culture: Deciphering the DNA of the Bell Beaker Complex - Current Archaeology
Mathieson, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Posth, C. et al. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature 555, 197-203 (2018). doi.org/10.1038/nature25778
Únětice culture Únětice culture - Wikipedia
Funnelbeaker culture - Wikipedia
Iñigo Olalde et al. The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years.Science363,1230-1234(2019).DOI:10.1126/science.aav4040
Amesbury Archer - Wikipedia
Creative Commons Imagery:
TobyEditor File:Shrewton Beaker Burial.jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. CC BY 4.0 Deed | Attribution 4.0 International | Creative Commons
Richard Avery File:The Amesbury Archer.JPG - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. CC BY-SA 4.0 Deed | Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International | Creative Commons
Vitor Oliveira from Torres Vedras, PORTUGAL File:Castro do Zambujal - Portugal (51871718889).jpg - Wikimedia Commons Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. CC BY-SA 2.0 Deed | Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic | Creative Commons
#BellBeakerCulture #history #ancientcivilization

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29 июн 2024

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Комментарии : 127

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Please let me know your thoughts below... Thanks for watching.

@paul6925 2 месяца назад

Interesting stuff! One thing I'm wondering: weren't the original hunter-gatherer populations of the UK darker skinned and BLUE eyed? I thought it was the the steppe people who brought the lighter skin but not blue eyes. Or perhaps by that time the genetics for blue eyes had spread among steppe people.

@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115 2 месяца назад

@@paul6925 That was another political sh¡t just to say Europeans are not native to Europe but blacks, so Europeans must """return""" Europe to non-whites. The Cheddar-Man was proven as a hoax.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

@@paul6925 Good question. The original hunter-gatherers (Cheddar Man etc.) are thought to have had blue eyes I think, but that research is a bit controversial. After these though, you have the first farmers reaching Britain about 4,000 BC that were originally from the Anatolian area, and may have had darker eyes. Then the Bell Beakers started coming about 2,500 BC. I will need to do more research on that but that's my initial thoughts off the top of my head. There's the first farmers between the early hunter-gatherers and the Bell Beakers. Thanks for the question though.

@NicolaeBendea 2 месяца назад

The Haplogroup 4:49 R1b-M269 is also present in large proportion in the central Romania. The majority of the highlanders of Transylvania, in Alba County (including all my male relatives) have this haplogroup. People in this area are having medium stature, very white skin, brown hair (with a significant minority of blond and no black haired), half of them are having brown eyes and half light eyes (blue or green) and no black eyes.

@paul6925 2 месяца назад

@@celtichistorydecoded No problem! Yes it's getting more complicated the more we learn about it. Cheers

@liamredmill9134 2 месяца назад

That was excellent,thanks,,also they gave us milk tolerance,the wheel,domestication of horse,and sheet metal teck which they made trumpets and couldrens with

@MacNab23 2 месяца назад

Always glad to see a new presentation on the Beaker folk.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Thanks

@urseliusurgel4365 2 месяца назад

100% of Mesolithic Western Hunter-gatherer remains investigated had alleles for pale eye-colour, so non-brown eyes had a very long history in western Europe, predating people associated with the Beaker Complex by thousands of years.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Thanks. A few people have said this but in between the early hunter gatherers and the Bell Beaker people, there is the first farmers who were more connected to the Anatolian area.

@urseliusurgel4365 2 месяца назад

@@celtichistorydecoded The steppe pastoralists ancestral to the 'Rhineland' Bell Beaker People probably picked up what pale eye alleles they eventually absorbed, from peoples with some WHG ancestry in North/Central Europe, so the origins of this feature were largely from WHG anyway. It was hardly a new feature in the British Isles as some native WHG groups had merged with Neolithic farmers in Britain. Replacing one group with some pale eye alleles with another group also with some pale eye alleles isn't a very noteworthy event. The fact that the Bell Beaker People introduced steppe ancestry to the British Isles is significant, though.

@John_Pace 2 месяца назад

I understand most British Isles DNA today is Bell Beaker.

@DorchesterMom 2 месяца назад

Thank you for another interesting presentation!

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Thank you

@duchy13 2 месяца назад

Fascinating as usual. Thanks for all the research and hard work you put in 🙏

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Thank you

@Crismans843 2 месяца назад

I like your presentation. Very straight forward.

@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115 2 месяца назад

Great video as usual.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Thank you

@veronicalogotheti1162 2 месяца назад

They were celts Still are many in spain

@araceli3057 Месяц назад

Excellent informative videos. Thank you ❤

@celtichistorydecoded Месяц назад

Thank you

@bavariancarenthusiast2722 День назад

It would be interesting to learn when and how our specific phenotypes developed from the first Homo sapiens copies.

@MusicShortsGlobal 2 месяца назад

I always thought that some people from the Iberian-Peninsula specifically to those from Northern-Spain look sometimes like they have some Scottish or ancient celtic ancestry. I know that Portugal has it, but Northern-Spain genetics still prevail in that area until today.

@veronicalogotheti1162 2 месяца назад

Picts are not Celts Not r1b

@skurinski Месяц назад

northern Portugal is the same as Galicia

@user-nw5fg2mw8b 2 месяца назад

Thanks interesting informative cheers to you I would love to buy some coffee for you you doing a good service for science and people that is thankful cheers

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Thanks

@micupedro 2 месяца назад

Well, where the hell do I come from, because I'm Spanish with RM269 and I don't understand myself. On the one hand I get Iberian, Italian, Irish, Central European and Baltic or Finnish ancestry in modern DNA and on the other hand I get Western Paleolithic hunter gatherer, Anatolian Neolithic, Eastern European steppe shepherd and Neanderthal in ancient DNA.

@wojtekrynkowski2172 28 дней назад

Thanks for this very good presentation. I think that some of the Celts may come from BB people.

@williamcathcart7994 Месяц назад

As always, thank you for the lesson. It seems to me that the Bell Beeker people and the Corded Ware people may have a common ancestry.

@sandybonfiglio7545 8 дней назад

Also my grandmother did geanology for 40 years and my English goes to the Kings and the Spanish Princess!

@bavariancarenthusiast2722 День назад

Do your DNA if you can - you will be hopefully very surprised. I did together with my wife. Funny enough - the "Geanology" of our both families were.....fairy tales. There was a lot of DNA from other part of the world with no explanation. Really worth it!

@514Exc 2 месяца назад

The image you showed at 4:45 seems to have a brachycephaly type skull, at 8:50 the skull appears to be dolichocephaly type skull. Are these both the same images taken in different light?

@clearytheory8826 2 месяца назад

You quote a 2015 study for Irish DNA. In a very fast developing field -- which had only started in 2015 -- that is very old data. The steppe ancestry is much more than a third.

@vizualnihistorie 2 месяца назад

According to Gedmatch calculators I am very much Bell Beaker man from Czechia :)

@stephenwright8257 Месяц назад

Less tense on the last words of a sentence end. The sing song accent doesn’t work for me but I watch because you do good work.

@ChristophersMum Месяц назад

If you go Ancient Architects and have a listen to Mat...there are times I have to stop and go back later...but like this chap he has some very interesting videos 😁🌠

@iainmc9859 2 месяца назад

I think, as you stated, its important to emphasise that anthropological ethno-DNA science is in its infancy, as we are as yet making very general interpretations based on statistically insignificant numbers of examples. One of the big unanswered questions of the prehistoric period is 'Where did all the bodies go ?' There's a lot of people that respond to archaic history channels thinking they've got some sort of definitive ethnic/cultural bloodline from a swab test by companies that give wooly nebulous definitions of an individuals ancestry, without clarifying historical timescales, or that some DNA hangs around for a long time, whereas some 'washes' away fairly quickly even between living descendants and we don't know why. We all carry around bits of junk DNA that is totally recessive and will never effect our bodies, even down to the bacterial level. Some people (not all) read absolutes into these nebulous results because the numbers add up to 100% (lies, damned lies and statistics). We all know where genetic absolutes lead.

@veronicalogotheti1162 2 месяца назад

They know genetics from the beginning of the 20 century

@iainmc9859 Месяц назад

@@veronicalogotheti1162 Genetic theory has been around for a lot longer than that but unravelling the human genome is relatively new and the number of ancient bodies found is still infinitesimally small and good DNA from them is still not large, although getting scientifically better.

@sandybonfiglio7545 8 дней назад

I have Viking, English and definetly Irish, Family of the Campbells!

@GailBurfoot 22 часа назад

Campbell is a Scottish name

@serviustullus7204 2 дня назад

These were the Proto-Celtic people. The Semitic language features of the Neolithic menhir builders left on imprint on Celtic languages.

@ChrisShortyAllen 2 месяца назад

A little off topic but did the steppe people have a hand in Stonehenge 3 the final phase? The archer seems to allow this as a possibility.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Good question, thanks. I'm not sure but I was thinking along similar lines myself when I was researching this one. Maybe there is a future video around that general topic but I will need to do more research. I would be interested to hear others thoughts on this and any good sources

@addeenen7684 Месяц назад

In my father's line I come from the Celtic Eburone (R1b1a1b1a1 etc.). On my mother's side I am H5a-152. My mother's line was matrilenary 400 years ago (now Duisburg). Men who married were given the name of their wife's mother. I can't find anything about the importance of women in Hallstatt and later Celtic cultures.

@semeyazailchaos1305 Месяц назад

Can I ask you what DNA test you did?

@hawklord100 Месяц назад

I suppose the gentic branch of Anatolian neolithic farmers support the Geoffrey of Monmouths writings that the UK had an influx of migrants from Troy about 500BC while Wilson and Blacket suggest that ancient texts indicate an earlier migration from the Levant around 1500BC the earlier influx bringing mining technology which created the Tin mining of Cornwall and the copper mining in Wales and the subsequent trade with the Phonecians who seem also to be colonys of the Levant peoples.

@williamliamsmith4923 2 месяца назад

2:55 This misconceptions about Yamanaya having populated British isles is due to not being careful about granularity of R1b subclades. Had Yamanaya replaced population in British isles, R1b-L23 or R1b-Z2103 would be common haplogroup there. R1b-M269 was not common in Pontic Steppe, also not in Yamanaya. Y haplogroups R1b-Z2103 , R1b-L23, R1b-M73 are Yamanaya. These lineages did not descend from R1b-M269, neither did R1b-M269 descend from various Yamanaya R1b subclades. R1b-M269 came into British isles from nearby Europe, - as you mentioned 5:00 - bell beaker culture which were M-269. (Iberia, France). Prior to that they must have come into Western Europe from Anatolia. They must have been Celtic speakers. For more information on various R1b subclades See this paper “A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe. Authors Natalie Myers, Peter Underhill”

@user-se6vg7mr1z 2 месяца назад

The Bell Beaker Culture are Celtic peoples, in Britain called the BBC, they did not originate in the Pontiac Steppes, although some might have arrived there at some stage, looking at the graph, they originated in Western Europe, most likely Iberia & France, and spread throughout Europe from there, including Russia. The Bell Beaker Celtic Speakers, where known throughout the lands as having the Big Bell Ends, as opposed to the Pontiac Steppes peoples who were called the Yamanaya Bell Heads. I couldn't remember their names, but their face rings a bell.

@angelmoreno6577 2 месяца назад

Chronology R1b is Yamnaya in steepe Pontica 6000 years ago Theys arrived to West Europe, finished in Britain, 4000 years ago, theys are celts Others R1b, equally arrived in the north and south before when farmers mixed with HG

@Leontemplar-yt6ff 2 месяца назад

Origins c. 3300 Yamnaya , c. 3000 Bell-beaker it’s completely absurd to insinuate total transmigrations and Annihilations.

@williamliamsmith4923 2 месяца назад

@@angelmoreno6577 to assert Yamnaya came into Britain (and replaced or dominated population there) you have to look up which subclade of R1b they were, and then look up which subclade the British are, and then see if British subclade is descendent of Yamanaya subclade. I have looked and found out that R1b-m269 (the British subclade) has not descended from Yamanaya subclades. Therefore yamnaya did not populate British isles.

@micupedro 2 месяца назад

@OkaJulKama 2 месяца назад

🙅 *Culture is often now being put aside and instead people are using terms like... " Originally considered a ‘culture’, in recent years the Bell Beaker phase has instead been referred to as a ‘Complex’ or ‘Phenomenon’ due to the wide range of variations seen in the design of the artefacts it produced. While the pottery always retains its distinctive ‘beaker’ shape, the patterns with which the vessels are decorated can differ greatly." - The Past _ The comprehensive website for archaeology, history, heritage and the ancient world: Prehistoric pop culture: deciphering the DNA of the Bell Beaker Complex

@Leontemplar-yt6ff 2 месяца назад

Politics

@Chadeightythree 2 месяца назад

I was born in the bell beaker era and this video is accurate

@bavariancarenthusiast2722 День назад

Good one 😅 I hope you met bell beaker yourself?

@williamtruderung1384 2 месяца назад

This video seems rather oversimplified. The Bell Beaker culture originated in Iberia around 2800 BC, long before steppe-descended people showed up there. They then proceeded to spread throughout western Europe and into central Europe as the non-Indo-European "Maritime Bell-Beaker" people, where they ran into the expanding Indo-Europeans, who adopted their technology and spread westward even more quickly as the Indo-European "Continental Bell-Beaker" people. Two different population groups, with very different genetic ancestries, sharing a very similar archaeological culture.

@Leontemplar-yt6ff Месяц назад

Central European bell beaker cultured back migrated to britain.

@davecordes6121 2 месяца назад

I have a book I purchased when I was 14. VIsited Stonehenge (you could still touch the stones). The bòk declares that it was the Beaker people built them, Avebury as weĺl, and likely Woodhenge.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Fascinating, thank you.

@tobyplumlee7602 Месяц назад

It was the farmer folk whose ancestors first began migrating out of Anatolia who are said to have built most of the early stone structures throughout Europe such as stone henge. Though we are predominantly derived from step ancestry on the male side our female lineages are still mostly farmer derived. We are good mixture of farmer and step ancestry with a smaller component of WGH as well. Im speaking as an Caucasian of who descends almost entirely English and Scottish colonist's to the United States. Though my surname comes from England I am more Scottish genetically DNA wise. I read a lot on both history and DNA and thought it was considered common knowledge that stone henge was built by the earlier farmer people they predate the step peoples in most of Europe or did I miss some new research on the subject?. The book you mentioned as your source for this information seems a bit outdated with current research being a lot has changed since then unless you are 15 or 16 years old as you stated you were 14 when you bought the book. May I ask the name of the book as I would be interested in reading it

@dovajunbormah 2 месяца назад

M269 here and then on down to cts241

@melanie.l6282 5 дней назад

I am a Span ish/Vikings

@Barry.ONeill Месяц назад

Burgerler Alarm 😂

@serkankinden5150 Месяц назад

Another youtuber's studies show that most of R1a, R1b ydna were mostly with brown/hazel eye, darker olive skin tone, brown/black hairs. Moreover, I ydna & U mtdna globular amphora, gravettian cultures have blue eyes, white skin, blonde hairs. Otherwise, indian, southwest asian, central asian, siberian people should have blonde hairs and blue eyes, right?

@semeyazailchaos1305 Месяц назад

Genetic tests would seem to say that throughout Europe before the Indo-Europeans there were these Neolithic farmers of Anatolian origin. However, it is not clear to me why in Europe, for populations that have cohabited here for millennia, archaeological evidence is little, I dare say, non-existent. I don't rule out that some Neolithic branches arrived in Europe, but I don't think they were relevant from a genetic point of view. Neolithic villages have been found in massifs along the banks of the Danube, as the Gimbutas, Vinca culture had already discovered. Let's not forget that a genetic study from 2007 "Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near external origin of Etruscans" which demonstrated the hypothesis of Anatolian origin of the Etruscans, was supplanted by the latest studies from 2021 in which it is clearly demonstrated after a debate that It lasted for more than 2000 years that the Etruscans were related to the other Indo-Europeans. So I expect that more complete genetic studies will at least supplant this "Neolithic myth" which still seems dominant.

@TheMargarita1948 2 месяца назад

It is becoming quite tedious to hear about this or that event “changed history.” Every event was and is a part of the continuous change that is “history.”

@elifozkendir3171 2 месяца назад

My opinion; According to new findings and published articles, the first Yamnaya people; It emerged in the south of the Caucasus and was determined to be phenotypically brown-eyed, medium-brown skinned, and brown-black haired. In fact, the phenotypes of these people when they moved to the north of the Black Sea and today should be like this. Just like in Bronze Age Europe, an equestrian steppe-steppe society, which is very likely to be of East European+Asian+Siberian origin, was the dominant society in the Ukraine-Crimea region for a long time. The people, who are said to belong to the Indo-European language family (Yamnaya Culture), came to this region as invaders and encountered the steppe people. In the following process, Indo-Europeans actually assimilated genetically, but they managed to partially preserve their language. Because blue eyes and blonde red hair are genetic characteristics of people from permanent snow regions such as Siberia.

@michaelholt7994 Месяц назад

You've got it the wrong way around,it 2as spread from Britain,not the way you say.

@barrybarlowe5640 2 месяца назад

I'm betting the Beaker Culture came from the Scythians, then. After they broke up the five tribes, they spread out East and West. However, the map indicates the highest percentage of the descendants to be centered around the British Isles. I would expect this, if the culture was centered there. Why is it considered a bloodline associated with the Steppes? This looks like a radiation out from the British not the other way around.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Good question, I had a similar thought, and I will need to do more research. Pretty much all the academic literature connects it to the Steppe, particularly to the Yamnaya culture which has the same haplogroup. Off the top of my head, one theory I have is that there was a migration into Iberia of steppe people and that's why the Beaker culture originated in Iberia. We know that the culture spread into Britain and Ireland from a migration, but the culture spread into other parts of western and central Europe mostly through cultural transmission rather than a migration, hence the smaller genetic footprint. There may also be elements around population sizes in different areas which lessened the impact. I will need to do more research though. Thanks.

@Leontemplar-yt6ff 2 месяца назад

That’s the political narrative, that keeps getting pushed back. Scythian’s started c.800 , Bell Beaker c.3000. So now they decide to fling out yamnaya before was kurganites etc.

@Leontemplar-yt6ff 2 месяца назад

@celtichistorydecoded On a side note, I’ll give you a nugget Scottish Celtic Goddess ‘Queen of the Gods’ Beira, look where that name comes up and you’ll find a peninsula in southern Ireland and everywhere in Portugal, doesn’t seem to come up in Germany.

@Leontemplar-yt6ff 2 месяца назад

politics, narrative that keeps getting pushed back. Scythian’s started c.800 , Bell Beaker c.3000.

@mr.purple1779 2 месяца назад

Early Scythians originated in Siberia as an amalgamation of steppe and Paleo-Siberian populations. The first notable was the Tagar culture 800 BC. on average 80/20% of west-east Eurasian origin. Then they invaded Europe.

@BGREIGZ 2 месяца назад

First 🖐🏻🗿

@gottfriedheumesser1994 2 месяца назад

Sorry, your pronunciation is hard to understand by a foreigner.

@celtichistorydecoded 2 месяца назад

Hit the CC button for captions

@TheMargarita1948 2 месяца назад

The audio track is speeded up on many YT videos. Tap the Settings Icon ⚙️ to access playback speed options and several other useful controls. The settings icon looks like a gear wheel and is found at the top right of the screen.

@TheMargarita1948 2 месяца назад

@@celtichistorydecodedThe viewer can use the Settings ⚙️ to choose a slower playback speed. I find the 0.75 soeed is closest to normal human speech.

@AquisQuerquennisSPQR 2 месяца назад

From a human ethological perspective, a new wave of human males appears to be occurring, taking the place of previous male lines in Europe.

@rebellefleur2993 2 месяца назад

I think they came from india

@Odo55 2 месяца назад

Fast speaking Scotsman, translator please.

@TheMargarita1948 2 месяца назад

Use the Settings to choose a slower playback speed. I do not know the reason for artificially speeding up the narration in so many YT videos; but it is easy to change. I find 0.75 speed to be closest to conversational human speech.

@gordbolton27 Месяц назад

I believe that is a Glasgow accent. It takes me a while to tune in to it. Try clicking on the "cc" option for subtitles. I think the R1b boys had a bad habit of forming young wolfpacks & kidnapping all the potential brides they could catch.

@sotony7483 2 месяца назад

Friendly criticism - if you're going to show a paragraph of text on screen, don't read it all out word-for-word, because your viewers can read it silently much faster than you can read it loud, so we then have to wait for you to catch up. Summarise or highlight the key points instead.

@bramwillemsen6891 2 месяца назад

No, i like to hear it. I listen and read it along with the subtitled text. Watch for instance Jimmy Dore and Sabby Sabs. Engelse is not my first language. And i like all sorts of different tongues and dialects. It is nice to become familiar with all these regional differences in spoken language.

@Auggies1956 2 месяца назад

But what about the "Out of Africa" theory?

@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115 2 месяца назад

Debunked several times.

@ChrisShortyAllen 2 месяца назад

Wrong vid mate

@iainmc9859 2 месяца назад

Homo Sapiens (modern humans) came out of Africa, that was long long before the topic of this video.

@ooblah10 2 месяца назад

@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115 where did humanity start from?

@williamjackson5942 2 месяца назад

@@nosotrosloslobosestamosreg4115 Only in your confused mind!

@barrybarlowe5640 2 месяца назад

Your information doesn't make sense. If they came from the Steppes, did someone come along and eliminate the bloodline to the West, which is why they migrated? Give me more information.